Indlela Uhulumeni Ohlukanisa Ngayo Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wemfundo, Wemigwaqo, Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Nsuku zonke, amaMelika athembele ezinkonzweni zomphakathi ezithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila cishe kusukela ezikoleni izingane zawo ezikhona, emigwaqweni abahamba kuyo, emaphoyiseni nakubacishi bomlilo abagcina izindawo zabo ziphephile. Kodwa bambalwa abantu abayeka ukubuza: obani abaphethe ngempela lezi zinkonzo? Impendulo ikhona embusweni kahulumeni wase-U.S., ohlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni, umbuso, namazi endawo. Ukuqonda le ngxenye akusona nje isifundo somphakathi; kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi izinqumo zivelaphi, lapho izakhamuzi zingasekela khona ukushintshwa. Lokhu kuqondisa kwemisebenzi yombuso ngamunye ekuqondiseni imfundo, imigwaqo, nokuphepha, ukuhlola indlela ezibambisana ngayo, nokuhlola izenzakalo zalemisebenzi yangempela.

Isimiso Sezindiza Ezintathu: Isisekelo Se - American Federalism

I-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sikahulumeni, okusho amandla ahlanganyelwayo phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe omkhulu nohulumeni besifundazwe. Ohulumeni bendawo (_izindawo, izifunda, namadolobha-amadolobha-ayizidalwa zikahulumeni, zithola igunya lazo kumthetho wezwe nemithetho. Lesi sakhiwo esinemigoqo saklanywa ngamabomu abasunguli ukuze bavimbele noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba ibe namandla kakhulu futhi igcine ukubusa eduze kwabantu.

Nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. unikeza amandla akhethekile kuhulumeni kahulumeni (njengokuqopha imali, ukumemezela impi, nokuqondisa ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene), ugcina wonke amanye amagunya ezifundazweni noma kubantu.

Indima Ebanzi Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

Uhulumeni kahulumeni, okhuliswe kakhulu eWashington, D.C., uhlela izinto eziza kuqala, unikeza izimali, futhi umisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo. Indima yawo ekufundiseni, emigwaqweni, nasekulondekeni ayiqondi kakhulu, kodwa ayizinyakazi izikole, akwakhi yonke imigwaqo emikhulu, noma imigwaqo yasedolobheni, kodwa ilolonga lezizinkonzo ngemali, imithetho, nenqubo.

Imfundo: Ukumisa Izindinganiso Zesizwe Nokusekela Izimali

Ngokomlando, imfundo ibiyindaba yezwe neyasendaweni, kodwa uhulumeni wezwe uye wahileleka kakhulu kusukela phakathi kwekhulu lama-20. Imfundo i-Elementary neSecondary Education Act (EEA) ka-1965, kamuva iphinde ivunyelwe njengemithetho yezemfundo Ngamunye [[FLT:]] [FLT] [ESLT]] [ESA], inikeza izimali ezikoleni ezisiza abafundi abathola iziqondiso eziphansi zezezeze ngesihloko I. Uhulumeni ufaka futhi imithetho yezemfundo yezemfundo, njengalabo abavimbela ukucwa ngokwezehlukaniso okusekelwe ehlalweni lohlanga, ubulili, noma ukukhubazeka. Imfundo ehlangene ne-8%.[FF].[5] Izemfundo ephuma kubafundi (F.F.) (EF.)

Imigwaqo: Ukwakha Isimiso Sezwe Nokusekela Imisebenzi Emikhulu

Indima kahulumeni ekuthuthweni iyabonakala kakhulu kuMnyango Wesimo-zulu weNkathi Ephakeme , ulwembu olunemitshingo olune47 000 olwakhiwe ngaphansi komthetho weFederal-Aid Highway ka 1956. Namuhla, [ I-Feledal Highway Administration [[[FLT:]]] [FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT] [3] [3] [iimfula] [iimfula] [i] [impehla] [inxalathe] (indlela]]]) (i-FLT) inikeza i-partrasessss activessssssss internatting, ilungisa ibhulopost, ibhulohodi yemist, ihlela izinhlelo ze-enze ngezindlela ze-Foctive i-Foctiveation:[Foctive traveration: [

Ukuphepha: Ukulondeka Kwezwe Nokusabela Kwenhlekelele

Ukuphepha komphakathi ezingeni likahulumeni kugxile ekusongeleleni kwesizwe, izinhlekelele ezinkulu, nakwezobuqondisi. Indawo yokhuseleko lwe Homeland [DHS], eyakhiwa ngemva kuka-9/11, ihlanganisa ukumelana nezokuhlasela ngobuphekula, ukhuseleko lomngcele, kanye nokungahlangani ne-ibhubhubhungane. FEM [FLT] [FLT] [FOLD Umbuso Olawula Inhlekelele] unikeza usizo nokululama lapho umbuso nemithombo yendawo inqongo. Izinhlangano zomthetho zilawulwa ubugebengu obuphakathi kwezeze-FBCP [FL:]

Ohulumeni BoMbuso: Abasunguli Abayinhloko Bezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Ohulumeni banegunya elikhulu ngemfundo, izinto zokuhamba, nokulondeka emikhawulweni yabo. Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho - sisekelo wawo, isishaya - mthetho, umbusi, nesimiso senkantolo. Amazwe anquma izindinganiso zezifundo, abafundisi bemvume, imigwaqo emikhulu kahulumeni, futhi aphethe amaphoyisa kahulumeni.

Imfundo: Inqubo yokuqashwa, Imali, Nokulandisa

Amazwe ayiziphathi eziyinhloko zemfundo yomphakathi. Bamisa izindinganiso zemfundo (njenge-Core ePhakelele noma izindinganiso zikahulumeni eziqondene), banikeza izinhlolo ezihambelanayo, futhi banikeze othisha abagunyazi. Izwe futhi lisakaza izimali ezifundeni zendawo ezisekela intela yempahla ngosizo lukahulumeni. Ezizweni eziningi, imfundo iyizinto zemali enkulu kakhulu.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-California isebenzisa i-Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF) ukunikezela imali eyengeziwe ezifundeni ezinenani eliphakeme labafundi abangamaNgisi nabafundi abafikayo abaphansi. ``Ithekisi] kakhulu ezintela zempahla kodwa futhi inikeza izimali zikahulumeni nge-patrium esekelwe kwisilinganiso senani labafundi abakhona nsuku zonke.

Imigwaqo: Imigwaqo Ephakeme Kahulumeni Nemidwebo Emikhulu

Iminyango yezokuthutha yoMbuso ilawula imigwaqo emikhulu kahulumeni, izifunda eziphakathi kwemingcele yayo, kanye nezinxulumano ezinkulu zomgwaqo. Ziphatha ukuhlelwa, ukwakhiwa, ukunakekelwa, nokuphepha. Amazwe athola imali kahulumeni kodwa kumelwe ayihambisane nemali kahulumeni yentela yegesi, intela yokubhalisa izimoto, nentela. Izizwe eziningi ziye zahola futhi emisebenzini yezokuthutha emishado, enjenge Oregon's i-at program yokusebenzisa umgwaqo kanye nemali ka- ka-lova] ka-Balodo yemoto intela kagesi elahlekileyo.

Ukuphepha: Amaphoyisa Kahulumeni Nokulawula Okuphuthumayo

Izwe ngalinye linaleyo nhlangano yalo yokugcinwa komthetho, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi amaphoyisa noma amaphoyisa asemigwaqweni emikhulu, ephoqelela imithetho yezimoto, ihlola ubugebengu, futhi isiza iminyango yendawo. Amazwe futhi asebenzisa izinhlangano zawo siqu zokuqondisa inhlekelele eziqondisa ukusabela kwenhlekelele, ezisekelwa yi-National Guard. Ohulumeni baqondisa ukufakwa kwemithetho yamaphoyisa, ukumiswa kwemithetho yobugebengu, nokusebenza kwamajele kahulumeni nezimiso zokukhipha isigwebo.

Ohulumeni Bendawo: Isisekelo Sezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Ohulumeni bendawo bayizinga eliseduze kakhulu nelezakhamuzi eziningi. Bahlanganisa izifunda, amadolobha, amadolobhana, nezifunda ezikhethekile (njengezifunda zesikole neziko-mlilo). Ohulumeni bendawo badalwa ngomthetho kahulumeni futhi banikwe amandla. Banomthwalo wemfanelo wokunikeza imfundo, ukugcinwa kwemigwaqo, nokuphepha komphakathi usuku nosuku.

Imfundo: Imisebenzi Yezikole

Izifunda zesikole zendawo ziyikhosha lemfundo yomphakathi. Ziqasha othisha nothisha-nhloko, ziqondisa izakhiwo zesikole, zisebenzisa izifundo zikahulumeni, futhi zinikeza izinto zokuhamba, ukudla, nemisebenzi yangemva kwesikole. Amabhodi esikole, ngokuvamile akhethwa abavoti bendawo, ahlela izimiso nezimali. Ukuxhasa imali kusuka ngokuyinhloko ezintela zempahla zendawo, okunezelwa ngosizo lwezwe nohulumeni. Izinga lemfundo yomntwana lingahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwesinye isifunda kuya kwesinye isifunda kuya kwesinye isifunda esisekelwe engcebweni nasekoleni lentela.

Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango wezemfundo waseNew York City uyisifunda sesikole esikhulu kunazo zonke e-U.S., sikhonza abafundi abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1 ezikoleni ezingu-180. Ngokungafani, isifunda esincane sasemaphandleni esinjenge Isifunda saseGarfield County [ e-Utah singaba nabafundi abangamakhulu ambalwa nje nesikole esisodwa seK-12.

Imigwaqo: Imigwaqo Yasemadolobheni Nemigwaqo Yasezifundeni

Ohulumeni bendawo balondoloza imigwaqo abantu abayisebenzisa nsuku zonke: imigwaqo yasedolobheni, imigwaqo yasesifundazweni, imifantu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi imigwaqwe. Baphatha ukususwa kweqhwa, ukulungisa imigodi, izibani zezimoto, nezimpawu zomgwaqo. Ukuxhasa kuvela ezintelani zendawo, intela, intela yombuso. Emadolobheni amakhulu, iminyango yezokuhamba yezokuqondisa izimoto eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezakhiwo zezindawo ezinamabhayisekili kanye nemigwaqwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i- i-Los Angeles Department of Transportation [FLT] iphethe imigwaqo eqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-4,400 nezindlela zokuhamba ezibonisa izimendo.

Ukuphepha: Amaphoyisa, Umlilo Ne - EMS

Iminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo namahhovisi amaphoyisa aphethe amahhovisi ayinhloko agunyaza umthetho kubantu abaningi baseMelika. Basabela ezingcingweni zezezimali zezindawo ezingu-911, abaqaphi, abahlola ubugebengu, futhi baqikelele imithetho yendawo. Iminyango yomlilo inikeza ukucinezelwa komlilo, ukusabela okuyingozi, futhi ngokuvamile izinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo (EMS). Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo basebenzisa amahhovisi abo siqu okuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo. Ukuxhasa imali kuvela ezibhakasweni zemali zendawo nemali enkulu ngemva kwemfundo. Isibonelo, i-Chicago Amaphoyisa amaphoyisa asebenzisa izikhulu ezingaphezu kuka-12, kanti idolobha elincane elinjenge , i-Libby,[FLT],[FLT] isebenza ngenani elimbalwa neqembu lomlilo.

Ubuhlobo Obuphakathi Kohulumeni: Indlela Lezi Zingalo Ezisebenza Ngayo Ndawonye

Imisebenzi emikhulu yomphakathi cishe ihilela amazinga amaningi, imali negunya elihamba ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuqonda lobu buhlobo obuphakathi kohulumeni kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda indlela izimiso ezisetshenziswa ngayo nendlela izakhamuzi ezingathonya ngayo imiphumela.

Imfundo: Ubuhlobo Bokusekela Nokusekela

Imfundo iyisibonelo sokubambisana kohulumeni. Uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza izintela (umz., i-IDEA) kodwa awufuni ukuba kuhlelwe uhlelo lwezifundo. Ama-odoli amisa izindinganiso futhi anikeze ukuhlola kodwa athembele ezifundeni zendawo ukuba aqhube izikole. Izigodi zendawo ziqoqa izintela zempahla kodwa kumelwe zilandele izimvume zikahulumeni. Lesimiso esihlanganyelweyo singadala ukushukuma kombuso: iziphakamiso ezingagunyaziwe ezigunyaziswe, futhi izimo zikahulumeni zokunikeza imvume yokulungisa zingamisa isimiso sombuso. Ngokwesibonelo, Uhlelo lokukhokha intela yempahla kodwa kumelwe lulandele izimvume zikahulumeni. Lesimiso esihambisanayo singaveza ukuthi ukwamukela izinguquko ezithile, ukuthonya isimiso semfundo kahulumeni sokunikeza umthetho kazwezwe wonke.

Izakhiwo: Ukukhishwa Kwendawo

Imisebenzi yokuthutha ilandela impompo: uhulumeni wamazwe unikezela imali ngezinhlelo ezifana ne-[FLT :0] Surface Transportation Block Grant , ihlela imisebenzi futhi ilawule imigwaqo emikhulu kahulumeni, futhi ohulumeni bendawo baphatha imigwaqo yendawo futhi banikele ngezimali. I-Infractivementationationationmental Act [IJA] [2021] inikeza i-$50 000 000 000 000 (iIJA,201) emalini esetshenziswa kuhulumeni emisha eminyakeni engaphezu kwemihlanu, kanye nezindawo eziphikisanayo ukuze kuhlawulwe amabhulohoho, amaBlambu, amabhulohohoho, amanzi, nangaphezulu. Lokhu kwenza isimiso lapho idolobha lingafaka khona umthetho phakathi kwezwe phakathi kwe-DoT, umsebenzi weze yakhona ngoko ngokomthetho womphakathi.

Izinkonzo Eziphuthumayo: Isimiso Esinezinhlayiya Esisabelayo

Ukusabela okuphuthumayo kubonisa isimiso se-"endaweni, isisekelo sikahulumeni, ukusekela." Uma inhlekelele yemvelo igadla, amaphoyisa endawo, umlilo, ne-EMS iqala ukuvela. Uma lesi senzakalo sidlula amandla endawo, umbusi wezwe angamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo futhi avuse imithombo kazwe yombuso. Uma imithombo kahulumeni inganele, umbusi ucela isimemezelo senhlekelele sikahulumeni kuMongameli, ukuvula usizo lwe-FEMA, izimali zikahulumeni, kanye nokusekela kwezinhlangano. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi neSiphepho uKatrina (2005), ukuhluleka kuyo yonke imikhakhathazo emithathu kuqokomisa isidingo esibucayi sokubambisana. Ngokuphikisana, ukusabela kweSiphepho iHarrigamsss Prevadvey (207) kwabonisa ukubambisana okuthuthukisiwe izikhulu zezwe nezinhlangano zendawo nokusekela kwezentengo yombuso.

Ukuhlukahluka Ngaphesheya kwezwe: Akukho Mlinganisi-oyedwa-ubungakanani-Konke

Nakuba ukwakheka kwemisebenzi kuvumelana, ukwahlukana kwangempela kwemithwalo yemfanelo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngokwesifundazwe. Ezinye izifundazwe zisekelwe kakhulu, futhi ohulumeni bombuso bayakwazi ukulawula imfundo nezindaba zendawo. Abanye banikeza ohulumeni bendawo amandla abanzi okubusa kwasekhaya.

  • [[FLT: 0] i-Hawaii iyingqayizivele: inesifunda sesikole esisodwa esisezweni lonke, esingenawo amabhodi esikole. UMnyango wemfundo wezwe uqhuba zonke izikole zomphakathi.
  • i-Maryland inikeza izilinganiso eziyinhloko zomthwalo wemali wemfundo, kanye nombuso unikeza ingxenye ebalulekile, kodwa umbusi akanakulawula okuqondile ezikoleni zendawo.
  • unamandla okulawula indawo, kodwa uhulumeni uhlela uhlelo lwezifundo nokuhlolwa okulinganiselwe (STAR). Izifunda zezindawo zingaxhasa izikole zazo ngesisa kakhulu kunalezo ezimpofu, eziholela enkantolo engamashumi eminyaka yokulingana.
  • Alaska ayinawo uhulumeni wesifundazwe; izinkonzo eziningi zinikezwa isifundazwe noma amagatsha. Izindawo zasemaphandleni ngokuvamile azinawo amaphoyisa endawo, zithembele kuma-Alaska State Troopers.

Ukusekela Izinto Ezingokoqobo: Ubani Okhokhelani?

Ukuqonda amazinga kahulumeni kusho futhi ukuqonda ukuthi ubani okhokhayo. Itafula elingezansi (ekuhlelweni) libonisa imithombo yezimali esetshenziswayo engxenyeni ngayinye yenkonzo ngapha nangapha:

  • Imfundo:[ [[FT:2] [[FT:3] FEDAL: ~8-10% yokusetshenziswa kwe K-12 (Isihloko I, i-IDEA, isiqalo senhloko)
  • Isifunda: ~45-50% (ekhokha izintela, izintela zokuthengisa, imidlalo yokubheja)
  • Indawo: ~40-45% (intela yenani elifanele)
  • Roads:[ [[FT:2] [[FT:3] Fateral: ~25% wemali yonke esetshenziswa emigwaqweni emikhulu (intela yegasi, intela yemoto)
  • Isifunda: ~50% (intela yegesi yezwe, izindleko, ukubopha)
  • Indawo: ~25% (intela efanelekile, izindleko zendawo)
  • Ukhuseleko (Umlilo, Umlilo, I-MS):[ [[[FTL:2]
  • Federal: isabelo esincane (izinto ezisetshenziswayo, inhlekelele)
  • Isifunda: Yidlale ngokwesilinganiso (amaphoyisa asenyakatho, abaphathi besimo esiphuthumayo, izijeziso)
  • Indawo: Amaphoyisa anesabelo (izintela ezifanele, izintela zokuthengisa, amafa)

    • Lamaphesenti ayahluka ngokwesifundazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, VERmont incike kakhulu ekusekeleni imali kahulumeni yemfundo, kuyilapho i-New Hampshire[ ithembele kakhulu ezintelani zempahla zendawo.

    Okwenza Izakhamuzi Zifune Lokhu

    Ukwazi izinga likahulumeni ophatha isikole kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise izikhalo zazo, ukusikisela, nokuthembisana kwezombangazwe ngokuphumelelayo. Uma imbobo yomgwaqo wendawo idinga ukulungiswa, ukuxhumana nomnyango wezemisebenzi yomphakathi wedolobha kuyisinyathelo esilungile, kodwa ukuhambela umbusi noma ilungu leSishaya-Mkhandlu. Uma uhlelo lwesikole lubonakala luphelelwe yisikhathi, ukuya ebhodini lesikole kusebenza kakhulu kunokubhalela iU.S. unobhala wemfundo. Ngokufanayo, ukuvota kukhetho lwendawo, ingqungqungquthela yedolobha, ibhodi yesikole, nekhomisha yesifundazwe, kunezinkonzo ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Kodwa uma uvota ohhoti ngokuvamile kungaphansi kwe 30%, izinqumo eziphathelene neziteko zemigwaqo, futhi kwenziwa ukuphepha okuncane kwenani labantu.

    Ngokwesibonelo, uma umphakathi ufuna imigwaqo ephephile, ungase ufune intela yendawo ukuze kuthengiswe ukuzola kwezimoto, ucele imali egunyaziwe noma ucele abameleli bawo ukuba basekele imali yokuhamba.

    Isiphetho

    Ukuhlukaniswa kwemithwalo yemfanelo kuhulumeni kahulumeni, kazwelonke, nohulumeni bendawo akusikho ukubusa kwesigaba sesifundazwe kodwa kuyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlangene. Imfundo, imigwaqo, nokuphepha kulawulwa ngobudlelwane obuncike kulelo nalelo zinga lokudlala indima ehlukile ehambisanayo. Uhulumeni umisa izindinganiso, unikeza izimali, futhi uhole ezindabeni zesizwe. Ukuklama nokwengamela izimiso ezinkulu . . .Imigwaqo emikhulu, izikhulu zesifunda (nesikhathi) ziphathisa ohulumeni begunya lendawo. Izindawo zendawo zingabakhululi bezinkonzo, zisondelene nabantu.

    Ngokuqonda ukuthi ubani owenzayo, izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa isimiso ngendlela engcono, zigcine izikhulu ezifanele zinesibopho sokulandisa, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo embusweni wentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisekela isakhiwo sesikole esisha, zifuna imigwaqo ephephile, noma zisekela izinkonzo zendawo eziphuthumayo, ulwazi lwezinga likahulumeni luyithuluzi eliwusizo lokwaba yizakhamuzi.

    Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlola .Gov ukucaciswa kwamagatsha kahulumeni, U.S. uMnyango wezemfundo wendima ku K-12[, kanye ne FEDALTALY’S izinhlelo zokuxhasa izimali ze-Programuationationower.[FLT:]