Okwenza I - filibuster Ibaluleke Esimisweni Sikahulumeni Wethu

I-filbuster iyinqubo ye-procedal e-United States Coancil evumela amanxusa ukuba adlulisele impikiswano ngomthetho, ukufushaniswa kwemithetho, noma ezinye izindaba phambi kwegumbi. Lelithuluzi elinamandla liye lalungisa izombangazwe zemithetho zaseMelika iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, lisebenza kokubili njengesivikelo samalungelo amancane futhi libangela impikiswano enkulu. Ukuqonda indima ye-Preciousbuster esimisweni sethu sikahulumeni kudinga ukuhlola ukuthuthuka kwalo ngokomlando, abenzi bemithetho ye-producratic, kanye nokubaluleka okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe zanamuhla.

Umsuka Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kwe - Filibuster

Indalo Eyingozi

Ngokuphambene nenkolelo ethandwayo, i-filbuster yayingeyona ingxenye yomklamo wokuqala kaFathers oQothulwa iSigele kodwa kunalokho yadalwa ngephutha. Ngo-1789, kokubili izincwadi zokubusa zendlu ne-Gaathena zazicishe zifane futhi zahlanganisa lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "ukunyakaza kwangaphambili". Lelithuluzi le-procedvecural lingasetshenziswa ukuqeda impikiswano nokuphoqelela ukuvota ebhizinisini elisele.

Ngo-1855, uVice Presidentiant Aaron Burr, ngesikhathi ephethe iSigele, wasikisela ukuba indikimba igcine incwadi yayo yokubusa ngokususa imithetho eguquguqukayo, iphakamisela phambili impikiswano engaphambili. ISigele salandela lesiseluleko ngo - 1806, sisusa ngokungaqondi ukuphela kwenqubo eyayingase isetshenziswe ekunqandeni impikiswano. Indlu yabameleli, ngokuphambene, yalondoloza futhi yaqinisa ukunyakaza kwayo kombuzo ongaphambili, ekugcineni yawuguqula waba ithuluzi eliphumelelayo lokuqeda impikiswano.

Ukusetshenziswa Kusekuqaleni Nendlela Yokusebenza Kwegama

Ngo - September 22, 1789, uMphathi wePennsylvania uWilliam Maclay wabhala encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo zezenzakalo zansuku zonke ukuthi umklamo wamaVirginia wawuwukukhuluma ngesikhathi, ukuze isikweleti singadluli.

Igama elithi "filibuster" elisuselwa egameni lesiDashi elisho "i-freebooter" ne-"filibustros" yeSpanishi""" qalile ukuchaza abaphangi abahlasela iziqhingi zase-Caribbean(*) futhi laqala ukuvela ezimpikiswaneni zemithetho yaseMelika kuma-1850s. Ngo-1863, igama elithi "i-filibuster" laqala ukusetshenziswa eSigeqeni ukuchaza inqubo yokuvota noma umgebelo. Incazelo ye-athorica yalo yayifaneleka, njengoba inqubo yokususa inqubo yomthetho weSigele.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwemithetho Yokuzihlela

Ama-finbuster okuqala aholela ekufuneni kokuqala lokho manje esikubiza ngokuthi "ukuzenzela," indlela yokuqeda impikiswano nokuphakamisa umbuzo evotini. Ngo-1841, i-Democratic encane yazama ukukhipha iwashi elingokomthetho ukuze isungule ibhange lesizwe, futhi i-Whig inheader Clay yaphazamisa ukuguqula imithetho yeSigele ukuze inciphise impikiswano, nakuba isihlongoso sikaClay sabangela abanye ukuba baxwayise ngisho namaDiacbuster athé kade kakhulu ukuze bavimbele noma isiphi inguquko kumthetho.

Iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu ngemva kuka-1806, iSigele sasingenandlela engokomthetho yokuqeda impikiswano. Lokhu kwashintsha ngo-1917 lapho, ngokunxusa kukaMongameli Woodrow Wilson, izifemu zamukela uMthetho we- 22, owavumela iSigele ukuba siqede ingxoxo ngevoti eyizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu, isisetshenziswa esaziwa ngokuthi amahlule. Lomthetho waqala ukuhlolwa ngo-1919, lapho iSigele sicela i-acessitus ukuqeda i-Retalbuster ngokumelene nesivumelwano saseVersailles.

Ngisho nalapho sekubusa amahlule amasha, ama-finbuster ahlala eyindlela ephumelelayo yokuvimbela umthetho, njengoba kwakunzima ukuthola amavoti amabili-sithathu, futhi phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amane eyalandela, iSigele sakwazi ukuvuselela ihlwili izikhathi ezinhlanu kuphela. Ngo-1975, iSigele sanciphisa inani lamavoti adingekayo ekuvotelweni kwamahluleli kusukela kuma-tenator angu-3 kuya kuma-iphasenti amathathu abo bonke abakhethwe futhi abafungwe ngokulinganayo, noma ama-60 e-100 semsenitor.

Indlela I - Filibuster Esebenza Ngayo: Imishini Engokwemvelo

Umsebenzi Oyisisekelo

Imithetho yeSigele ibeka imingcele embalwa engxoxweni, futhi ngokuvamile, uma ingekho enye i-senete efuna ukuqashelwa inelungelo lokukhuluma isikhathi eside uma nje bethanda, nempikiswano iphetha kuphela uma iphela ngokwemvelo noma isebenzisa amahlule. Le mpikiswano engenamkhawulo ihlukanisa iSigele eNdlwini yabameleli, elinganisela ngokuphelele isikhathi sokukhuluma.

Ezimweni eziningi, ukuqeda i-filbuster kudinga iningi lama-senator amathathu akhethwe ngokusemthethweni futhi afungwe (60 amavoti uma kungekho zindawo ezingaphezu kwesisodwa), ngakho idlanzana labasizi lingavimbela isilinganiso, ngisho noma lisekelwa yiningi elivamile. Lemfuneko enkulu kakhulu ihlela indlela umthetho ohamba ngayo ngeSigele.

Inqubo Yokuvuleka

Okungenani amaSenator angu-16 kumelwe asayine ukunyakaza okuthi: "Thina, ama-Senator ashintshwe, ngokuvumelana namalungiselelo oMthetho XXII weMithetho emisha yeSigele, ngokunyakazisa ukuqeda impikiswano [indaba ephakamayo]. Ezimweni eziningi, iSigeqe asivoti kulokhu kuhamba kwehlule kuze kube usuku lwesibili lwesimiso ngemva kokunyakaza, futhi sidinga amavoti okungenani amathathu e-Sencators (amavoti angu-60) ukuze sizwane.

Ukuvuselela amahlule kuvumela amahora angamashumi amathathu engeziwe ukuba aphikisane nesiphakamiso. Phakathi nalenkathi yangemva kokubeletha, kungacatshangelwa ukuhlinzwa kwegciwane kuphela, futhi amasu okuqubuka ahlukahlukene alinganiselwe. Kulesi sikhathi isilinganiso siqinisekisa ukuthi uma nje ihluleke ibizwa, iSigele siyogcina sifinyelele ivoti yokugcina kulendaba.

I-"Silent" Filibuster

I-filbuster iye yavela ngokuphawulekayo esenzeka sayo esingokwesiko. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, abameli be-jenali baye bakwazi ukusebenzisa "isimemezelo" se-filbuster, lapho iqembu labahlali abangu-41 noma ngaphezulu lisongela khona i-panelbuster, umholi weSigele uvame ukwenqaba ukubiza ivoti. Lokhu kushintshe kakhulu isimo se-nfalbuster kusuka kumbukwane ovelele ophansi kuya enqabeni oluvamile.

Ngokungafani ne-pinbuster ekhuluma kakhulu engenakufa kumabhayisikobho afana no "Mnu. Smith Goes to Washington," lapho abanikazi be-senator kwadingeka ukuba baqhubeke behlala phansi, i-finbuster yanamuhla ayidingi ukukhuthazela okungokomzimba okunjalo. Kunokuba ilawule iphansi ngamahora okuxoxa ngezindlela zokupheka ze-oyster ethotshiwe noma izinkondlo, i-ssenter idinga nje ukubonisa ukuzimisela kwakhe ukwenza kanjalo. Lokhu kwenze ukuba i-Divbbuster ibe lula futhi ivame kakhulu.

Indima ye-pilibuster ekuvikeleni amalungelo amancane

Ukuvimbela Umbuso Onamandla

Ilungelo lempikiswano engenamkhawulo eSigele, kuhlanganise ne-filbuster, liye ladunyiswa njengomvikeli weqembu elincane lezombangazwe ekubuseni kweningi futhi liye laba isici esiyinhloko sendima eyingqayizivele yeSigele sezombangazwe zaseMelika. Le misebenzi ihambisana nohlelo olubanzi lomthetho-sisekelo lwe-cheke nezilinganiso eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma yiliphi icebo elilodwa ekusebenziseni amandla angavinjelwe.

I-filbuster isebenza njengebhuleki loshintsho olusheshayo lwemithetho, iqinisekisa ukuthi ukushintshwa kwenqubo ephawulekayo kudinga ukuvumelana okukhulu kuneningi elivamile. ESigebengwini esihlukene kakhulu, lokhu kusho ukuthi iqembu elincane linethonya elinenjongo ekuhleleni imithetho, liphoqelela iningi ukuba licabangele imibono yokuphikiswa nezinkathazo.

Ukukhuthaza Inkululeko Nokuphikisana Ngokuphelele

Abavikeli be-filbuster baphikisa ngokuthi ithuthukisa indima yeSigele njengendikimba efuna ukusekelwa okukhulu ukuze kuqhutshwe umthetho ophikiswanayo, i-filbuster iqinisekisa ukuthi izikweleti zihlolwa kakhulu futhi ziphikiswana. Lokhu kucatshangelwa okunwetshiwe kungaveza amaphutha emthetho ohlongozwayo, kunikeze isikhathi sokufakwa komphakathi, futhi kwakhe amathuba okuthuthukisa izikweletu ngezinguquko ngokulungisa nangokuxoxa.

Usongo lwe-finbuster lukhuthaza abasekeni ukuba baxoxe ngokunenzuzo ngaphesheya kwemigqa ye-pali. Uma kudingeka amavoti angu-60 ukuze kuqhutshekiswe umthetho, iningi lifuna ukusekelwa yidlanzana, okuholela ekuyekeni nasekukheni iqoqo. Le nqubo ingaveza umthetho olinganiselayo nowamukelekayo kakhulu kunaleyo ephuma ekubuseni okuphelele.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukubambisana Kweqembu

Umnyango owenziwe ngama-60 uveza izisusa ezinamandla zokubambisana. Abaholi abaholi abancane kumelwe baxoxe neqembu elincane ukuze baqinisekise amavoti adingekayo ukuze banqobe ama-finbuster, kuholele ekwakheni umthetho obonisa ukufakwa komfakela wohlangothi olusohlangothini lwe-paleji. Lemfuneko yokubambisana kweqembu eliphambanayo ingasiza ekusizeni iziphakamiso ezisesilinganisweni futhi yakhe ukusekela okukhulu komphakathi imithetho emisiwe.

Imithetho emiswe ngokuvumelana okubanzi cishe ngeke iphinde ilungiswe ngokushesha lapho ukulawulwa kukahulumeni kushintsha izandla, kunikeze ukuzinza okwengeziwe nokubikezela okwengeziwe kwenqubo yomphakathi.

I - filibuster Njengokuhlola Umthetho Onemizwa Engcolile

Ukuvimbela Ukwenziwa Kwesinqumo Esicishiwe

I-filbuster isebenza njengesivikelo esibalulekile ekufuneni umthetho osheshayo noma ongacatshangelwa kahle. Ekuvutheni kwezikhathi zezombangazwe noma ekuphenduleni ezinkingeni, kungacindezelwa ukuba kudluliswe umthetho ngokushesha ngaphandle kokucabangela imiphumela yesikhathi eside ngokwaneleyo. Imfuneko ye-monilbuster yokusekela okukhulu idala inkathi yokuphola evumela ukucabangisisa okwengeziwe.

Le misebenzi enzima ibaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni umthetho oyinkimbinkimbi oveza imiphumela enzima. Izinguquko ezinkulu ezithinta ukunakekelwa kwempilo, intela, amalungelo omphakathi, noma ukulondeka kwesizwe zizuza ngenkulumo-mpikiswano ebanzi evumela ochwepheshe ukuba balinganisele, izinkinga ezingase zihlolwe, nezinye izindlela ezizocatshangelwa.

Ukuvikeleka Ematheni Amakhulu Esikhashana

Imiphumela ye-Electory ngezinye izikhathi ingaveza izinto ezinkulu zesikhashana ezingabonisi umbono womphakathi ozinzile, othatha isikhathi eside. I-paribuster ivimbela izinto ezinkulu zesikhashana ukuba zibonise izinguquko ezinkulu ezingase zingabekezeleleki ezingase zingasekelwa umphakathi. Ngokufuna ukuvumelana okukhulu, i-monicbuster isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zemithetho ziveza okungaphezu nje kokuthanda kwenani elincane, eliphila isikhathi esifushane.

Lomsebenzi wokuvikela ubaluleke kakhulu enkathini yezindawo ezinciphileyo ezihlukanisayo kanye ne-elevotoral ephezulu. I-filbuster ivimbela ukushintsha kwenqubo engalawuleki engenzeka uma isigaba ngasinye, lapho sithola inqwaba enciphile, ngokushesha yaziguqula zonke izinto eziningi ezazenziwa yiningi ngaphambili.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zesigebengu Ziyasebenza

Izinhlamvana Ezidumile

Irekhodi lenkulumo ende kakhulu umuntu ngamunye liya kuJ.S.Srom Thurmond owalwa no-Parenbuster amahora angu-24 nemizuzu engu-18 ngokumelene noMthetho Welungelo Lomphakathi ka-1950. Phakathi nawo-1930, iSiphathi uHuey P. Ekulweni kwaso sasebenzisa i-Renaryster ngokunempumelelo ukumelana nezikweletu ayecabanga ukuthi zazithanda izicebi kunabampofu, wakhungathekisa asebenza nabo lapho ejabulisa izibukeli zakhe ngokuphindaphinda i-Shakespeareare kanye nokufunda kwakhe iziyalezo zokupheka ze "pockkers," wake wabamba isakhiwo seNkamelo samahora angu-15.

Laba bahlali abaphawulekayo badonsa ukunakekela komphakathi futhi babonisa amandla omninindlu eyodwa ukuba ibambezele ibhizinisi leSigele. Nakuba izikhawu ezinjalo zokukhuluma amabanga amade zingavamile enkathini yanamuhla yamabele angenamsindo, bahlala beyingxenye yomlando weSigele othakazelisayo nefa lamasiko.

I - Filibuster Namalungelo Abantu

Ama-pilibuster abonakala ewusizo kakhulu kubaphathi be-senet baseningizimu abafuna ukuvimbela umthetho wamalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise nezikweletu ezilwa nokubulala izikweletu, futhi kwaze kwaba ngo-1964 iSigele sanqoba i-monibulister ukuze sidlulisele umthetho wamalungelo ezakhamuzi omkhulu. Lomlando umelela esinye sezici eziphikisana kakhulu nefa lefa le-Rebelbuster.

Ngokokuhlola okwenziwa ososayensi bezombangazwe uSarah Binder noSteven Smith, ezindinganisweni ezingu-30 ezaphazanyiswa yi-nfilbuster phakathi kuka-1917 no-1994, ingxenye yabo kanye yayihilela amalungelo omphakathi. Lomlando okhathazayo uye wabhebhethekisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuthi izindleko ze-finbuster zingaphezu kwezinzuzo zayo.

Ezihlukile Embusweni We - FIBUster

Ukukhetha Kwenuzi Nokushintsha Kwamagama

Ngo-2013, amaDemocrates ashintsha imithetho yeSigele ukuze kuvunywe ukuqinisekiswa kwezikhundla zegatsha eziphetheyo − kuhlanganise nekhabethe (nejaji) lenkantolo engebona abameleli, kanye neminyaka emine kamuva, amaRepublic aseSigele andisa ushintsho ukuze ahlanganise ukumiswa kweNkantolo Ephakeme. Zombili lezi zinguquko zacela lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi icebo lenuzi, noma ukuthathelwa imingcele ukuze kunqotshwe yidlanzana.

Lezinguquko zayiguqula kakhulu inqubo yokuqinisekisa amajaji nezikhulu zegatsha eziphethe. Nakuba i-proginbroup ihlala inganakekile, ama-presidentium angaqinisekiswa ngokusekela okulula, okunciphisa kakhulu ikhono leqembu elincane lokuvimbela ukumiswa.

Ukubuyisana Ngemali

Izinhlobo ezithile zomthetho zikhululiwe enqubweni yokubuyisana, kuhlanganise nenqubo yemali kaKhongolose yaminyaka yonke edinga kuphela ukuvota okulula futhi okungeke kuvunyelwe, kanye nezivumelwano zezohwebo ezixoxwe ngokusebenzisa imithetho esheshayo nezimiso ezihilela ukuvalwa kwezakhiwo zempi noma ukuthengiswa kwezikhali.

Ukubuyisana kwezimiso kuye kwaba isinqola somthetho esibaluleke kakhulu ngoba sidlula i-banbuster. Nokho, izikweleti zokubuyisana zingadlula ngamavoti angu-51 kuphela, uma kuqhathaniswa nemfuneko ye-cocoo 60-vote ebekwe yi-parenbuster, nakuba abanye abahlaziyi bephikisa ngokuthi ayiklanyelwanga ukusingatha isilinganiso esiphelele somthetho ophawula ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwamanje.

Ithonya le-pilibuster ekukhiqizeni umthetho

Ukusetshenziswa Okwandayo Emashumini Eminyaka Amuva

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-banbuster, eyake yagcinelwa izimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu, kuye kwanda ngokuphawulekayo eminyakeni yamuva nje eWashington, futhi amavoti angaphezu kuka - 2 500 okuqeda i-nfilbuster kusukela ngo-1917, futhi angaphezu kwengxenye eyenzeka eminyakeni engu - 12 nje edlule. Lokhu kwanda okuphawulekayo kubonisa kokubili ukushelela kwengxabano yanamuhla engekho msindweni nempi yama-palbuster.

Ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo ye-finbuster kuye kwayiguqula yaba isilinganiso esingavamile esibekelwe izindaba zezimiso ibe isithiyo esivamile somthetho obalulekile. Lokhu kubekwa ngendlela evamile kuye kwashintsha indlela iSigele esisebenza ngayo nendlela umthetho owenziwe ngayo.

Imiphumela Ekusebenzeni Kwezigele

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kusetshenziswa okwandayo kuye kwanciphisa ibhizinisi eSigele ukuba linqanyulwe, ngokuvamile kuvimbela leligumbi ekuthatheni inqubo engokwemiklamo esikhundleni senkulumo - mpikiswano ewujuqu futhi, ekugcineni, ukwenza umthetho. Isidingo sokuthola amavoti angu - 60 emithetho eminingi sisho ukuthi izikweletu eziningi azilokothi zihlonishwe, ngisho noma zisekelwa kakhulu.

Ukwanda kwe-filbuster futhi kuthonye indlela abaholi beSigele abaphatha ngayo isikhathi esiphansi futhi bafake umthetho omisiwe. Ukwazi ukuthi izikweleti eziningi ziyobhekana nezinsongo ze-filbuster, abaholi kumelwe bakhethe ngokucophelela ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo zokuziphishekela futhi basebenzise isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze bakhe imifelano emikhulu.

I - Filibuster Kuyizibalo

Indlu Yabameleli Ezahlukene

Indlu yabameleli yathatha indlela ehluke kakhulu ngokuphathelene nempikiswano engenamkhawulo. Nakuba imithetho yendlu yokuqala yayivumela nempikiswano ebanzi, ubukhulu begumbi lenza imikhuba enjalo yaba engasizi kakhulu. Indlu yamisa imithetho eqinile evimbela isikhathi sengxoxo futhi yanika iningi amandla okulawula uhlelo lwezimemezelo zomthetho.

Lokhu kuveza umehluko okhethekile wobuntu beSigele njengendikimba ekwaziyo ukuhlukanisa lapho amalungu ngamanye namaqembu amancane ehlala khona enamandla aphawulekayo. Izindlela ezihlukene ziveza izindima ezingafani zamagumbi amabili adlala enqubweni yokushaya umthetho, ne House igcizelela ukuphumelela nokubusa okukhulu kuyilapho iSigele sihlela ukucabangisisa namalungelo amancane.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke

ISigele seSigele sase-United States singavamile uma siqhathaniswa nombono. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke zisebenza ngezimiso zokubusa eziningi, ezinamandla amancane noma ezingenawo okwazi ukubeka umthetho ovimbela umthetho ngokungenasiphelo. Lokhu kwenza iSigele saseMelika sikhetheke ngesilinganiso samandla esiwanikeza abantu abambalwa abashaya imithetho.

Ezinye izimiso zephalamende zinezindlela zokuthuthukisa impikiswano noma ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo amancane, kodwa zimbalwa ezifinyelela emandleni e-American filbuster ukuze zifune ukusekelwa okukhulu kakhulu komthetho ovamile. Lokhu kuhlukile kuye kwenza i-monilbuster yaba yindaba ethakazelisayo kwezazi zezizwe zonke zezombangazwe nezobudemokhrasi.

Amampikiswano Asekela Ukubaluleka Kwepilibuster Okuqhubekayo

Ukugcina isici esihlukanisayo sesigele

Abavikeli be-finbuster baphikisa ngokuthi kubalulekile ukulondoloza indima yeSigele njengelungu elihlukile kwindlu yabameleli. Abameleli babebheka iSigele njengesiqaphe kakhulu, igumbi elibonisayo elingadambisa inkanuko yendlu ebanzi. I-filibbuster, ngisho noma yayingahlosile ekuqaleni, iye yaza kulokhu mbono ngokufuna ukuvumelana okukhulu ngesenzo somthetho.

Ukususa i-finbuster, abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi, kungenza iSigele sisebenze njengendlu, kunciphise izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlangano phakathi kweSishaya-mthetho futhi kususe ukuhlola okubalulekile eqenjini lemithetho esheshayo noma eleqisayo. Imithetho yeSigele eyingqayizivele, kuhlanganise ne-monilbuster, inezela esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela okudlulela ngalé kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha.

Ukuvikela Amancane Esikhathi Esizayo

Iphuzu eliyinhloko lokulondoloza i-filbuster liwukuthi iningi lanamuhla lizoba yidlanzana lakusasa. Bobabili ababambene baye bazuza ku-banbuster uma bebambalwa futhi becasukela lapho bephakathi kweningi. Lokhu kubangela uhlobo lokuzithakazelela komphakathi ekulondolozeni umthetho, njengoba abasizi beqaphela ukuthi bangadinga isivikelo sawo esikhathini esizayo.

Ngakho i-filbuster isebenza njengohlobo lomshuwalense wabo bobabili abahilelekile, iqinisekisa ukuthi ngeke bavunyelwe ngokuphelele ukuba bangene enqubweni yemithetho ngisho noma ingekho igunya. Lokhu kuhlaselana kungathuthukisa ukubusa okuzinzile, okuqondane kahle futhi kuqede izinhlobo zempi eziyingozi kakhulu.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuyekethisa Nokulinganisela

Ngokufuna amavoti angu-60 ukuze aqhubekisele phambili umthetho omkhulu, i-filbuster iveza izisusa ezinamandla zokuvumelana nokulinganisela. Amabhuloho kumelwe ahloselwe ukudlulisa isigqizwana esibanzi kuneqembu leningi kuphela, elivame ukusho ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo adlulele nokufaka ukwaziswa okuvela kwezombangazwe.

Leli thonya elilungisayo lingaveza umthetho obonisa kangcono umbono womphakathi waseMelika ohlukahlukene futhi cishe ungakwazi ukubekezelela izinguquko zokulawula kwezombangazwe. Imithetho edluliswa ngokusekela okukhulu i - bipartis ngokuvamile ihlala iqinile futhi ijabulela ukufaneleka komphakathi okukhulu kunaleyo ebekwe emigqeni ehlukanisa abantu kuphela.

Ukubusa Okuyimpicabadala Nomthetho - sisekelo

Izimfuneko Zobungqabavu Emthethweni

Nakuba i-finbuster ngokwayo ingaphathwanga eMthethweni-sisekelo, lencwadi idinga izenzo ezinkulu kakhulu zezenzo ezithile ezibalulekile, kuhlanganise ne-vetoes ephethe umongameli, izivumelwano zokugunyaza, nokulungisa umthetho- sisekelo. Lezi zimfuneko zibonisa inkolelo yamaFramers yokuthi izinqumo ezithile kufanele zidinge ukusekelwa okungaphezu kokulula.

I-filbuster ingabhekwa njengeyisa lesi simiso eqenjini elivamile, ihlanganisa ulwelwesi olwengeziwe lokwakhiwa kwezimiso eziphawulekayo zoshintsho. Nakuba abagxeki bephawula ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo usho ukuthi kuphi lapho kudingeka khona izakhiwo ezinkulu kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile uthatha ukubusa okukhulu ngokwenye indlela, abavikeli baphikisa ngokuthi i-banbuster ivumelana nomoya womthetho-sisekelo obanzi wokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Ukulwela Uhulumeni Namalungelo Amancane

I-filbuster ingaqondwa njengengxenye yesimiso esibanzi sokuvikela amalungelo amancane futhi ivimbele ubushiqela obuningi. Njengoba nje uhulumeni uvikela izithakazelo zikahulumeni ekuphathweni kwesizwe, futhi iBhili of Rights ivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokumelene neningi lentando, i-monibster ivikela iziphathi ezincane zomthetho ezilawulayo ekulawuleni okuyinhloko.

Lesivikelo sibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini ohlukene, onezici ezihlukahlukene lapho izifunda, isithakazelo, nemibono okumelwe zihlangane khona. I-Divribuster iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho awunakubekwa ngemithetho eqinile ngenxa yokuphikisa okukhulu kweqembu elincane, ikhuthaza uhlobo olungcono lokubusa.

Indima ye-pilibuster ekulandiseni kwezombangazwe

Ukubheca Nokuphikisana Komphakathi

Uma izikweleti zibhekene nezinsongo zezingane, izingxoxo nezingxoxo eziba umphumela zenzeka emphakathini, kuvumele izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izindaba ezihilelekile nezikhundla zabameleli bazo.

Lokhu kukhanya kungathuthukisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi ngokwenza kube nzima ukusheshisa umthetho ngaphandle kokuhlolwa umphakathi. Isikhathi esidingekayo sokwakha umfelandawonye onama-66 unikeza amaqembu enzalo, imithombo yezindaba, nezakhamuzi amathuba okuhlola ukumiswa komthetho osele futhi ucindezele abasizi bawo ukuba basekele noma baphikise izinyathelo ezithile.

Ukwaba Umthwalo Wemfanelo

I-filbuster isakaza umthwalo wemfanelo wezombangazwe kakhulu kunomthetho omkhulu. Uma umthetho ufuna ukusekela kwe-bipartina ukuba kudlule, bobabili bahlanganyela isibopho ngempumelelo nokusola ukwehluleka. Lokhu kuhlangene kunganciphisa ukuthambekela ekubekeni izikhundla ezihlukene futhi kukhuthaze ukuthembisana okunika izinselele zenqubo.

Ngokuphambene, umgcini - mthetho usho nokuthi iqembu elincane linecala elithile lokungathathi - hlangothi. Uma izinkinga ezibalulekile zingatshalwa, abambalwa abanakumane basole iningi kodwa kumelwe bachaze ukuthi kungani bekhetha ukuvimbela amakhambi ahlongozwayo kunokuxoxa ngokuhlehla.

Izimpikiswano Nezinguquko Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ithonya Lokukhuluma

Abanye abashisekeli bezinguquko baphikisa ngokuthi i-banbuster kufanele ibuyiselwe emsukeni wayo, lapho abasekeni bedingeka khona ukuba babambe isakhiwo futhi bakhulume isikhathi eside ukuze babambe izindleko, inguquko izuzisa izikweletu ezinkulu ukuthi idlanzana lizimisele ukuvala imfihlo kodwa hhayi ngokungenangqondo. Lesi sicelo singamgcina umzanyana kuyilapho senza kube yisithiyo esibonakalayo nesibiza kakhulu kwezombangazwe.

Abaquli be-intshi ukuba babambe iphansi ngempela bangenza ukuba abazalani babe nzima kakhulu ukusekela futhi baphoqelele labo abasebenzisa lelisu ukuba bathethelele ukuphikiswa kwabo obala. Lokhu kubheka okukhulisiwe kungathuthukisa ukulandisa kuyilapho kulondoloza ikhono ledlanzana lokuhlehlisa umthetho abaliphikisa kakhulu.

Izingxoxo Zezinguquko Eziqhubekayo

Izimpikiswano mayelana nokuguqulwa kwe-finbuster ziyaqhubeka zishintsha ngokushintsha kwezimo zezombangazwe. Iziphakamiso ezihlukahlukene ziye zasikiselwa, kuhlanganise nokunciphisa umnyango ongaphansi kwamavoti angu-60, ukwenza umehluko wezinhlobo ezithile zomthetho, noma ukusebenzisa i-"isikali esiqinile" lapho amavoti adingayo ukuze kunciphe khona ihlulelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Lezingxoxo zibonisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwesifiso sokubusa ngokuphumelelayo nokubaluleka kokuvikela amalungelo amancane. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okulungile kuhlala kungelinye lezinselele eziyinhloko kwezombangazwe zemithetho yaseMelika, okunamathuba adlulela ngalé kwenqubo yeSigele emibuzweni eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Ukubaluleka Okubanzi Kwejibuster

Uphawu Lwesiko Lezombangazwe LaseMelika

Ngaphandle kwemiphumela yayo ewusizo, i-filbuster iye yaba uphawu lwempucuko nezindinganiso zezombangazwe zaseMelika. Isho isibopho sokucabangela ukuphumelela, ukuvumelana ngokulawula okulula, namalungelo amancane ngokubusa okukhulu. Lamanani, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ekhungathekisa labo abafuna ushintsho olusheshayo, abonisa ukukhathazeka okujulile kwaseMelika ngamandla aphakeme nobushiqela.

Ukuvelela kwe-filbuster enkulumweni yezombangazwe yaseMelika − ukubonakala kumabhayisikobho, ezincwadini, nasemasikweni adumile − kuveza ukubaluleka kwayo njengenye nje yokubusa. Kuhlanganisa izimpikiswano ezibanzi eziphathelene nendlela idemokrasi okufanele isebenze ngayo kanye nezingaphi izindinganiso okufanele ziqondise ekwenzeni izinqumo zemithetho.

Imiphumela Yenqubo

I-filbuster ihlela ngokuphawulekayo ukuthi iziphi izinqubo ezingamiswa futhi ziklanywe kanjani. Imithetho kumelwe iklanywe ukuze ikhange ukusekela okubanzi, okusho ukuthi ukugwema amalungiselelo aphikisana kakhulu noma aweqisayo. Lemfuneko ingaholela ezinguqulweni ezisesilinganisweni ezilinganiselwe, kunokushintsha okukhulu.

Nakuba leli thonya eliguqulayo likhungathekisa labo abafuna ushintsho, lingaveza futhi izimiso eziqinile kakhulu ngokusekela umphakathi kakhulu. Ithonya le-monilbuster emiphumeni yenkambiso libonisa ukudayiswa okuyisisekelo kwesifiso sokuthatha isinyathelo ngesibindi kanye nokubaluleka kokuzinza nokuvumelana.

Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko Zempi Yanamuhla

• Ivikela amalungelo eqembu elincane: i-filbuster iqinisekisa ukuthi iqembu elincane linethonya elinenjongo emthethweni, livimbele iningi ukuba libuse ngokuphelele inqubo yokushaya umthetho.
• [ Ihlela ukucubungula okuphelele: ngokufuna ukuphikisana okuthé xaxa nokuxoxisana, i-filbuster ikhuthaza ukucabangela ngokucophelela umthetho futhi isiza ekuboneni izinkinga ezingase zingewona umthetho.
• Ukubambisana kwePromotes bipartisan:[ Umnyango onamavoti angu-60 udala izisusa ezinamandla zokubambisana kwesiphambano, kuholela emthethweni obonisa ukufakwa komthofi kuhlangothi lombili lwe-paseji.
• I-aperset wit sigqekeza umthetho: I-filbuster isebenza njengebhuleki lokwenza izinqumo ezijahile, iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zenkambiso zithola ukucubungula okwanele nengxoxo.
• amareyithi ezicelo ezeqisayo:[ Isidingo sokwakha imifelandawonye emikhulu idinga ukuhlelwa kwemikhakha yempikiswano yomthetho, kukhiqizwe imiphumela yenqubo yepesentilithi.
• Iprojekthi yokuzinza phakathi kwezinguquko zezombangazwe: ngokudinga ukusekela okukhulu, i-finbuster isiza ekuvimbeleni ushintsho lwezimiso lapho ukulawula uhulumeni kushintsha izandla.
• Imithetho esemthethweni engokomthetho: Imithetho edluliswa ngokusekela kwe-bipartisan ngokuvamile ijabulela ukugunyazwa okukhulu komphakathi futhi ingenzeka kakhulu ukuba yamukelwe phakathi kwemikhakha yezombangazwe.
• Isivikelo kumandla amakhulu esikhashana: i-filbuster ivimbela ububanzi obuncane, obungathatha isikhathi esifushane ekuboniseni izinguquko ezikhuhlayo ezingase zibonise umbono womphakathi ozinzile.
• i-Preserve imfanelo ehlukanisayo yeSigele: [i-finbuster isiza ukulondoloza indima yeSigele njengelungu elihlukanisa kakhulu, ehlukile kwendlu yabameleli enkulu kakhulu.
• Iveza umthwalo wemfanelo wezombangazwe: Ngokufuna ukubambisana ne-bipartisan, i-filbuster iqinisekisa ukuthi womabili amaqembu ahlanganyela icala ngokuphumelela kwemithetho nokwehluleka.

Ukuqonda Indawo ye-pilibuster kumbuso wentando yeningi waseMelika

I-filbuster inesikhundla esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngezinye izikhathi esiphikisanayo e-Melika ebusa ngentando yeningi. Inika amandla kanye kanye kanye nokukhungatheka, ivikela futhi iphazamisa, ikhuthaza ukuqagela futhi yenza kube nokuphazamisa. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwayo kudinga ukulwa nalokhu kucindezeleka nokuqaphela ukuthi kunempikiswano engokomthetho ezinhlangothini eziningi zezimpikiswano ngokubaluleka kwayo nangesikhathi esizayo.

Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni waseMelika osebenza ngayo, i-filbuster inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngezindinganiso kanye nokungangeni kwezentengiselwano okuseminyameni yethu yezombangazwe. Kubonisa ukuthanda ukuvumelana ngempumelelo, ukukhathazeka ngobushiqela beningi, nokuzimisela ukuvikela amalungelo amancane (hhayi uma ukwenza kanjalo kubangela ukukhiqizwa kwemithetho.)

Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngekusasa le-banbuster ziyoqhubeka zilolonga ezombangazwe zaseMelika iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zilondoloziwe, ziguquliwe, noma zisuswe ziyoba nemiphumela ejulile ngendlela iSigele esisebenza ngayo, ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezingamiswa, nokuthi isilinganiso sentando yeningi yaseMelika sinjani ukuncintisana kwezindinganiso eziphikisanayo zokubusa okuphumelelayo kanye namalungelo amancane.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezinqubo zeSigele nenqubo yomthetho, vakashela i- U.S. ikhasi elingokomthetho lesigele kuyi-finbuster ne-ractures. Labo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni imibono ehlukene ngenguquko ye-filibbuster bangahlola imithombo yezinhlangano enjenge Brookings Institution [, enikeza ukuhlaziywa kwemfundo ngomlando we-Prigbuster nezingxoxo zamanje. [[FLT:] Brenan Center yeJanual engeziweyokuhlela ukuthi imisebenzi ye-Diverbuster nemisebenzi yayo ye-democratic.

Ukuqonda i-monilbuster kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela iSigele saseUnited States esisebenza ngayo nendlela umthetho ohamba ngayo ngeSishaya - mthetho. Nakuba izimpikiswano ngobuhle baso ziyoqhubeka, i - filbuster isalokhu iyisici esichazayo sezombangazwe zemithetho yaseMelika, imiphumela elawulayo nokungezwani okuyisisekelo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi namalungelo amancane, ukuphumelela nokuzinza, ushintsho nokuzinza.