Ukuqonda indlela amazinga ahlukene kahulumeni abalulekile ngayo ekuqondeni ngokugcwele ukuhlelwa kwezimiso nokuphathwa komphakathi. Umbuso, uhulumeni, nohulumeni bendawo ngamunye unezigunya nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene, kodwa imibuso yabo ehlangeneyo idala ubudlelwane obuyinkimbinkimbi bokubambisana nengxabano. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuhlangana kokwakha, ukungezwani okufanayo, kanye namasu aqinisekisiwe achaza amandla ezwe langempela, ukudwetshwa kwezibonelo zezwe nezimiso ezimisiwe zombuso.

Ukwakheka Kwezikhundla Zikahulumeni

Amazwe amaningi anesimiso sikahulumeni ahlela uhulumeni okungenani ube yizitezi ezintathu: isifundazwe (isifunda noma isifunda), nesifunda sendawo (isifunda noma isifunda). Izinga ngalinye lithola igunya elivela kumthetho-sisekelo noma uhlelo olungokomthetho oluhlela imisebenzi ethile ekhethekile, imibuso ekhokha intela, kanye nezindawo zokulawula.

Uhulumeni Ozimele

Isilinganiso sikahulumeni sisingatha izindaba zezwe: ukuzivikela, inkambiso yangaphandle, ezentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle, ukufuduka, inkambiso yemali, nentela kahulumeni. Simisa futhi izindinganiso ezibanzi zezindawo ezinjengesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, amalungelo omphakathi, nempilo yomphakathi. Amanxusa esizwe, njenge- U.S. ulwembu olusemthethweni lukahulumeni [, uqondisa izinhlelo ezithinta izakhamuzi ezweni lonke.

Uhulumeni WoMbuso

Ohulumeni bombuso basebenzisa lokho okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "igunya lomthetho" negunya lokulawula impilo, ukuphepha, ukuziphatha, nenhlalakahle ebanzi phakathi kwemingcele yabo. Imithwalo yemfanelo engundoqo kahulumeni ihlanganisa imfundo yomphakathi (K/12 nemfundo ephakeme), imigwaqo emikhulu kahulumeni, ukugunyaza imisebenzi, ukugcinwa kwemithetho yomthetho, nokuphatha kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni njenge-Medicaid. Izishaya-mthetho, ababusi, nabaphathi-mthetho, abachaza futhi bagunyaze imithetho nemithetho.

Uhulumeni Wendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zikahulumeni, bathatha igunya labo kumthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke noma imithetho egunyazayo. Baphatha izinkonzo ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke: izindawo nezindawo zokuhlala, imigwaqo yendawo, amanzi nezimiso zokukhuculula indle, isivikelo samaphoyisa nezomlilo, ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, amapaki, nemitapo. I-Colaries, amadolobha, izifunda, nezifunda ezikhethekile (umz., iziphathimandla zezokuthutha) ngayinye iye yachaza imingcele nemisebenzi.

Umsebenzi Ongokwesayensi: I - Federalism Ne - Intergovernment Relations

Ososayensi bezombangazwe bachaza ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni ngelens ye-constalism. uhulumeni we-Dual [u-layer-cake] ucabanga ukuthi i-cotassimu ihlukene futhi ihlukile. uhulumeni wobuzwe [ [i-pat] [i-camp] [i-pane] ibona imithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene kanye nemali ehlanganyelwe. uhulumeni New unistism [[[[FLTLT:5]] uzama ukubuyela emazweni ngeminyango yokunikeza iziphaka ne-devolution. Ukuqonda lezi zisiza ukuba kuchaze ukuthi kungani kokubili ukubambisana nokuxabana kuyingxenye yesimiso.

Ngokwesiko, ukubusa okuningi kwanamuhla kusebenza ngaphansi kobuKhomanisi obubambisanayo. Imali enikezwa uhulumeni ngokuphana ngezimo ezithile, futhi izithiyo zinikeza ngokuvumelana nezimo ezibanzi, futhi zinikeza izibopho ezivumelanayo ngokwezimali ezihlanganisa amazinga. Ngokwesibonelo, i- Inkonzo yokucwaninga ye-Chonational Research[ njalo] ibika ukuthi uhulumeni unikeza imvume ezweni nasehulumeni bendawo edlula ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-700 (ayizigidi ezingu-700) ngonyaka, ukuhlanganisa izindawo ezifana nezokuhamba, imfundo, nokunakekela impilo.

Ukubambisana Phakathi Kwezikhundla Zikahulumeni

Naphezu kwethuba lempi, ukubambisana kuyinqubo ezindaweni eziningi. Ukuhlelwa kuvela emigomweni efanayo, ekugunyazweni okungokomthetho, noma ekuncikeni komthetho. Ngezansi kunezindawo eziyinhloko lapho ukubambisana kohulumeni kusobala kakhulu khona.

Ukuqondisa Inhlekelele Nokusabela

Izinhlekelele zemvelo aziyihloniphi imingcele elawula imingcele. ISiphakamiso se-Stafford e-United States simisa uhlelo losizo lukahulumeni lapho uhulumeni nemithombo yendawo seyinqotshiwe. I-FEMA ihlangene nezinhlangano zokuphathwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo zikahulumeni, ezisebenza nabaphenduleli bokuqala bendawo. Ukusabela kuSiphepho uHarvey ngo-2017 kwabonisa ukubambisana okuphumelelayo: ukuthutha kwendawo, i- State National Guard Compumentments, kanye nezinhlelo zosizo nosizo zikahulumeni ezisebenza ekulungiseni isimo esibucayi.

Ukugula Komphakathi

Isifo sobhadane se-COVOID-19 esahlolwa phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni ngesilinganiso esingakaze sibonwe ngaphambili. Izinhlangano ze-Frederal njengeCDC zakhipha isiqondiso futhi zasakaza imithi yokugoma nezimali. I-odoclensias, izinhlelo zokuhlola, nemikhankaso yokugoma. Iminyango yezempilo yendawo yaqhuba ukulandelela imfundo yomphakathi. Izimiso zomphakathi njengesivumelwano sokubambisana esigunyaziswe imithombo kahulumeni nezinhlangano zempilo yendawo. Nokho, lesi sifo saveza ukuhluleka kokusebenza kwezimiso zokusebenza komphakathi, siqokomisa indlela ukubambisana okungawohloka ngayo ngokushesha ngaphansi kokucindezela kwezombangazwe.

Ukutshala Imali

Imisebenzi emikhulu yezesisekelo − amabhuloho aphezulu, izithuthi, izikhumulo zezindiza, izikhumulo zezindiza ezihlangene , . Izibonelelo zokuhamba (umzk., nge-Infrablic Revement and Jobs Act) ziqondiswa yimishini yezemfundo yezakhiwo zezakhiwo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo ezizimele (isibonelo, i-Federal) enikezwa i-Instracmentment and Jobs Act, ekhona evumelana nohulumeni bendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni u-DOT angasebenzisa imali kahulumeni ukuze andise umgwaqo omkhulu, kuyilapho idolobha lilawula izixhumaniso zomgwaqo wemigwaqo nezimpawu zezimoto. Le misebenzi idinga ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwawo wonke amazinga amathathu ukuze ugweme ukulibala nezindleko ezingaphezulu.

Imfundo

Imfundo ngokuyinhloko ingumthwalo wemfanelo kazwelonke, kodwa uhulumeni kazwelonke ufeza indima ebalulekile ngokuxhasa ngemali nangezimfuneko zokulandisa. I-All Scheeds Act (ESA) ka-2015 yathatha indawo ye-Non Child Lend Behind, inikeza ukuvumelana okukhulu kuyilapho inakekela izindinganiso nokuhlola. Izifunda zamazwe zithuthukisa amacebo azo entuthuko yesikole, okumelwe zivunyelwe uMnyango Wemfundo yase-U. Izifunda zendawo zisebenzisa lawo mapulani, ziqasha othisha, futhi ziqondisa imisebenzi yezinsuku zonke. Lendlela ekhonjweyo idinga ukuqhubela phambili kwe-proviety, uhulumeni wezwe ugcizelela ukulandisa, futhi ulwelimo lwezemfundo nezokuzikhundla zezemfundo.

Ukungqubuzana Phakathi Kwezikhundla Zikahulumeni

Lapho imithwalo yemfanelo ingqubuzana futhi ibaluleke kakhulu, izingxabano zingaphakama ngenxa yegunya elingokomthetho, ukuxhasa ngemali, imibono yezombangazwe, noma ukuchaza imigomo ehlukene.

Izingxabano Zokuqondisa

Uma imithetho kahulumeni nombuso iphikisana, uSupremacy Claus ka-Claus uvame ukubeka umthetho kahulumeni phambili. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi izikhulu zikahulumeni zibekela iziqondiso zikahulumeni ezizibona njengeziphambanisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile . . Njengemithetho ye-Cease Water Act noma i-asstion (ngokuthi i-$$] ithathe iminyaka eminingi yokukhipha i-lifica. Amazwe anganikeza imithetho ephikisana ngokuqondile nenqubo kahulumeni, njengemithetho yedolobha elingcwele elinganisela ukugcinwa kwezethululeki. Lezi zivame ukuphelela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, okumelwe zinqume ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uyalahlwa yini.

Izingxabano Ezingokwezimali Nezinto Ezingakhanyi

Uhulumeni kaningi ubeka izimfuneko ezifundazweni nasezindaweni ngaphandle kokunikeza imali egcwele .Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-ID ye-ID (ifuna ukuthuthukisa izindinganiso zelayisense zomshayeli), i-ADA (amaMelika Anemithetho Yokukhubazeka), futhi izingxenye ze-No Child Lend Bend Act. UHulumeni nabaholi bendawo baphikisa ngokuthi imiyalelo enjalo icindezela izimali zabo futhi inciphise ukuvumelana nezimo. I-Mandadays Reform Act ka-19959 yazama ukunqanda lomthetho, kodwa izingxabano ziyaqhubeka.

Ukungavumelani Kwemithetho Nokuhlukana Kwezigaba

Ukuhlanganisa imibuso yezombangazwe kuye kwaqinisa izimpi zohulumeni. Amazwe alawulwa yiqembu elihlukile kunohulumeni kahulumeni ngokuvamile amelana nezinyathelo zikahulumeni ngokumangalela, ukwenqaba ukusebenzisa izinhlelo, noma ukudluliswa kwezinqumo ze "nulliation". Izibonelo zihlanganisa izinselele zikahulumeni kumthetho we-Medicaid Acts, i-Cpealouce Plan, kanye nomjovo wokugoma. Ngokuphambene, uma uhulumeni wezwe uvumelana kakhulu nezikhundla ezithile zikahulumeni othile, ukubambisana kuba ngcono. Lokhu kuphikisana kuveza indlela ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-Opulaneti elina obungakho ngokwemithetho kodwa okungasekelwe ngayo nje kwezombangazwe.

Ukuhlasela Kwempi Nezimpi ZaseTurkey

Phakathi kwesimiso esisodwa, amazinga kahulumeni amaningi angase afune igunya. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugcinwa komthetho kuhilela izinhlangano zikahulumeni (FBI, DEA, ATF), amaphoyisa kahulumeni, nezinhlangano zamaphoyisa zendawo. Kukhona izimpi ezihlangene, kodwa izimpi zokulwa ngenxa yokuhola, imithombo, izimali, nokuthenga ngetyala zingabhuntsha. Ngokufanayo, ekuqondiseni umhlaba, izinhlangano zikahulumeni njengeBureau of Land Management ukulawula amapheshana amakhulu, kuyilapho amazwe nohulumeni bendawo belawula amazwe abophekile ukumiswa kwezindawo, ukulwa kwezimpi ngenxa yokuthola imithombo, ukulondolozwa kwempahla, ukulondolozwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo.

Ukuhlola Indaba Yokubambisana Nokuxabana

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zikhanyisa amandla achazwe ngenhla. Ngezansi kunezibonelo ezintathu ezinemininingwane ebonisa kokubili ukubambisana okuphumelelayo nokuxabana okuphawulekayo.

Ukutadisha Isenzakalo 1: ISiphepho uKatrina (2005) – Ukwehluleka Nesifundo

ISiphepho uKatrina sivame ukuvezwa njengokuwohloka okubhubhisayo kobudlelwane bohulumeni. Uhulumeni wezwe (FEMA) wathatha kancane ukuphendula, izikhulu zikahulumeni (uLouisiana) kanye nabaholi bendawo (New Orleans) babenemithetho engqubuzanayo yokuthutha, futhi ukuhluleka kokuxhumana kwaholela ekulibaziseni ukuhlenga. Umphumela wabangela izinguquko ezinkulu: i-Pst-Katrina Emergency Mana Management Reformation Act ka-200 waqinisa indima ye-FEMA, kanye nemithetho emisha yokulawula ukubambisana. Ibhulokhwe `Rita, uSandrey, uSandromesh, u-wabonisa intuthuko enkulu ekubambisanani, nakuba izinselele zisekhona.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 2: Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho Kwama - Marijuana – Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho

Kusukela ngo-2025, amazwe amaningi aye agunyaza ngokomthetho kwezokwelapha nensangu yokuzijabulisa, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni usawabeka ama-snabis njengezinto ezisetshenziswayo. Lempi idala ukungaqiniseki okungokomthetho ngamabhizinisi, amabhange, nabathengi. Uhulumeni usebenzise ukuqapha komshushisi − iCole Meyandrum nesiqondiso esilandelanayo esibonisa ukuthi inqubo yokugcinwa kwemithetho ikhona ezindaweni ezivumelana nezimo ezithile. Nokho, lengxabano iyaqhubeka: amabhizinisi asemthethweni angakwazi ukusebenzisa izinkonzo ze-paclate, futhi izisebenzi zingabhekana nokumangalelwa kwe-gunye. Lendaba iveza kahle indlela izinqubo ezingokomthetho emazingeni ahlukene ezingabangela ngayo ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho noma ukugcinwa kwemithetho noma ukugcinwa.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezimo 3: Ukwanda Kwezibhedlela Ngaphansi Kwe - ACA

I-Affordble Care Act (ACA) yayinombono wokwanda kwe-Medicaid ezweni lonke, eyayixhaswe kakhulu uhulumeni. Lapho iNkantolo ePhakamileyo inquma ukuthi imibuso ayinakuphoqelelwa ukuba yandise, kwavela uqhekeko: izifundazwe eziningi zanwetshwa, kodwa eziningi (impela eNingizimu) zenqaba ekuqaleni. Lokhu kwaholela ekhaleni lokukhokha i-Medicaid, exhaswe kakhulu ezindaweni ezingekhonakeleni zikahulumeni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ezinye izifundazwe zakhona zanda, ngokuvamile ngemva koshintsho lwezombangazwe noma ukuxoxa. Lokhu kubonisa indlela izisusa zezimali ezingashukumisa ngayo ukubambisana kodwa futhi indlela umbuso we-OSportast nowepolitiki obangela ngayo izingxabano ezingapheli.

Imishini Yokuxazulula Ukungezwani Nokubambisana

Ngenxa yokungezwani okungokwemvelo ebuhlotsheni bohulumeni, kuye kwavela izinhlangano nezinqubo zokusingatha kokubili ukubambisana nengxabano.

Imihlangano Nezinhlangano Ezihlangene Zasehulumeni

Izindawo zokuhlangana ezivamile zihlanganisa izikhulu ezivela kuwo wonke amazinga. INhlangano ye-National Guilders, i-National League of Cities, ne-National Association of Counies ivumela ingxoxo nokuyaluza. I-Advisory Commission on Intergovernmentalion Relations (ACIR), nakuba yaphelelwa umsebenzi, yake yanikezwa ukucwaninga nokutusa. Namuhla, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zivame ukuphatha iziteshi futhi zinikeze izitsha zokuxhumana nohulumeni kanye nozakwabo bendawo.

Imishini Yokupheka Nemishini Yempahla

Iziphakamiso zihlala ziyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuthuthukisa ukubambisana. iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho [zihloselwe izinjongo ezithile] zinikeza uhulumeni wezwe ukulawula, kuyilapho iziphakamiso eziyinhloko [[ (izinjongo ezinezintambo ezimbalwa) zinikeza ukuvumelana kwezwe. [FLT] [FLT] ukwabelane , nakuba ivela kancane namuhla, isetshenziswa kuma 1970. Wairs ivumela ukuzama ukufinyelela izinhlelo ezihlangeneyo (ig., Mdica], noma izinhlelo ezisebenzayo ezifunwayo.)

Ukuqamba Amanga Nokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Lapho ukuxoxisana kwezombangazwe kwehluleka, izinkantolo ngokuvamile zilungisa izimpikiswano zezezishaya-mthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza kaningi imingcele yamandla kahulumeni nombuso (ngokwesibonelo, Printz v. United States [1997]) igawula umthetho kahulumeni oyala ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba ulwelwe umthetho ukuba uhlole isizinda, futhi e NFIB v. Sebelius (20) ulinganisela amandla kahulumeni ukuphoqelela umbuso ukuba ulwe nombuso we-Medicaid. U-Litigtion ubiza isikhathi futhi unikeza isinqumo esiphelele lapho ukubambisana kubonakala kungenakwenzeka.

Amandla Omsebenzi Ahlangene Nezivumelwano Zokubambisana

Ukuze babhekane nezinselele eziqondile, ohulumeni abasemazingeni ahlukene bahlanganisa amabutho ahlangene. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTFs) ahlanganisa ama-FBI ne-oldtial nomthetho wendawo. Ngokufanayo, izinhlelo zezifunda eziningi njenge-Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiatiative (RGI) zihilela ukubambisana phakathi kwezifunda zomhlaba, ngesikhuthazo sikahulumeni. Lezi zindikimba ze-D hoc zingafinyelela imiphumela engekho neyodwa isilinganiso esikwazi ukuyenza iyodwa.

Ukulinganisela I - okinomy Nobunye: Inselele Ye - core

Impi eyisisekelo kunoma isiphi isimiso sikahulumeni iphakathi kwesifiso sokuzimela kwendawo nesidingo sobunye besizwe. Ohulumeni bendawo baphikisa ukuthi basondelene nabantu futhi baqonde izidingo zomphakathi kangcono. Amazwe athi bayizindawo zokucwaninga zentando yeningi, ahlola izimiso ngaphambi kokuba aye ezweni. Uhulumeni ugomela ukuthi izindinganiso ezifanayo ziyadingeka ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo ayisisekelo, ukuphumelela kwezomnotho, nokulondeka kwesizwe.

Ukulinganisela okulungile akuzinzi; kushintsha ngezinguquko zezombangazwe, zezenhlalo, nezezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubusa kwamalungelo abantu kwashintsha amandla kuhulumeni kahulumeni ukuze kuthathe imithetho kahulumeni yokuhlukanisa izinhlanga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inguquko yezenhlalakahle yegunya lika-1996 elihlukanisiwe ibuyela emuva ezindaweni ezithile. Namuhla, izimpikiswano ngenqubo yesimo sezulu, amalungelo okuvota, kanye nokunakekela impilo kuyaqhubeka kuhlola lokhu kulinganisela. Isilinganiso esiphumelela kakhulu sivame ukuvela uma isilinganiso ngasinye sihlonipha izindima ezingokomthetho zabanye nemisebenzi ekwakheni okumisiwe esikhundleni sokuphula igunya laso lomthetho-mthetho.

Isiphetho

Indlela amazinga kahulumeni asebenza ngayo ndawonye ingendaba yokubambisana nokuphikisana, yemigomo ehlanganyelwayo kanye nezithakazelo ezincintisanayo. Isakhiwo sikahulumeni, uhulumeni, nohulumeni bendawo sidala ukungezwani okungenakugwenywa, kodwa futhi sibangela ukuvumelana nokusungulwa kwezindawo. Ubudlelwane obuphumelelayo phakathi kohulumeni budinga ukukhulumisana okucacile, inhlonipho, nezindlela zokuhlela izinto zokuxazulula ukungavumelani. Ngokufunda izindlela zokubambisana kanye nokungavumelani nenkinga, ukusukela ekusabeleni kwenhlekelele emfundweni kwezemfundo − abenzi bezentengiselwano nezakhamuzi bangaqonda kangcono ukuthi bangathuthukisa kanjani ukubusa esimisweni esiyinkimbinkimbi, esinezelelwe phambili. Impumelelo yanoma yiziphi izigaba zokubusa ngesilinganiso esihlukene zombuso ezingoko kanye nobunye, ukuguqula ukubambisana okungaba khona okungaba khona ukubambisana kwempumelelo.