Igatsha eliphethe liyingalo ebonakala kakhulu nenamandla kahulumeni wanamuhla, elinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhumusha inhloso yokushaya umthetho ukuba ibe isenzo esibonakalayo futhi lisebenze njengomphathi omkhulu wezwe. E-United States, leligatsha aliyona nje iqoqo lezikhulu kodwa liyinhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlanganisa ukuhola kwezombangazwe nesimiso sezekhono elikhulu. Ukuqonda izakhiwo zalo, amandla, nezinqubo zokushaya izinqumo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela idemokratistiki ezizibusa ngayo, iphoqelela imithetho yayo, futhi isabela kuzo zombili izinselele zekhaya nezizwe. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolisiswa okubanzi kwegatsha lezikhulu, imisebenzi eyisisekelo senhlangano, abaphathi benhlangano, abaphathi abanamandla, nokuhlola lokho kulinganisela igunya layo.

Ukuchaza Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe lingelinye lamagatsha amathathu alinganayo kahulumeni esimisweni esihlukene samandla, eduze kwamagatsha omthetho nokwahlulela. Icala lawo eliyinhloko lomthetho-sisekelo lise ukuphoqelela futhi lisebenzise imithetho [ emiswe yisishaya-mthetho. Nakuba isishaya-mthetho sibhala imithetho kanye nejaji elichazayo, igatsha eliphethe liyifaka engxenyeni enkulu yeminyango, izinhlangano, nezikhulu.

E-United States, isisekelo somthetho-mthetho segatsha eliphethe iSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., esiphethe uMongameli oyedwa. Ngokungafani nezimiso zephalamende ezitholakala kwezinye imibuso eminingi ebusa ngentando yeningi, lapho umphathi ethathwa khona kumthetho wendlu yomthetho, uMongameli ukhethwa ngokuzimele futhi ufeza isikhathi esimisiwe seminyaka emine. Lomklamo udala ukuhlukaniswa okuhlukile kwemibuso, ukhuthaza kokubili ukuzibusa kanye nokungezwani phakathi kwamagatsha. Igatsha eliphethe liye lakhula kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokusungulwa, likhula lisuka emnyango omncane we-pardetradisssss lisebenzisa izigidi zezisebenzi zikahulumeni.

Umtapo womtholalwazi wegatsha eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe lenza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile engaphezu kokugcinwa komthetho.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nokusetshenziswa Kwawo

Uma i-Congress isidlulisa isikhwama sokuvikela i-ENT, igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wokusebenza kwaso. Lokhu kuhilela ukusungula imithetho, ukunikeza isiqondiso, ukuqapha, nokuthatha izenzo zokuqinisekisa. Amanxusa ahlangene anjengemithetho ekhethekile elawula izimboni ezithile, isivikelo sempilo yomphakathi, nokuvikela indawo ezungezile. Ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kuhlanganisa nomsebenzi woMnyango woBubeleli, [[FLT:] noma [[FLT] ukuphathwa kwezidakamizwa (FLT) [FLT] [FLT] [F:3] ukuguqula imithetho emikhulu yemithetho elawulayo izakhiwo ezilawulayo, i-enze i-octivegementstionsss, iqondise. [FFFFF:]

Ukuphatha Isimiso Sangaphandle Nokukhohlisa

UMongameli usebenza njengomphathi omkhulu wezwe futhi umholi wezwe. Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphatha ubuhlobo nohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe, ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano (ezidinga ukuvunyelwa yiSishaya-mthetho), ukusayina izivumelwano zezikhulu, ukumelela i-United States ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene, nokuvikela izakhamuzi zaseMelika kwamanye amazwe. UMnyango weZwe, oholwa nguNobhala weZwe, uyinhlangano eyinhloko yezobumeli, kuyilapho iNational Security Council ihlanganisa izinqubo zokuvikela, ukuhlakanipha, nezinhlangano zezomnotho. Amandla kaMongameli oqaphela ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe futhi anikeze amanxusa egatsha amakhulu ezwe laseMelika esikhundleni sawomhlaba.

Ukumiswa Kwezikhulu Eziwuhulumeni

UMongameli unegunya lokumisa abantu ezikhundleni eziyinhloko kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamaKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni (kuhlanganise amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme), amanxusa, kanye namakhanda ezinhlangano ezizimele. Lamanxusa angaphansi kwesiqinisekiso se-SATE isiqinisekiso [[, inikeza i-cheke ebalulekile ngamandla ombuso. Inqubo yokumisa iqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli angasilungisa isiqondiso seze abuye adingenise negatsha lezenyuko.

Ukuphathwa Kwemali Nokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Igatsha eliphethe lidlala indima eyinhloko enqubweni yohlelo lokuhlela imali kahulumeni. Ihhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwemali ne-Dawulayo , ingxenye yeHhovisi Eliphetheyo likaMongameli, ilungiselela isiphakamiso semali yonyaka, esihlela izinto eziza kuqala, izitebhisi zemali, nezimiso zokuhamba. Nakuba i-Prevention inamandla esikhwama futhi idlulise izikwele zemali, ihlela uhlelo lwemali nezimiso zemali yesizwe. UMongameli angahlela futhi ukukhokha izikweleti, anikeze izikweleti zemali ezihambisana nezingxoxo zemali zemali. Iwebhusayithi ye-webhusayithi [FLT] [FFLD:3]

Umyalo Wempi Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa uMongameli njenge iCommander-in-Chief yamabutho ahlomile. Lokhu kunikeza igatsha eliphetheyo igunya lokuqondisa imisebenzi yezempi, ukuqondisa amabutho, nokuqondisa uMnyango weNyuselo. Nokho, amandla okumemezela impi ahlala noMkhandlu, adala ukuxabana okuye kwaxoxwa ngomthetho-sisekelo kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. ISigqi seMpi samaSondlo sizama ukucacisa ukulinganisela ngokufuna uMongameli ukuba azise iSishaya iSishaya - mthetho phakathi namahora angu-48 okupho alwa namabutho aphumele emabuthweni angamashumi ama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iMikhandlu iqhubeke nesenzo. Ekwenzeleni, amongameli babo bobabili baye baqhuba imisebenzi yezempi ngaphandle kokumemezela okusemthethweni kwempi, benza le ndawo ehlanganisa indawo yezikhulu.

Isakhiwo Nenhlangano Yegatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe liyinhlangano enkulu futhi ehlotshisiwe. Kukho uMongameli noMongameli oyisekelayo, osekelwa izisebenzi zeWhite House neHhovisi Lesikhululo sikaMongameli. Ngezansi kuneminyango yeKhabhinethi, izinhlangano ezizimele, nenkonzo yezembuna.

UMongameli Nomongameli Oyisekela

UMongameli uyinhloko kahulumeni nohulumeni okhethiwe, osebenza iminyaka emine enezinombolo ezimbili ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sama-22. Amandla kaMongameli angokomthetho ahlanganisa ukukhipha umthetho, ukukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu, ukuthethelela, nokumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni. UMongameli umongameli ongumholi wesibili ophakeme kunabo bonke, okhonza njengoMongameli weSigele (ophethe i-state) futhi athathe i-presidenti uma uMongameli efa, eshiya phansi, noma esuswa esikhundleni. Umongameli wezwe ubuye ahlanganyele ezingxoxweni zokulondela isizwe nezokubusa njengesihluthulelo sokuvota.

IKhabhinethi

IKhabhinethi inawo onobhala beminyango engu-15 ephethe (njengezwe, iHofisi yezimali, iSivikelo, Ubulungisa, iZangaphakathi, i-Prein, i-Orty, i-House and Urban Development, i-Transport, i-Energy, i-Veterans Affairs, ne Homeland Security). Amalungu ekhathenwayithi amiswa nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswe iSigebethi. Baluleka uMongameli ngezindaba ezingokomthetho ezisezindaweni zabo futhi bengamele izinhlangano ezinkulu eziphethe izinhlelo zikahulumeni. I-Cabinet ihlanganisa nezinye izikhulu ezikhulu ezinjenge-Mongameli noMnumeli weNdlunkulu yendlu yeStaff.

Ihhovisi Eliphethe Lomongameli (EOP)

Idalwe ngo-1939, i-EOP ihlanganisa izisebenzi eziseduze zikaMongameli nezinhlangano eziyinhloko zokusekela. I-EOP iphethe iHhovisi Lendlu eliseduze kakhulu nomongameli weStaff, iSikhulu seState, i-National Security Advisor, uNobhala wePress, nabanye abasiza ekuhleleni inqubo, balawule ukuxhumana, futhi baxhumane. I-EOP futhi iqukethe iHhovisi Lokuphathwa kwezezimali, i-Council of Economic Adviserers, i-National Security Council, i-Odmental Tradecity, kanye neHhovisi ye-United States Tradential, phakathi kwabanye. I-EOP ivumela uMongameli ukuba athonyelele ithonya lombuso wombuso ophethe uhulumeni.

Imithombo Yezobuchwepheshe, Izinhlangano, Nenkonzo Yangaphakathi

Ngalé kweKhabhinethi, igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa amakhulu ezinhlangano, amakhomishane, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ezinye zisebenza phakathi kweminyango (umz., i-FBI phakathi koMnyango Wezobulungisa), kuyilapho ezinye ziyizinhlangano ezizimele (umz., i- Contizentelligency Agency (CIA)[[FL:1], [[FLT]], i-FULT] i-FEDAL [[FLT]] Isiqikili-evi, i-FOLT [[FLT:], [[4]] [NASRA)]. Inkonzo yomphakathi ihlanganisa izisebenzi ezikhokhelwayo eziqashiwe ngokuncintisana ngenqubo yokuncintisana ngaphansi kweHholo le hhovisi lezisebenzi. Lezi zisebenzi zinikeza ulwazi, ulwazi, nokusebenza okudingekile ekuqondiseni kohulumeni.

Ukuhola Nesinqumo Egatsheni Eliphethe

Ubuholi phakathi kwegatsha eliphethe abupheleli kuMongameli kuphela. Ukubusa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukwenza izinqumo kuwo wonke amazinga − kusukela e-Oval Office ukuya ehhovisi lehhovisi lezezimali. Ukuqonda indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo, zithonywe, futhi zinyanzelwa ngayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indima yegatsha eliphethe.

Inqubo Yokwenza Isinqumo Kamongameli

Abaholi bancika enqubweni ehlelwe kahle ukuze benze izinqumo ezilandelayo. Lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa imihlangano nabaqondisi abayinhloko, ukucela imisebenzi nezinzuzo ezivela ku-National Security Council noma izisebenzi zenkambiso, kanye nokuhlanganyela namaKhomishane nezinhlangano zezesithakazelo. Izimo zesinqumo zihlanganisa [[ isampuli yomdlali [iinani eliyinani] nenzuzo zokukhetha ukhetho olungcono), imodeli yezombangazwe ye- (indlela elawulayo ye-hFLT]) (lapho izinqumo zivela khona ezinhlanganweni zezithakazelo), kanye nenqubo yokulungisa [FLT:FFT] organ .[FFT5]) (indlela esetshenziswa ngayo inqubo esetshenziswayo emisiweyo). Umongameli we-hG.[illmagne "icernst"

Indima Yabaphathi Nezikhungo Zokuphatha

UMongameli usekelwa yizinhlanganisela zabaqondisi abanikeza ubuchwepheshe bemisebenzi yasekhaya, yezomnotho, neyokuphepha. Indlu yabamhlophe ye-Staff ilawula uhlelo lukaMongameli futhi ilawula ukufinyelela, iqondisa ngokunamandla ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano ezifinyelela kuMongameli. UMongameli weNational Security Advisor uhlela iseluleko sangaphandle semithetho. Obeluleki beminyango basekela izinto eziphambili zeminyango yabo, ngezinye izikhathi bancintisana ngemithombo yezimali nezokunakekela komongameli. I-interliging phakathi kwezisebenzi zendlu emhlophe ne-Camplicate ingaveza izixazulu zezimiso zokwakha noma izingxabano. Omongameli kumelwe bancike ngokulinganayo ngezindlela ezingekho abamhlophe abafuna ukuhlolwa okuqinile kodwa ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwezisebenzi eziphambili zezisebenzi eziphethe izikhulu ze-Calbia (abasekela izinhlangano kodwa abasekela kakhulu).

Ithonya Lombono Womphakathi Nemithombo Yezindaba

Omongameli bawazi kahle umbono womphakathi ngoba babhekene nokhetho ngezikhathi ezithile futhi badinga ukusekelwa umphakathi ukuze bathuthukise uhlelo lwabo. Ukwaziswa okungenayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwemithombo yezindaba, nezimiso zezezokuxhumana kungahlela izinqumo zezikhulu, kusukela ezimisweni eziphambili kuya ekuxhumaneni okunzima. Iqophelweni lokuqinela abanye umongameli . “‘ Liyithuluzi elinamandla lokumisa iziteshi nokuphikisana komphakathi. Nokho, abezindaba basebenza njengeqembu eligadayo, ukucupha izikhulu futhi babambe izikhulu ngecala. Inqubo yanamuhla yamahora angu - 24 enzima yokuxhumana nokuphakama kwezokuxhumana kwezwe kuye kwenza icebo lokuxhumana nomongameli lengxenye eyinhloko.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nazo Abaholi Abaphethe Kahle

Abaholi abaphetheyo babhekana nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezivivinya amakhono abo okwenza izinqumo. [[FLT: 0]] inhlekelele ebangelwa ukuhlahla kwemithetho eSikhungweni somthetho nasemphakathini kungadinga ukuthatha izinyathelo zokulawula, abaholi abaphoqelelayo ukuba bathembele eziqondisweni eziphethe nasezenzweni zokuphatha ezingase zibhekane nezinselele ezingokomthetho. Izinkinga zenkinga [[FLT]] [iiinani] [inani eliwumbuso] [iimfuno] [indlela yokulawula] [indlela yokulawula] [izinto ezikhona noma ukuncibilika kwemali]) idinga isinyathelo ngokushesha, ngaphansi kokungaqiniseki. [[FLT:] Izehlombe] Izehlakalo] Izemisebenzi yokulawula izakhiwo zempi, ibonise ukuphumelela kwezindlela zobuphekulaleli, futhi izama ukulawula, ukuvumelana kwezimo zemisebenzi. [FTrultinstritivetukethis] [Fritiatic] [Ft]

Ama - expoir Amandla Okubusa

Naphezu kweziphathimandla zayo ezinkulu, igatsha eliphethe lingaphansi kokuhlola okuphawulekayo kwamanye amagatsha nakubadlali bangaphandle.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

UKhomishane uqondisa ngokulalela, ngokuhlola, iziphakamiso, namandla esikhwama. AmaKomiti angabiza izikhulu ukuba zifakaze ngezimiso nangezenzo. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa ukumiswa nezivumelwano inikeza iSigele isheke ngokuqondile. UKhongolo lungakhipha umthetho wokuvimbela igunya lobuphathi, ukulawula umongameli, futhi, ezimweni ezidlulele, ukuphoqa uMongameli, uMongameli, noma ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi. Ikhophi yeZinqolobane Zezinqolobane Zesizwe] ingakhipha umthetho wokulawula, ukudlula umongameli, futhi, ukususa uMongameli, uMongameli, noma ezinye izikhulu. [FLT.0]

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo ze-Federal, kuhlanganise neNkantolo Ephakeme, zinamandla okumemezela izenzo zezikhulu ezingavumelani nomthetho kahulumeni. Imithetho ibekela iziqondiso zezikhulu inselele, iziqondiso zezinhlangano, noma izinqumo zomongameli zivamile. Ijaji linikeza i-Feliary ye-um kubantu ngabanye, izigungu, neSishaya-Mkhandlu sokubekela inselele. Imicimbi enjenge i-Dappytown Comment & Tube Co. v. Satyyer [1952] kanye [[FLT:] United States] ne[FLT][FFLT:3] iqinise isimiso sokuthi uMongameli akangaphezulu komthetho.

Ukulwela Nokususa

UMthetho-sisekelo uvumela iNdlu yabameleli ukuba iqashe uMongameli nge-"Treasurer, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme naMadumeyi" Ngemva kokugunyazwa yivoti eningi, iSigele siqunga icala futhi singamlahla iziboshwa futhi sikhiphe uMongameli ngenani eliphindwe kabili. Lombuso uyi-seshi lokugcina i-propati yemithetho, nakuba ingasebenzi kakhulu futhi ingasasebenzi kakhulu kwezombangazwe.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nomphakathi Wasebuthweni

Imishini yokunyathelisa ekhululekile isebenza njengenja egadayo, ihlola futhi ibike ngemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe. Abacuphi bezisebenzi bangadalula ukuziphatha okubi. Amaqembu esithakazelo, izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni, nomphakathi futhi ufeza indima ekubekeni umphathi icala ngokuqapha, ngokuzivota, nangokucindezela.

Imibono Eqhathanisayo: Umqondisi Wezombuso WaseU.S. Kuyi - Global Context

Igatsha eliphethe i-U.S. liyisimiso sobumongameli, esiphawulwa yisikhulu esiphethe ngokuhlukaniswa esingadingi ukuqiniseka kwemithetho ukuba sihlale esikhundleni. Lokhu kungafani nezimiso zephalamende (umz., iUnited Kingdom, iJalimane, iNdiya) lapho isikhulu esiphethe (ngokuyisisekelo isikhulu sikamongameli nekhathenal) esithathwe esigungwini sombuso futhi esingase sisuswe ngokuvota kokungathembi. Ukuqonda lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganisa izikhundla zemithetho, kuveze inqubo esheshayo kodwa kubangele ukuhlukaniswa okungacacile kwemibuso. Okunye ukushintsha kuhlanganisa izimiso zezindawo ezithatha indawo eyodwa (umz., iFrance) lapho kokubili umongameli wendlu yombuso nomphathi omkhulu wenkonzo ehlanganyela khona amandla. U. Igatsha eliphethe igatsha linezinto ezikhethekile, futhi linezakhela ukuhluleka kokwanethelela izimpawu phakathi kwamagatsha.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nokuziphendukela Kwamandla Aphakeme

Igatsha eliphethe liye lashintsha ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ngo-1789. Ukukhula kwezwe eliphethe, ukuphakama kwemishini yokulondeka kwesizwe ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, kanye nokuyinkimbinkimbi okukhulayo kokubusa kwembulunga yonke kuye kwandisa wonke amandla okubusa. Manje abaholi banikeza iziyalezo zokuqondisa nomongameli i-tranda ukuze bashaye i-projectivesbowlective, bagodla umthetho wokubusa, futhi balawula isimiso sangaphandle ngaphandle kokufakwa kwemithetho esemthethweni. Lokhu kwanda kuye kwabangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nokulingana kwamandla, kanye nabagxeki bexwayiso be-"imperence" futhi abavikeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhola kwezikhulu ezinamandla kuyadingeka ezweni eliyingozi.

Ubuchwepheshe buletha amathuba nezingozi: ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa kanye nekhono lokuhlola kungathuthukisa ukulondeka kwesizwe kodwa futhi kusongela inkululeko yomphakathi. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, nokuhlasela kwe-inthane kudinga ukusabela okuhlangene okuhlolwayo okuhlola iziphathimandla ezikhona. Okwamanje, imizamo yokuguqula inkonzo yomphakathi nokunciphisa ukusabela kobuphekula iyaqhubeka iphikisana kwezombangazwe. Igatsha eliphethe ikusasa cishe liyololongwa yilokhu kuxabana phakathi kwempumelelo, ukulandisa, nemingcele yemithetho.

Isiphetho

Igatsha eliphethe liyinjini kahulumeni, lisebenzisa imithetho, liqondisa ubudlelwane bakwamanye amazwe, liqondise ibutho lezempi, futhi liqondise umnotho wezwe. Ukuhola kwalo nokulungisa inqubo yomnotho wezwe kuyinkimbinkimbi, kuhilela uMongameli, iKhabhinethi, izisebenzi ezimhlophe, nezisebenzi ezinkulu zikahulumeni. Nakuba igatsha elikhulu linamandla amakhulu, lisebenza phakathi kwesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuphambana. Ukuqonda imisebenzi yalo, isimo, nezinselele zibalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni waso osebenza ngayo. Njengoba i-United States ibhekene nezingcindezi ezintsha nembulunga yonke, igatsha eliphetheyo liyoqhubeka lisebenza, lifuna ukuhlanganiswa komphakathi okunolwazi nokunakekelwa okuklanyelwe ukuvikela ukubusa kwentando yentando yentando yentando yeningi.