Table of Contents

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States umi njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, umisa uhlelo lukahulumeni waseMelika futhi uchaze imingcele yegunya likahulumeni. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kwawo ngo-1788, le sisekelo sesisekelo siye sasebenza kokubili njengomthetho onamandla kanye namandla alinganiselwe, unika uhulumeni amandla akhethekile ngesikhathi esisodwa avimbela lawomandla okuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuqonda indlela uMthetho-sisekelo olawula ngayo amandla kahulumeni kubalulekile kusona isakhamuzi ngasinye esifisa ukuqonda ukulinganisela okungathí sina phakathi kokubusa okuphumelelayo nenkululeko yomuntu siqu okuchaza isimiso saseMelika.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo: Ukwakha Izakhiwo Lapho Ulinganiselwe Amandla

UMthetho-sisekelo wavela enkathini ebucayi emlandweni waseMelika lapho isizwe esincane silwa ngaphansi kweZihlokwana zobuKhomanisi. Izihloko zeConfederation zanikeza igunya elincane elisebenzayo kuhulumeni ohlangene, ivumela iSishaya-Mkhandlu ukuba sisayine izivumelwano futhi simemezele impi kodwa sivimbele ukukhuphula izintela ukuze kukhokhelwe ibutho, kanye nazo zonke izinqumo ezinkulu ezazidinga ukuvotelwa ngokuhlangene. Lokhu buthakathaka kwadala isiphithiphithiphithiphithi, kanye nemibuso esebenza njengezinhlangano ezizimele nohulumeni wesizwe ongakwazi ukusingatha izinselele ezicindezelayo.

AmaFramers ayebheke phambili ekulinganiseni okubalulekile, “‘ ukumisa uhulumeni omusha wesizwe owawunamandla kakhulu kunalowo owafika ngaphambi kwawo kuyilapho esavikela inkululeko eyigugu kakhulu yabantu baseMelika, ahlala kuhulumeni wesizwe ochazwe kodwa olinganiselwe. UMthetho-sisekelo abawenza waba umthetho ophakeme wezwe, ophakeme kunayo yonke eminye imithetho kahulumeni nombuso, emisa imithetho ecacile yokuthi uhulumeni usebenza kanjani futhi ubeke imingcele ecacile kulokho uhulumeni ongakwenza.

Lencwadi yakha irepublic kahulumeni enomthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe osebenza imisebenzi eminingi: imisa isimo sikahulumeni, yabela izinhlangano ezihlukene zikahulumeni, ivikela amalungelo abantu, futhi inikeza izinqubo zokuguqula ukuthula ngokulungisa. Lendlela ebanzi iqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni ahlala ephumelela futhi ecindezelwa.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla: Igunya Lokuhlukanisa Phakathi Kwamagatsha Amathathu

Enye yezindlela eziyisisekelo kakhulu zoMthetho-sisekelo zokulawula amandla kahulumeni ukwahlukana kwemfundiso yamandla. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabaseFramers nenkosi yaseBrithani kwazisa inkolelo yabo yokuthi ukugxilisa imibuso kahulumeni ehlukile entweni eyodwa kuyo kuyo yonke indawo kuyokwenza abantu besizwe bathathe isinyathelo sikahulumeni sokuzinqumela nokucindezela, ngokunqwabelana kwayo yonke imibuso, imithetho, isikhulu, nejadicary, kanye kanye nencazelo yobushiqela.

Igama "Ukuhlukanisa kwamandla" laqanjwa yisazi sefilosofi sekhulu le-18 uMontesquieu, sichaza isibonelo esihlukanisa uhulumeni ube amagatsha ahlukene, ngalinye linemibuso ehlukene nezimele. UMthetho-sisekelo usebenzisa lesi simiso ngokudala amagatsha amathathu ahlukene kahulumeni, ngalinye elinesisekelo salo somthetho sisekelo nemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ukwenza Imithetho

ISiphakamiso 1 soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States simisa iGatya Le-Legislative, elihlanganisa i-Congress, elinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha imithetho ngaphezu kweminye imithwalo yemfanelo ebaliwe. ISishaya-mthetho ngokwaso sihlukene sibe yizindlwana ezimbili: indlu yabameleli neSigele. Lesisakhiwo se-biobamaral senezela olunye ungwengwele lokuhlukanisa amandla, sidinga ukuba zombili izindlu zivumelane ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uqhube phambili.

Indlu yabameleli yakhiwa amalungu akhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, ithwele ukumelelwa kwenani labantu bombuso. ISigele sinezigele ezimbili ezivela ezweni ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki inani labantu, ezisho amagama aneminyaka eyisithupha. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili izithakazelo ezithandwayo nombuso zithola ukumelelwa enqubweni yokwenza umthetho.

ISishaya-Mkhandlu sinezigunya ezihlelwe ngokuqondile eSiphakameni I, isiqephu 8 soMthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zihlanganisa amandla entela ye-levy, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezohwebo zezwe lamazwe angaphandle, imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, ukumisa impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela, futhi ukwenza yonke imithetho "edingekile nefanele" yokukhipha imibuso yayo engokomthetho. Njengomthetho ovamile, imfundiso engagunyazi ivimbela i-Legislative Bank ukuba iphathise imithwalo yayo yemfanelo yokushaya umthetho.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Lishaya Imithetho

ISiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo simisa iGafa Eliphetheyo, eliholwa nguMongameli wase-United States. UMongameli ukhonza njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi kahulumeni, onomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho ikhishwa ngokwethembeka. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa uMongameli ongumongameli, amalungu eKhabhinethi, nezinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni nezinhlangano eziningi eziqhuba imisebenzi yohulumeni usuku nosuku.

Igatsha eliphethe linemibuso yalo siqu eliyisebenzisayo ekwenzeni imithetho nokumisa izimiso, kuhlanganise nokuveza, ukusikisela, namandla angokwemvelo, uMongameli esebenzisa amandla achazayo ukuze avume futhi afake izikweleti futhi enze izivumelwano. uMongameli ukhonza futhi njengoMphathi kuMkhulu wamabutho ahlomile, ukhipha abahluleli bamazwe nezikhulu eziphethe, futhi wenza inkambiso yakwamanye amazwe.

Amandla egatsha eliphethe ukuba likhiphe iziyalezo zezikhulu futhi limise imithetho ivumela ukuba isebenzise futhi ichaze umthetho wenhlangano. Nokho, lezizenzo kumelwe zihlale ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo futhi azikwazi ukuphikisa umthetho okhona. Ukuhlakanipha koMongameli kwenza ukuphoqelela ukulawulwa kube nokuvumelana nemithetho kuyilapho kuhlala kunesibopho emikhawulweni yomthetho-sisekelo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Imithetho

ISiphakamiso 3 soMthetho-sisekelo weUnited States simisa iGatsha Lezokwahlulela, elihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States, futhi igatsha Lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho edluliswa yi-Legist Ravement. Ngalé kweNkantolo Ephakeme, iSishaya - mthetho siye samisa izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise neziNkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala neziNkantolo Zesigodi, zakha isimiso sokwahlulela esiqinile.

Abahluleli abaphethe ama-freant bamiswa phakathi no "kuziphatha okuhle," okusho ukuthi bangasuswa kuphela ngokungagunyazi. Izinkantolo ziqinisekiswa ngokukhululeka emagatsheni ezombangazwe ngokuziphindiselela okuhle nangokuphepha izinxephezelo, futhi ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zihlola amanye amagatsha amabili. Lokhu ukuzibusa kuvumela abahluleli ukuba benze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni naseMthethweni kunokuba bacindezele kwezombangazwe.

Amandla egatsha lokwahlulela okuhlola kwezokwahlulela — igunya lokumemezela imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu ezingavumelani nemithetho-mthetho(-)(-relay) ingenye yeziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu embusweni kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zihlola kokubili igatsha eliphetheyo negatsha lemithetho ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, umqondo ongabhalwanga eMthethweni, kodwa ocatshangelwayo yizi-Framers eziningi zoMthetho-sisekelo. Lombuso wamiswa ngokuqinile embukisweni wezwe ka-1803 icala likaMarbury v. Madison.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Ukuvimbela Ukugxilisa Amandla

Nakuba ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuhlukanisa igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingabusa amanye. Ukuhlukana Kwamandla eUnited States kuhlobene nesimiso samasheke namaMaphakathi, esinikeza igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni elinemibuso ehlukahlukene ukuze lihlole amanye amagatsha futhi livimbele noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba libe namandla kakhulu.

AmaFramers abheka isheke nezilinganiso ayezakhele e-triartite Federal Government njengesivikelo esizilimazayo ekungeneni noma ekumisweni kwegatsha elilodwa ngokulahlekelwa elinye. Lesimiso sidala ulwembu oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuziphendulela lapho igatsha ngalinye lingalinganisela khona izenzo zamanye.

Ukuhlolwa Kwemithetho Egunyani Eliphethe

ISishaya-mthetho sihlola iziphathimandla eziningi. Igatsha lemithetho linamandla okuvumela ukumiswa kukaMongameli, ukulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, futhi lingamkhipha ehhovisi uMongameli. ISishayamthetho kumelwe siqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli eKhabhinethi, ijaji likahulumeni, nezinye izikhundla eziyinhloko, zinikeza ithonya elibalulekile kuhulumeni.

Indima yeSigele ekumiseni nezivumelwano inikeza isheke kuMongameli. Izivumelwano zikaMongameli zidinga ukuvunyelwa yizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeSigele ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze. ISishaya-mthetho silawula nokusetshenziswa kukahulumeni ngemali yamandla aso esikhwameni, ifuna ukuba uMongameli acele ukuxhaswa kwemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe amagatsha nezenzo.

ISishaya-mthetho sinezindlu ezimbili: iSigele nendlu yabameleli, futhi singadlula i-presidential coveto ngevoti 2/3 kuzo zombili izindlu. Lemfuneko enkulu iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho osekelwa yinhlangano enkulu kuphela ungaba umthetho ngaphezu kokuphikisa komongameli, ukulinganisela igunya lomphathi nelomthetho.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Amandla Okulawula

UMongameli unezindlela eziningana ezibalulekile zokuhlola amandla ombuso. Igatsha lomthetho lenza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli egatsheni eliphethe angayifaka kuleyomithetho ngoMongameli weVito. Lo mnyango wamandla uphoqelela uMkhandlu wamandla ukuba ucabangele izinto eziyinhloko nezikhathazayo lapho kwenziwa umthetho.

Indima kaMongameli enqubweni yokushaya umthetho idlulela ngalé kwe-veto. Ngekheli le-Union nezinye izixhumaniso, uMongameli angamisa umthetho futhi amise uhlelo lwesizwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwegatsha eliphethe imithetho futhi kunikeza uMongameli ithonya elikhulu ngendlela inhloso yenhlangano eba ngayo engokoqobo.

Igatsha eliphethe lingamemezela iMiyalo Ephethe, efana nezimemezelo eziphethe umthetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela lezozenzo ngokungekhona okungokomthetho. Lokhu kubonisa indlela ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela okusebenza ngayo emagatsheni amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Zombili Izigatsha

Igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingayimemezela leyomithetho ngokungekhona kwemithetho.

Inkululeko yejaji ivumela ukuba isebenze njengomsizi ongathathi hlangothi ezimpikiswaneni phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi. Izinkantolo zingachitha iziyalezo zezikhulu, zishaye umthetho, futhi ziyale izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zithathe noma zigweme izenzo ezithile lapho ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho.

Amaphekula Amandla Okwahlulela

Naphezu kokuzimela kwabo, abahluleli bakahulumeni bahlala bengaphansi kokuhlola emagatsheni ezombangazwe. Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli umisa amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, inkantolo yabahluleli bezicelo, nabahluleli benkantolo yesifunda abahlolayo. Lokhu kumiswa kuvumela uMongameli ukuba athonye ukwakheka kwejaji ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, kodwa iSigele egatsheni lomthetho siqinisekisa ukugunyaza kukaMongameli izikhundla zokwahlulela, futhi iSishaya-mthetho singaphoqa noma yimuphi walabo bahluleli futhi siwakhiphe esikhundleni. ISishaya-mthetho sinquma futhi isimo sesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme futhi silawule izishayano zokwahlulela.

Amandla okungagunyaza anikeza uMkhandlu igunya lokususa ukonakala nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kwamanye amagatsha amabili. Lokhu kuhlola kokugcina kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nabahluleli abamisiwe esikhathini sokuphila bahlala benecala lokuziphatha okubi kakhulu.

Ubumbano: Amandla Ahlukanisayo Phakathi Kohulumeni Besizwe NoMbuso

Ngaphandle kokwahlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo futhi uhlukanisa igunya phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nezwe nge-soshalizimu. I-Federalism ibhekisela ekuhlukaniseni nasekuhlanganyeleni amandla phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa okuqinile kwamandla kwenezela esinye isici esibalulekile sesivikelo ekuphathweni uhulumeni.

Kunokuba banikeze igunya ezandleni zomuntu oyedwa, iqembu elincane labantu, noma ngisho nabantu bonke, abakwaFrame babehlukanisa amandla ngezindlela ezimbili, futhi baphinde bahlukanise umbuso phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nemibuso ngaphansi kwesimiso esaziwa ngokuthi i - unistism. Lobu bubusi obubili budala isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kodwa esiphumelelayo sokulinganisela nokubambisana.

Amandla Asempini Ahlangene

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 8 yoMthetho-sisekelo ichaza amandla athile kahulumeni wombuso, futhi lamandla kubhekiselwa kuwo njengemibuso ebaliwe. Uhulumeni kahulumeni onalawomandla anikezwa ngokuqondile nguMthetho-sisekelo, asebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso segunya elilinganiselwe, eliphathisiwe.

La mandla adwetshwayo ahlanganisa ukuqondisa izifundazwe nakwamanye amazwe, ukuqopha imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, ukunikeza imvume nezincwadi zomgunyathi, ukumisa impi, ukugcina amabutho ahlomile, nokwenza imithetho edingekile nefanele yokukhipha imibuso engokomthetho. Ukuhlelwa kwemibuso ethile kusikisela ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni awunalo igunya ezindaweni ezingashiwongo.

Amandla Ombuso Agciniwe

ISichibiyelo Seshumi sinikeza ukuthi amandla anganikezwanga iUnited States uMthetho - sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe wona e - United States, agcinelwe i - United States, noma abantu.

Imibuso egciniwe ihlanganisa ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano zezwe, ukuqhuba okhetho, ukumisa ukumiswa kohulumeni bendawo, ukugunyaza ukumiswa komthetho - sisekelo, ukunikeza impilo nokulondeka komphakathi, nokusebenzisa amandla amaphoyisa. Amazwe asebenza njengeziqondiso eziyinhloko zokuphila kwansuku zonke kwabaningi baseMelika, ukulawula imfundo, umthetho womkhaya, umthetho wobugebengu, umthetho wempahla, nezimiso eziningi zebhizinisi.

Isimiso esiyisisekelo sikahulumeni waseMelika siwukuthi uMkhandlu ungathatha isinyathelo kuphela uma kunegunya elibonisayo noma elisikiselwe eMthethweni, kuyilapho imibuso ingase ithathe isinyathelo ngaphandle kokuba uMthetho - sisekelo unqabe lesisenzo. Lomehluko oyisisekelo ubonisa isimo esihlukile sobukhosi bukahulumeni nohulumeni.

Amandla Akhona

Imibuso yamanje ibhekisela emagunyeni ahlanganyelwa uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni, kuhlanganise negunya lentela, ukwakha imigwaqo, nokwakha izinkantolo eziphansi.

Amanye amandla ahambisanayo ahlanganisa ukuboleka imali, ukumisa izinkantolo, ukwenza nokumisa imithetho, ukuqasha amabhange nezinhlangano, nokuthatha indawo ngenjongo yomphakathi ngokukhokha imbuyiselo. Lokhu kudinga ukubambisana futhi ngezinye izikhathi kudala ukungezwani phakathi kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni nohulumeni.

UClaus Onedumela Elibi

ISupremacy Claus ifunda ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo, nemithetho ye-United States eyokwenziwa ngokulandelana kwayo, nazo zonke izivumelwano ezenziwe ngaphansi kwegunya le-United States, kuyoba umthetho ophakeme wezwe, futhi lokhu kusho ngokuphumelelayo ukuthi lapho imithetho kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni uphikisana nemithetho kahulumeni, umthetho kahulumeni uyokwenza umthetho wezwe uthathe indawo yomthetho kahulumeni.

Lenkulumo ixazulula izingxabano phakathi komthetho kahulumeni nombuso ngokumisa isigaba esicacile. Nokho, ukubusa kukahulumeni kusebenza kuphela lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenza ngaphansi kwegunya lawo lomthetho-sisekelo. Imithetho ye-Federal edlula imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo ayinakuthatha isikhundla esiphakeme kunomthetho-zwe.

I-Supremace Claus iqinisekisa ukufana kwesizwe ezindabeni ezikhathaza uhulumeni kuyilapho igcina ukuzibusa kukahulumeni ezindaweni ze-ode. Ivimbela ukuqeda umthetho kahulumeni kuyilapho ilondoloza isimo sobukhosi obumbaxa-mbili besimiso sikahulumeni.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Ukuvikela Inkululeko Yomuntu Ngamunye

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo, oyaziwa njengeSiphakamiso Samalungelo, zimelela enye indlela ebalulekile yokulawula amandla kahulumeni.

Ngo - 1789, iSishaya - mthetho esisha saseUnited States safaka izihloko eziyishumi nambili zokulungisa ezifundazweni, futhi eziyishumi zalezizihloko, ezabhalwa amakomiti enhlangano, zafinyelela indima ngoDecember 15, 1791, futhi zaba i - United States Bill of Rights. Lezi zinguquko zasabela ekukhathazekeni ngokuthi uMthetho - sisekelo wokuqala wawungenawo isivikelo esanele samalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Inkululeko Yokuchithwa Kokuqala

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo yenkolo, inkulumo, imithombo yezindaba, ingqungquthela, nesicelo. Sinqabela ukumiswa kwenkolo noma ukunqatshelwa kwayo ukuyisebenzisa ngenkululeko, ukuqinisekisa inkululeko engokwenkolo. Isivikelo senkululeko yokukhuluma nokwezindaba sidala izigcawu zemibono ezibalulekile ekuzisebenziseni kobudemokhrasi.

Amalungelo okuhlangana ngokuthula nokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlela ndawonye futhi zixhumane nabameleli bazo.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izingalo, kubonakalisa ukukhathazeka kwabaHluleli ngokugcina izakhamuzi ezihlomile zikwazi ukumelana nobushiqela. Isikhundla sokulungisa nokusebenza kwalesi simiso kuhlala kuyizihloko zengxoxo yomthetho-sisekelo eqhubekayo nencazelo yokwahlulela.

Izinqumo Zesithathu Nezesine: Ukuba Wedwa Nokulondeka

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu senqabela ukuthatha ifa lamasosha emizini yabantu ngaphandle kwemvume, sikhulume ngesikhalo esithile samakoloni.

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka, sifuna izimvume ezisekelwe ekubangeleni. Lokhu kulungisa kumisa amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu kanye nemingcele yamandla kahulumeni ophengululo, ukulinganisela ukugcinwa komthetho kudinga inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Okwesihlanu Ezinzisweni Zesishiyagalombili: Ubulungisa Bezigebengu Buvikela

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza isivikelo esiningi kwabamangalelwa ngezigebengu: ilungelo lokumangalela abameleli bamajaji ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína, ukuvikela engozini ephindwe kabili, ilungelo lokumelana nokuzilahla, kanye nesiqinisekiso senqubo efanele ngaphambi kokuncishwa kokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Kudinga futhi ukukhokhelwa lapho uhulumeni ethatha indawo yomuntu siqu ukuze asetshenziswe umphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa becala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi banelungelo lokuqulwa icala abahluleli abangakhethi, ukuba batshelwe ngamacala, bakhulume nofakazi, baphoqelele ofakazi abahle ukuba bafakaze, futhi bathole usizo lweseluleko.

ISichibiyelo seSember silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala emacala omphakathi angaphezu kwamaRandi angu - 4, kanti iSichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili sivimbela ibheyili eqile nenhlawulo nesijeziso sonya nesingavamile. Sibonke, lokhu kulungisa kucindezela amandla kahulumeni okuqulwa icala nokujeziswa.

Izinqumo Zesishiyagalolunye Nezeshumi: Amalungelo Nemibuso Egciniwe

ISichibiyelo Se - Ninth sicacisa ukuthi ubala amalungelo athile eMthethweni awuwaphikisi noma uwalahle amanye amalungelo agcinwe abantu.

IsiHlanzi Seshumi, njengoba kuxoxwe ngaso ngaphambili, silondoloza imibuso nabantu yonke engayiphathi uhulumeni kahulumeni.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Izinkantolo Njengezinduna Zomthetho - sisekelo

Amandla okwahlulela okuhlola,--------amandla ezinkantolo emithetho elula kanye nezenzo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho-sisekelo (nendlela ebucayi yokulawula amandla kahulumeni). Nakuba kungashiwonga ngokucacile embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo, lo mbuso uye waba yisisekelo sokubusa komthetho-sisekelo waseMelika.

INkantolo Ephakeme yamisa ukubukezwa kokwahlulela enkantolo ephawulekayo engu - 1803 ecaleni likaMarbury v. Madison. Umbono woMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wacabanga ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme, ukuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zichaze umthetho, nokuthi uma umthetho ovamile uphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo kumelwe zisebenzise uMthetho-sisekelo futhi ziqede umthetho ophikisanayo.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zisebenze njengezimangaleli ezingathathi hlangothi ukunquma ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni ziyavumelana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. Lamandla asebenza emithethweni kahulumeni nombuso, eziqondisweni zezikhulu, eziqondisweni zokuphatha, nakwezinye izenzo zikahulumeni. Uma izinkantolo zithola ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho, zingamemezela imithetho ngaphandle, ukuphoqelelwa, noma isinyathelo sokuhlela.

Indima yejaji njengelungu lomthetho-sisekelo ovikelayo idala ukungezwani nezimiso zentando yeningi, njengoba amajaji angakhethwenga engaphazamisa izinqumo zabameleli abakhethiwe. Nokho, le nkinga "yokuhlela iziqu" ibonisa umklamo wamaFramers: ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nemingcele yokwakha ngisho nasezintweni ezinkulu ezithandwayo.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo: Ushintsho Olulawulwa Umthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza izinqubo zokulungisa kwawo, uvumela ukuguquka kwezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho uvimbela izinguquko ezisheshayo noma ezicatshangelwa kabi. ISiphakamiso V simisa izindlela ezimbili zokulungisa nokulungisa, kudala izindlela ezine ezingase zishintshe umthetho-sisekelo.

Iziphendu zingahlongozwa ngamavoti amabili-mithathu azo zombili izindlu zobumba noma ngomhlangano womthetho-sisekelo obizwa ngama-3 anezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Izinqumo ezihlongozweyo kufanele zigunyazwe ama-pactiom kazwelonke amathathu anesine noma ngemihlangano emihlanganweni emithathu emithathu yezifundazweni. Zonke iziphetho ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa kuze kube manje zihlongozwe yiSishaya-Mkhandlu, futhi zonke kodwa eyodwa yagunyazwa yizindlu zomthetho.

Le nqubo edinga indinganiso iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ziveza ukuvumelana okukhulu, hhayi ukuvumelana kwesikhashana. Izimfuneko ezinkulu kakhulu kokubili ekuhlongozeni nasemagatsheni okuhluza imfuno zisho ukuthi izinguquko eziphumelelayo kumelwe zisekele izindawo, amaqembu, kanye nezikhathi.

Inqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo ilawula amandla kahulumeni ngokwenza uMthetho - sisekelo kube nzima ukuwushintsha. Izikhulu zikahulumeni azikwazi ukuwushintsha kalula umthetho oyisisekelo wokwandisa igunya lazo noma ukuqeda imingcele engathandeki. Ukuzinziswa koMthetho - sisekelo kuvikela ekuphanjweni uhulumeni kuyilapho zivumela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okudingekile.

Izinqumo Ezibalulekile Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ngalé kwe - Bill of Rights, izinguquko eziningana ziye zathonya kakhulu indlela uMthetho - sisekelo olawula ngayo umbuso kahulumeni. IziNguqulo ze - 13, 14th ne - 15 ezamukelwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, ukuqeda ubugqila, ukuqinisekiswa kwendlela yokuvikela elinganayo nenqubo efanele, namalungelo okuvota kungakhathaliseki uhlanga.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSiphendulo se-Simo Esilindelekile ne-Active Protection Clauses siye saba izimoto eziyinhloko zokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni. Ngokufaka imfundiso, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa izivikelo eziningi zemali zamalungelo ohulumeni ngomthetho weSichibiyelo seshumi Nane.

ISichibiyelo seSeventeenth samisa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwabameli, ukususwa kwamandla ezindlu zomthetho kusuka kumanxusa zikahulumeni ukuya kumavoti. ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalo saqinisekisa amalungelo okuvota kwabesifazane, ukwandisa ukungenela kwentando yeningi. ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye sehlisa iminyaka yokuvota saba yishumi elinesishiyagalombili, sandisa ngokwengeziwe ukuvota.

Amandla Anamandla Nohulumeni Olinganiselwe

Isimiso esiyisisekelo esiyisisekelo esilawula uhulumeni siwukuthi uhulumeni umane unezigunya ezibalwayo − lezo ezinikezwe uMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kungafani nohulumeni bombuso, abagcina amandla avamile amaphoyisa ukuba alwele impilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, nenhlalakahle.

Ubala lwemibuso kahulumeni ePhakethi I, i-Degree 8 isikisela ukuthi uMkhandlu awunalo igunya lokuthatha isinyathelo ezindaweni ezingaphathwanga. Lesi simiso segunya elilinganiselwe, eliphathisiwe sivimbela uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba ube yindikimba ebusayo enenjongo yonke enegunya elingenamkhawulo.

Nokho, i-Fanedial neFanet Claus inikeza u-Clausle amandla okwenza yonke imithetho "edingekile nefanele" ukuze ifeze amandla ayo adwetshwe. Lomusho uvule i-odoxanti kahulumeni, njengoba izinkantolo zichaza "edingekile nefanele" ukuba ihlanganise noma iyiphi indlela ehlobene ngokunengqondo nezinjongo zomthetho-sisekelo.

I - Commerce Claus, enikeza iziKhomishane amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene, iye yaba omunye umthombo wegunya elikhulu likahulumeni.

Inkantolo Ephakeme ngezinye izikhathi inciphisa imithetho kahulumeni njengegunya elingaphezu komthetho - sisekelo, iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni uhlala ungomunye wemibuso elinganiselwe, ephathiswe imisebenzi.

Izivikelo Zokwakha: Indlela Umklamo Kahulumeni Olawula Ngayo Amandla

Ngaphandle komthetho-sisekelo oqondile, isakhiwo sebhukwana sidala izingqimba eziningi zesivikelo kunomahluleli bakahulumeni. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, uhulumeni, namalungelo omphakathi kudala isimiso esibanzi sokulinganisana.

Imfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso yamukelwa umhlangano wango - 1787, hhayi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphumelela kodwa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuzibusa. AbaseFramers bakha ngamabomu uhulumeni ongaba nzima ukusebenza, odinga ukubambisana phakathi kwabadlali abaningi abanezinzuzo nezithakazelo ezihlukahlukene.

Lokhu kwakhiwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kufeza inkululeko ngokuvimbela isenzo sikahulumeni esisheshayo, esingalawuliwe. Umthetho kumelwe udlulise zombili izindlu zomkhandlu, uphumelele ekuhlaziyweni kwe-presidential centant, futhi umelane nokubukezwa kokwahlulela. Izenzo zokuqondisa zidinga ukuxhaswa kwenhlangano nokuvunyelwa kokwahlulela. Izinqumo zokwahlulela zixhomeke ekuphoqelelweni kwemithetho yezikhulu nasekuvumeni ukugcinwa kwesivumelwano.

Ukungasebenzi kwesimiso kuyisici, hhayi isilokazane. Ngokwenza isenzo sikahulumeni sibe nzima, uMthetho-sisekelo uvikela ezinqumweni eziphambanayo futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso esibanzi kuphela, ukusekela okungaguquguquki siba umthetho. Lenqubo elula ingabakhungathekisa labo abafuna isenzo esisheshayo kodwa bavikele ekucindezeleni.

Indima Yesiko Lezombangazwe NeziNhloko ZaseNorm

Nakuba umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kanye nohlelo kunikeza izimiso ezihleliwe zokulawula amandla kahulumeni, izimiso ezivamile kanye nempucuko yezombangazwe nakho kufeza indima ebalulekile. Ukuphumelela koMthetho-sisekelo ngokwengxenye kuxhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwezikhulu ukuhlonipha imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo ngisho nalapho zingaphoqelelwanga ngokomthetho ukwenza kanjalo.

Amasiko angokomlando anjengenhlonipho kamongameli ngokukhululeka kokwahlulela, ukuthobela ukuhola kwesimiso esiphethe kwamanye amazwe, nokuvimbela kokwahlulela emibuzweni yezombangazwe kuye kwanezela imithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho.

Nokho, ukuthembela emikhubeni evamile kubangela ukuchayeka lapho izikhulu zingakunaki ukuvinjelwa okungokwesiko. Umbhalo woMthetho - sisekelo nokwakheka kunikeza isivikelo esinokwethenjelwa kakhulu kunamathemba angalindelekile, okuqokomisa ukubaluleka kwezinqubo ezihleliwe zokulawula amandla.

Imfundo engokwesiko nokubopha umphakathi nakho kuthinta ukubusa komthetho - sisekelo. Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi ezihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuqaphela nokumelana nobuqili bohulumeni kuqinisa isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.

Izinselele Zokulawula Umthetho

Izindlela zoMthetho-sisekelo zokulawula amandla kahulumeni zibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo kulenkathi yanamuhla. Ukukhula kombuso wokuphatha kuye kwadala izikhungo ezinkulu ezisebenzisa imisebenzi yemithetho, yezikhulu, neyakwahlulela, okunganciphisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso.

Izinhlangano zezesizwe zinikeza imithetho ngemithetho, ziphoqelela lezo zimiso, futhi zifake izivumelwano zemithetho engekho emthethweni, zenza imisebenzi ehlukanisayo phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu. Nakuba izinhlangano zisebenza ngaphansi kwezithunywa zomphakathi nokuhlola kokwahlulela, amandla azo aphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi ingabe ukulawula komthetho ngokomthetho kuhlala kuphumelela yini.

Ukwanda kwamandla okubusa, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zesizwe nezobuzwe, kuye kwashintsha ukulinganisela komthetho - sisekelo. Abameli baqhubeka benza izinto ngokungahloniphi ngeziqondiso zezikhulu, izinkulumo zokusayina, nokuzisholo kwegunya elizuzwe ngefa.

Ukuhlukana kwezindawo kuthinta ukubusa komthetho - sisekelo ngokunciphisa amandla okuhlola nokulinganisela. Uma iqembu elifanayo lilawula amagatsha amaningi, izikhulu zingabeka ukwethembeka okuhlukanisayo endaweni yezithakazelo zezinhlangano, zinciphise ukuhlolana kwamaFramers.

Ushintsho lobuchwepheshe ludala izinselele ezintsha zokulawula umthetho-sisekelo wamandla kahulumeni. Ukuhlola imishini, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa, nokwenza izinqumo ze-algorithism kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi ukuvikela komthetho sisekelo okungokwesiko kusebenza kanjani ekwazini uhulumeni wanamuhla.

Umthetho-sisekelo Owuqeqeshelwe: Izisebenziso zangempela-Izwe

Ukuqonda indlela uMthetho-sisekelo olawula ngayo amandla kahulumeni kudinga ukuhlola izinhlelo zangempela zezwe. Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ziye zavimbela ukuphanjwa kukahulumeni kuyilapho zivumela ukubusa okudingekile.

Izindawo zobuPresidenti ziye zavala umthetho obhekwa njengoyingozi noma ongewona umthetho, ziphoqelela uMkhandlu ukuba uphinde ucabangele noma ulahle iziphakamiso. Ukuphathwa kwegatsha kuye kwadalula ukuziphatha okubi kwegatsha futhi kwaphoqelela izinguquko zesimiso. Ukubukezwa kwezenkantolo kuye kwenza imithetho ephula amalungelo omthetho noma igunya likahulumeni eleqisayo.

Uhulumeni uye wavumela amazwe ukuba asebenze njengezindawo zokucwaninga zentando yeningi, azame izimiso ezihlukahlukene kuyilapho uhulumeni kahulumeni ukhuluma ngezinkathazo zesizwe. Ukumelana koMbuso nokuphamba kukahulumeni ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwavikela inkululeko, nakuba iye yasetshenziselwa futhi ukumelana nesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi.

Inqubo yokulungisa iye yenza ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho - sisekelo, kwandisa amalungelo noshintsho lwezakhiwo zikahulumeni kuyilapho kugcinwa izimiso eziyisisekelo. Ubunzima bokulungisa buye bavimbela izinguquko ezisheshayo kuyilapho kuvunyelwa ukujwayela okudingekile.

Isizathu Sokuba Kulawule Umthetho - sisekelo

Ukulawula komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni kufeza izinjongo eziningi ezibalulekile. Okubaluleke kakhulu, kuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba usebenzise igunya elizimele phezu kwezakhamuzi. Uhulumeni olinganiselwe uvumela abantu ukuba baphishekele imigomo yabo futhi baphile ngokwezindinganiso zabo.

Imingcele yomthetho futhi ikhuthaza ukuba semthethweni kukahulumeni.

Ukubusa komthetho kuxhomeke ekulawuleni amandla ngokomthetho. Uma izikhulu zikahulumeni kumelwe zilandele imithetho efanayo nezakhamuzi ezivamile futhi zingenakuyishintsha leyomithetho ngokuthanda kwazo, umthetho unikeza imingcele yangempela kunokugcina umthetho ushintshwa.

Ukuchuma kwezomnotho kuzuza ekulawuleni umbuso kahulumeni. Imithetho enqunyiwe, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo empahla, nemingcele yezenzo zikahulumeni eziwubugovu kudala izimo zokuphumelela kwezomnotho. Ukungenela kukahulumeni okunzima noma okungalindelekile kuvimbela ukutshala imali nokusungula izinto ezintsha.

Ukuzinza komphakathi kuvela ekubusweni komthetho-sisekelo. Ngokunikeza izinqubo ezinokuthula zokuxazulula izingxabano nokushintsha isimiso, imigoqo yoMthetho-sisekelo iphikisana ibe izinqubo ezisebenzayo kunezenzo zobudlova. Imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo ivimbela ukuthatha imibuso yezombangazwe engahlukanisa umphakathi.

Ukulondoloza Ulawulo Lomthetho - sisekelo: Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yezakhamuzi

Nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo unikeza izindlela ezingokomthetho zokulawula amandla kahulumeni, ukuphumelela kwawo kuxhomeke ekuthembiseni isakhamuzi.

Izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqonde izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo futhi ziqaphele lapho izenzo zikahulumeni zidlula igunya lomthetho - sisekelo. imfundo ewumthetho ihlomisela abantu ukuba bahlole lokho okufunwa uhulumeni futhi bamelane nokuphambana.

Ukuhlanganyela kwezebhizinisi kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi izikhulu zinecala ngokuphulwa umthetho - sisekelo.

Inkulumo yeningi nempikiswano ephathelene nezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo iqinisa impucuko yomthetho-sisekelo. Uma izakhamuzi zixoxa futhi zingavumelani ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, ziqinisa ukuma okusemqoka komthetho-sisekelo ekubusweni kwaseMelika. Impikiswano enqandeni ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo ivimbela ukumiswa kwezimiso eziyisisekelo.

Ukuqapha abaphanjwa uhulumeni kudinga ukunakwa njalo. Njengoba uJames Madison aphawula, "ukuvelela kumelwe kwenziwe ukuze kulwisane nokufuna ukuvelela" izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale ziqaphele ukusongelwa kokubusa komthetho-sisekelo futhi zizimisele ukuvikela imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.

Imithombo Yokuqonda Ukulawula Umthetho - sisekelo

Imithombo eminingi isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela uMthetho-sisekelo olawula ngayo amandla kahulumeni. I-Constitution Annoted, ekhishwe yi-Congress, inikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo nezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezifanele. Lencwadi enegunya inikeza izincazelo eziningi ezifinyelelwe kubafundi abavamile.

Izinqolobane zesizwe [ zilondoloza uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala futhi zinikeza izinto zokufundisa ngomlando wazo nangencazelo. Ukubheka ibhukwana langempela kuhlanganisa izakhamuzi nomsebenzi wabaHluleli nokuqinisa ukubaluleka okuhlala njalo koMthetho-sisekelo.

I- inikeza imibukiso yesizwe ye-ICC , izinhlelo zokufundisa, nemithombo ye-inthanethi ehlola izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Indlela yayo engaphakamisi inikeza imibono eminingi ngemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukufunda amacala abalulekile kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezisebenza ngayo ezimweni ezithile nokuthi incazelo engokomthetho ivela kanjani ngokuchazwa kwezokwahlulela.

Amaphepha aphezulu, abhalwa ngu-Alexander Hamilton, uJames Madison, noJohn Jay ukuze bathuthukise ukuhlanekezelwa komthetho-mthetho, anikeza ukuqonda ngezinhloso nezinhloso zabaHlanzi. Lezizindaba zisalokhu zibalulekile ekuqondeni umklamo we-stric kanye nenjongo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kokulawula Umthetho - sisekelo

Ukulawula koMthetho-sisekelo amandla kahulumeni kumelela enye yempumelelo enkulu yesintu enhlanganweni yezombangazwe. Ngokudala uhulumeni onamandla ngokwaneleyo ukubusa kodwa olinganiselwe ngokwaneleyo ukuze ulondoloze inkululeko, amaFramers amisa isimiso esiye sakhuthazela amakhulu amabili eminyaka.

UMthetho - sisekelo ulawula amandla kahulumeni ngezindlela eziningi, oqinisayo: ukwahlukana kwemibuso ehlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu; ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuvimbela noma yiliphi igatsha ekubuseni; ukubusa kukahulumeni kuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni; iMibuso elinganiselwe imingcele yegunya likahulumeni; iSigqi Samalungelo sivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye; ukuhlaziya kokwahlulela kuqinisekisa ukuvunyelwa komthetho - sisekelo; futhi inqubo yokulungisa ivumela ushintsho olulawulwayo.

Lezi zinqubo zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe isimiso esibanzi sikahulumeni olinganiselwe. Akukho sivikelo esisodwa esanele; kunalokho, izivikelelo eziningi ezibekwayo zinikeza isivikelo esijulile ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Uma inqubo eyodwa ihluleka, ezinye zihlala zihlola amandla.

Ukuphumelela koMthetho-sisekelo kuxhomeke hhayi nje kuphela embhalweni nasesimisweni sawo kodwa nasekuzibopheni kwezakhamuzi ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukwaziswa, ukuzimisela kwezakhamuzi ukuvikela imingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo kusebenza njengomqaphi wokugcina kahulumeni olinganiselwe. Ngaphandle kokusekela komphakathi, ngisho nesimiso somthetho-sisekelo esibekwe kahle kakhulu asinakuvikela inkululeko.

Ukuqonda indlela uMthetho - sisekelo olawula ngayo amandla kahulumeni kuhlomisela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Ukwazi izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo kwenza abantu bakwazi ukuqaphela ukuphamba, ukufuna ukulandisa, nokusebenza ukuze bathembeke kumthetho - sisekelo. Lokhu kudinga ukuqonda ukuze kulondolozwe inkululeko loMthetho - sisekelo kwakuklanyelwe ukuvikela.

Njengoba izinselele zokulawula komthetho-sisekelo ziguquka, izimiso eziyisisekelo ezilawula umthetho-sisekelo azenzeki. Uhulumeni kumelwe usebenze phakathi kwemingcele emisiwe, uhloniphe amalungelo abantu, futhi uhlale unomthwalo wemfanelo kubantu. Lezizimiso, ezifakwe embhalweni nasemthethweni womthetho-sisekelo, ziyaqhubeka ziqondisa ukubusa nokuvikela inkululeko yaseMelika.

Ukulawula koMthetho-sisekelo wamandla kahulumeni akukona ukuziqeda. Kudinga ukuqapha njalo, ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi, nokuzinikela ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuqonda nokuvikela lezi zimiso, isizukulwane ngasinye silondoloza inkululeko yesinye, sigcwalisa isithembiso sikahulumeni womthetho-sisekelo.