Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela yisici esiqinile sokubusa komthetho-sisekelo, siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha lohulumeni elinqwabelanayo elingavinjelwa. Ivela kuyifilosofi yezombangazwe yokukhanyiselwa nokuqiniswa eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S., lezimiso ziye zalondoloza ukulandisa kwentando yeningi emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Ngokusakaza igunya phakathi kwemithetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela, futhi zinikeza ikhono lokuvimbela abanye, ukuhlola nokulinganisa okuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukuthuthukisa, nokuvimbela ukuwohloka kobushiqela. Lesi sihloko sihlola izisekelo ezingokomlando, izindlela zokusebenza, izinselele zesikhathi, izinselele zamanje, nokubaluleka okuhlala njalo kwalo hlelo olubalulekile.

Isisekelo Esiwubuhlakani Sokuhlolwa Nokulinganisela

Izimpande ezicatshangelwayo zezokuhlola nokulinganisela zibuyela emuva kongqondongqondo abanjenge-Aristotle, owaxwayisa ngezingozi zamandla agxile ku-. Nokho, kwakuyisazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi sokukhanyiselwa uBaron de Montesquieu owanikeza ipulani enethonya elikhulu emsebenzini wakhe ka 1748 [[FLT]] [uMoya woMthetho . UMontesquieu waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko ingaqinisekiswa kuphela lapho isikhulu, umphathi, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela kahulumeni, ihlukaniswa futhi ibekwa amandla ahlukene ukuze ihlole abanye. Imibono yakhe ibumbe ngokuqondile ukuhlelwa komthetho womthetho [u-U.S.Genestitutions] ku-Fecean [2].[Fecean Goocean]

UJohn Locke, esinye insika yokukhanyiselwa, wanikeza umqondo wesivumelwano sezenhlalo lapho uhulumeni evumelana khona ngokusemthethweni ngokuvunyelwa kwamalungelo angokwemvelo. Abasunguli baseMelika bahlanganisa lemibono nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu kwamakoloni ukuze bamise irepublic lapho ukulangazelela imibuso kwakuzomelana khona nesifiso sokuvelela. Njengoba ama-Madison achazwe ngokudumile kuFederalist No. 51, "Ukuba abantu babeyizingelosi, akukho hulumeni obekungadingeka khona. Uma izingelosi bezingabusa abantu, futhi zingaba nemithetho yangaphandle noma yangaphakathi kahulumeni bekungadingeka khona." Ngakho isimiso sezokuhlola nokulinganisa imibuso sasingavumela ukulawulwa kwemvelo yabantu − [1] isakhiwo esidumile esasingenza amagatsha ahlukene abe nesibopho sokulandisa omunye nomunye, ngisho nalapho ubuhle bungantenga.

Indlela Okusebenza Ngayo Nokulinganisela Kuhulumeni Wase - United States

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa amagatsha amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elinamagunya anezici ezicacile. Ukusetshenziswa kwalamandla kwakha ukuvumelana okunamandla okudinga ukubambisana, ukuxoxisana, nokuyekethisa. Ngezansi kunezindlela zokuhlola eziyinhloko igatsha ngalinye elingasebenzisa ezinye.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

UKhomishane uphethe amandla esikhwama semali namandla okumemezela impi, inika ithonya elikhulu ekuthatheni isinyathelo sokubusa. Ingadlula izikhundla zomongameli ezinamalungu amabili-ntathu kuzo zombili izindlu, ivume noma inqabe ukumiswa noma izivumelwano zobumongameli (i-Senate), futhi iqale ukujezisa umongameli, umongameli, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Ngokuqondisa nokuhlola, iSishaya-Presspala siqondisa izinhlangano zezikhulu futhi sifune ukulandisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igatsha lomthetho lingakhipha imithetho elinganisela iziqondiso zezikhulu, futhi i-palthssss meary nendima yemvume yamalungu e-hulumeni.

Amasheke Angokomthetho Ejele

UKhongolo lunquma isakhiwo negunya lenkantolo kahulumeni, ngaphandle kweNkantolo Ephakeme ngokwayo. Ingaveza izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ezizogumbuqela izincazelo zokwahlulela, futhi inamandla okukhipha amajaji kahulumeni e- "Izigebengu Eziphakeme nezinkulu". ISigele siqinisekisa futhi ukuba umongameli angenise i-jaji ku-jaji, ibeka isisefo kubachaza umthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishaya-mthetho singaguqula ubukhulu beNkanto ephakeme, itshelo ukuthi iSishaya - mthetho sisetshenziswe kancane kodwa silokhu siwusongo olunamandla ekuzimelani kwenkantolo.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Umongameli angamisa umthetho omiswe yiSishaya-mthetho, aphoqelele abamisi-mthetho ukuba baqoqe umthetho omkhulu kakhulu wokumisa umthetho. Umongameli futhi unamandla okumisa iziKhongolo ukuze kuqhutshwe izikhawu ezikhethekile futhi afake iziKhongolo uma lamakamelo amabili engakwazi ukuvumelana ngosuku olulodwa. Ngeziyalezo zezikhulu nezimemezelo, umongameli angaqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zisebenzise isimiso phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho okhona.

Isigungu Esiphethe Sihlola I - judiary

Umongameli umisa wonke amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, angaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSigebengu. Lokhu kunikeza ithonya elikhulu igatsha eliphethe iziqondiso zokwakha nomqondo wejaji. Umongameli futhi unamandla okuphoqelela (noma ukwenqaba) izibopho zenkantolo, nakuba ukwenqaba njalo kungaphula umthetho. NgoMnyango Wezobulungisa, umphathi angafaka iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho futhi aphikisane phambi kwezinkantolo, asho izincazelo zokwahlulela.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Amagatsha Angokomthetho Naphethe

INkantolo ePhakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni zinamandla okuhlola kokwahlulela, `igunya lokumemezela imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha ngaphandle kwemithetho esemthethweni. Lombuso wamiswa ecaleni eliyingqophamlando (1803 Marbury v. Ngokuhlolwa kwemithetho, izinkantolo zingazehlisa imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, ikhiphe imithetho yezikhulu, futhi zikhiphe imithetho yokuphatha. I-judicariary isebenza njengomsizi wokugcina wencazelo yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko, nakuba izinqumo zayo zingasuswa ngomthetho-mfakela noma zishinswe ngezinqumo ezintsha.

Amajaji azimele asebenza ekumisweni ukuphila konke, ezivikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe phakathi nonyaka wawo. Lokhu ukuzimela kuzenza zikwazi ukuchaza umthetho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindiselwa, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi izinguquko zefilosofi yokwahlulela zenzeka kancane. Lenqubo yokuqinisekisa ngokwayo isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukuzimela, iqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli baxhunyaniswa ukuba babe nekhono nobuqotho.

Ukuhlangana Kwamandla Kabhontshisi

Umongameli iveto ungomunye wemihlola ebonakala kakhulu. Uma uMkhandlu udlulisa isikhwama, umongameli angasayina, asifake, asishiyi, noma asivumele ukuba sibe umthetho ngaphandle kokusayinwa ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi (iSonto elidlulele). I-veto ingaphela ngevoti emibili yesithathu kuzo zombili izindlu ."a ibambo ephakeme ebangela ukuxoxa ngezindaba ezingaphezulu. Uma i-Congress i-aton phakathi nenkathi yosuku oluyishumi, "pecreet" isebenza, futhi isamba sifa singabuyinwa ngaphandle kokubuyiswa. Lenqubo isetshenziswa yiwo wonke umongameli, noFranklin D. Roosevelttoing 635 (imali enkulu) futhi icezungencane. I-partssssss icabangela ukuhlanganisa izingxabano, icabangela ukuhlanganisa nokuhlela izigeleze.

Ukuhlola Icala Okungokomlando: Ukuhlola Nokulinganisela Kuyasebenza

Umlando waseMelika unikeza izibonelo eziningi zokuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenza njengoba kuklanywe, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu.

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Lelicala lasungula isimiso sokuhlola kokwahlulela. UWilliam Marbury wayemiswe njengobulungisa bokuthula nguMongameli uJohn Adams emahoreni okugcina okuphatha kwakhe. Lapho umongameli omusha, uThomas Jefferson, enqaba ukukhipha lo mnyango, uMarbury sud. UMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall, ebhalela iNkantolo Ephakeme, wamemezela ukuthi umthetho uMarbury ayefake kuwo wawungagunyazi umthetho wokuthula ukuthula, kanjalo eqinisekisa igunya leNkantolo lokuqeda izenzo zomthetho. Ngokuhlakanipha kukaMarshall wagwema ukuphikisana ngokuqondile nesikhulu ngokukhipha umthetho wokuthi iNkantolo ayinagunya, kodwa ngokwenza kanjalo wahlanganisa igatsha le hlayise ngencazelo engokomthetho. Lesinqumo sihlala sinye sesinqumo esiqinile sesimiso seze-Melika.

I - Andrew Johnson (1868)

Ngemva kweMpi Yangaphakathi, uMongameli Johnson waphikisana noRadical Republicans eKhongomeni yokulungisa umthetho. Ngo-1867, uKhomishane wadlulisa i-Tenure of Office Act ukuze avimbele ukukwazi kukaJohnson ukususa amalungu ekhatheyini ngaphandle kwemvume yeSigele. UJohnson waphula umthetho ngokudubula unobhala weWar Edwin Stanton, wabangela ukungathonyelwa kwakhe yiNdlu yabameli. ISishaya - mthetho wakhipha imvume eyodwa, kodwa iSishaya i-Nkathilo sabonisa ukuzimisela kweKhongolo ukusebenzisa imvume njengesekeli yesikhulu. UJohnson wabonisa futhi ukuthi ukususwa kwakhe kudinga ukususwa kuseduze ne-sensena, kuvimbela ukuxhashazwa kwegunya lokungagunya.

I - Watergate Scandal (1972-1974)

Watergate isalokhu iyisibonelo esiphawulekayo sanamuhla sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ngemva kokuphulwa endlunkulu yeDemocratic National Committee, uMongameli uRichard Nixon wazama ukufihla ukuhileleka kweWhite House. UKhomishane wasungula uphenyo, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha umthetho weSikhulu uNixon ukuba akhulule amakhasethi eOval Office United States v. Nixon[FLT][FLT] [19974]. Ujonge eduze no-kancane futhi uphenduku, uNixon (umongameli wokuqala) wasula kanjalo. Inhlekelele yagcizelela indlela umshini ozimele we-Hlayedwa, i-judiary, ne-bugauniaumpereli ephethe i-ofisini enkulu, ngisho nalapho umongameli ephethe izwe.

Ukuhlolwa Kukamongameli uClinton (1998 - 1999)

UMongameli uBill Clinton waphambaniswa yiNdlu yokujezisa nokuvimbela ubulungisa okuhlobene nendaba yakhe noMonica Lewinsky. ISigele, ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, sahluleka ukubopha iziboshwa, sihluleka ukufinyelela inani elidingekayo elingamashumi amathathu. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi ukujezisa kuyithuluzi lezombangazwe, hhayi nje elingokomthetho, nokuthi iSigele sisebenza njengesembozo esisemqoka sendlu. Isenzakalo futhi saqokomisa indima ebucayi yombono womphakathi nezokusakaza ukuma kokuziphatha okubi kwezikhulu.

Impikiswano YeNkantolo Yokulwa Nenkantolo Entsha (1937)

Umongameli uFranklin Roosevelt, okhutshazwe yizinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezakhipha umthetho we-New Decrect, wahlongoza icebo lokuhlanganisa amajaji amasha ayisithupha eNkantolo (*) awezobulungisa ngabunye obungaphezu kweminyaka engu-70 ubudala ababesebenze iminyaka eyishumi. Icebo labonwa kabanzi njengokuhlasela uhulumeni wokuzibusa. UKhongolo lwenqaba, futhi ngisho ne-Roosevelt yeqembu lezenzwe. Nokho, usongo lungamane lungathonya ukushintshwa kweNkanto yeNkantolo okulandelayo ukusekela imithetho emisha ye-Diareal. Lesi senzakalo siyisixwayiso ngendlela imizamo yokululaza ukuzimela kwezehlulelo noma ukumelana nokuzimela umthetho okungaphazamisa ngayo ukulinganisela ukulingana kwenkululeko, ngisho nalapho umgomo walo ngokomthetho wezenziwa.

Ukubaluleka Kwamasheke Nokulinganisela

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asisona nje isimiso somthetho - sisekelo esicatshangelwayo; sinethonya eliqinisekile ekubusweni nasenkululekoni.

Ukuvimbela Ukuxhaphaza

Injongo eyisisekelo kakhulu yokuhlola nokulinganisela iwukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libuse elinye. Ngokuhlomisa igatsha ngalinye ngezisusa nangamathuluzi okumelana nezisulu, lesi simiso senza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba umlawuli onegunya athathe ukulawula. Akukho mongameli ongamemezela impi, ayikho inkantolo engaphoqelela ukubusa kwalo ngaphandle kokubambisana kwegunya, futhi akukho Khomishane engakwazi ukubusa ngaphandle kosayinwa umongameli noma isigqebhezana esikhulu sokulawula i-veto. Lokhu kubusa kwegunya okuyinhloko kuyimbangela eyinhloko ye-United States ekubuseni isigaba sokubusa ngobushiqela esiye sabonwa kwezinye izizwe eziningi.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Amasesha nezilinganiso zivikela ngokuqondile izakhamuzi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yenziwa, iphoqelelwe, futhi ichazwe ngokucophelela. Imfuneko yokuvunyelwa kwemithetho ye-bidameral, i-presidential verto, nokubukezwa kokwahlulela konke kusebenza njengesithiyo sokusheshisa imithetho noma ukucindezela. Ngokwesibonelo, ijaji lingayishaya imithetho ephula imithetho ekhuluma ngenkululeko yokukhuluma noma inkululeko engokwenkolo, kuyilapho umphathi wenhlangano engafuni ukuphoqelela imithetho engokomthetho. Isimiso futhi sikhuthaza ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo amadlanzana ngokuphoqelela amaqembu amaningi ukuba abeke imibandela yawo ngokwesilinganiso ukuze athole ukuvunyelwa kwawo kwamanye amagatsha.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Igatsha ngalinye lingaba nesibopho sokulandisa abanye ngokuqondisa, ukujezisa, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, nenqubo yokuqinisekisa. Ukuqulwa kwamacala, imibiko kahulumeni, nabashushisi abazimele (njengezeluleko ezikhethekile) kudala uchungechunge lokulandisa okudalula ukuziphatha okubi. Lesimiso sidinga futhi ukuxhumana okungavumelani nekheli lezwe le-Union, ukukhokha imali, nezicelo ezingokomthetho zokwaziswa − okukhuthaza ukuba kube sobala nokuhlola umphakathi.

Isikhuthazo Senkululeko Nokuhlehla

Ngenxa yokuthi alikho igatsha elingathatha isinyathelo sodwa ezindabeni eziningi, isimiso siphoqelela ukuxoxisana, ukuvumelana, nokuvumelana. Umthetho kumelwe udlule kokubili amagumbi oMkhandlu, uphumelele ekubukezweni komongameli, futhi umelane nenselele yomthetho-sisekelo. Lenqubo yokuzinqumela, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ithatha kancane futhi ikhungathekisa, inamandla ahlukahlukene okuqondana okumelwe azwakale. Ngokuvamile umphumela ukhona uqinile futhi wamukeleka kakhulu kunaleyo ehlelweni lokubusa okuningi okungavinjelwe.

Izinselele Zesimiso Sesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kokuzivuselela, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibhekene nezingcindezi ezinkulu kulenkathi yanamuhla.

Ukucwiliswa Kwezimila ZasePartisan Nokuncipha KwamaNarm

Amagatsha aya ngokuya elawulwa amaqembu aphikisanayo, okuholela ekubeni athathe izintambo ezithatha isikhathi eside, ukuqinisekiswa, nokugogeka kwemithetho. ISigele u-monilbuster, lapho sesiyithuluzi elingavamile, senze kwaba yisithiyo esivamile, okwenza kube nzima ukudlulisa ngisho nomthetho oyisisekelo. Okwamanje, imithetho engabhalwanga enjengenqubo “yomthetho kaNdlu yeSigeqe“ eshibhile” yeminyunyu engokomthetho noma isiko labefundisi ngokuphathelene nempi izingxoxo zengqungqungquthela yempi seqene. INkanto ephakeme ka-2016 eyaziwa njenge-Merrick Garland yaving yavinjwa cishe unyaka wonke yiSigele esimathene se-Republican, kuyilapho i-2020 nothonetton of Amy Barretts yaphunywa emasontweni amaningi ngaphambi kokuba ukuhlelwa kwezenzo zokhetho ezifanele ngenxa “yo.

Ukufinyelela Isikhundla Esiphezulu Nokungaqhubeki Kwezinyathelo

Abaholi bobabili baye bandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yabaqondisi, izivumelwano zezikhulu, nokumiswa kwemithetho yokulawula ukuze badlulise iziKhongolo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uBarack Obama’s Deferect for Childhoow Avels (DACA) uhlelo, uMongameli uDonald Trump’s Trump ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba, kanye noMongameli uJoe Biden oboleka imali yokukhokha intelelwa yicala ehlela ukubhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho kanye nemithetho yenkantolo eyavivinya imingcele yamandla ebukhosini. Inkantolo ephakeme e Trump v. United States[[FLTLD:24] [2024]) umphalistrial’s womthetho ongokomthetho, owengeziwe. Umphakathi okhulayodwa owenziwe ngomthetho we-Greastiastiant ukunciphisa umthetho wezwe.

Ukuthatha Icala Kokwahlulela Nezimpikiswano Zakuqala

Ijaji ngokwalo liphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo ezithile, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme ezicatshangelweni ezinjenge . I-Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [2022]) ijikisa [ i-Roe v. I-Wade [[FLT]], ifake izincazelo zomthetho-mfakela eziphazamisa izenzakalo ezithathe isikhathi eside. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji kufanele avimbele futhi athathe amagatsha akhethwe. Impikiswano ngezokuqala. Impikiswano engokomthetho - ngokomthetho ephilayo ayimiswanga, futhi ukumiswa kwenqubo yokwahlulela ngenqubo ephakeme kakhulu. Lapho iNkadelifa yeNka yeNkanto eyaziwa njengesikhulu sezombangazwe, enciphisa amandla ayo, enciphenyaza amanye amagatsha.

Izinsongo Zokuzimela Ekwahluleleni Isahlulelo

Eminyakeni yamuva, abanye abaholi bezombangazwe baye basikisela ukwandisa iNkantolo Ephakeme, imingcele ephakeme, noma ukuphuca izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezilawula izindaba ezithile. Nakuba lezi ziyiziphetho zomthetho-mthetho ezicatshangelwayo, bazifaka engozini yokujezisa noma ukwesabisa abahluleli ngemithetho engathandeki. Ukwesaba ukuphamba kwenkantolo, nakuba kungakaqashelwa, kuye kwaba isihloko esilokhu sikhona ezimpini zokuqinisekisa. Ezingeni lombuso, ezinye izishaya - mthetho ziye zasongela ukukhipha izahlulelo zenkantolo ezinkulu ezilandela izinqumo zenkantolo ezithi shíi noma ukukhipha isisu. Ukulondoloza ukuzimela kokwahlulela kubalulekile ekulondolozeni izinga lokulunga kwegunya.

Ukuqinisa Amasheke Nokulinganisela Kwekusasa

Awukho umthetho - sisekelo ophelele, futhi isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sisebenzele ukulondoloza izinhlangano ezivikela inkululeko.

Ukubuyisela Ukulinganisela Okungokomthetho

UKhomishane wakwazi ukuthatha igunya lawo ngokuqinisa izinqubo zokuqondisa, ukubeka amalungiselelo okushona kwelanga eziyalweni eziphethe, nokulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphuthumayo. I-Constitution inikeza iKhomishane amandla esikhwameni semali; abenzi bomthetho kufanele baqikelele ukuba amandla aqiniswe ngokuveza imininingwane eminingi nangokuhlela izigijimi zegunya kumphathi. Imfuneko yemithetho yenhlangano yokugunyaza noma isiphi isenzo sezempi esithatha izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu - 60, ngaphandle kweSigqi seMpi sombuso, kungaqinisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso yempi.

Ukumisa Ukumiswa Kokwahlulela Okungamukeleki

Izimfuneko zokubekwa kwemithetho yeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokushaqisayo. Ingqungquthela ye-Judicial ye-United States iye yasekelwa ukudayisa ukuncitshiswa kwemigomo yezombangazwe. Noma iziphi inguquko kufanele ziklanyelwe ukulondoloza ukuzimela kokuphila kwazo. Ingqungquthela ye-Judicial yase-United States

Ukukhuthaza Ukubona Izindawo Ngokubona Namasiko

I-Congress kufanele iqinise imithetho yokuthola iziphakamiso zokunxusa, izimali zomkhankaso, nezingxabano zomongameli zesithakazelo. Izindikimba zezimiso zokuziphatha, njenge-Office of Congregational Ethics, kufanele zivikelwe ekululazeni. Ngokufanayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme kufanele isebenzise isimiso esibophayo sezimiso zokuziphatha ukuze ilawule ukudalulwa kobulungisa okungasoleki nokungagunyazwa ngokwezimali. Lezi zinyathelo ziyokwenza ukuba umphakathi wethembeke futhi kwenze isimiso sibe nesibopho.

Ukuvikela Ukubusa KoMthetho

Abaholi nabaholi bobukhonya kumelwe bahloniphe izinqumo zenkantolo ngisho nalapho bengavumelani. Ukulandela i-Constitution kusho ukunamathela ezinqubweni zomthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nomthetho ongekho emthethweni, i-veto , amandla, nemfundiso yokwahlulela. Abaphathi kufanele bavikele obala lemithetho ngokusongela noma ngokuphambanisa. Imfundo, kuhlanganise nokufundisa amaphephandaba ezikoleni, kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde inani lokuhlola nokulinganisa futhi zinike amandla okuzifuna ukuba zinamathele ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe ezikhethiwe.

Ekugcineni, indawo engokomthetho kahulumeni wase-U.S. inikeza ukucaciswa okucacile kwendlela igatsha ngalinye elihlola ngayo elinye. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuzilondolozeni.

Isiphetho

Ama-checks nama-apples akuwona amakhondlathi angokonyaka wekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili. Ahlala ewuhlelo olubalulekile, oluphilayo olulawula ukusebenza kukahulumeni wanamuhla. Ngokusakaza amandla nokufuna ukubambisana komphakathi, isimiso sivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, sivimbela ukubekwa kwegunya, futhi sibophe isibopho sokulandisa nganoma iliphi izinga. Izibonelo ezingokomlando .(ukusuka kuMarbury v. Madison kuMadine kuMaya kuze kube namuhla", idemonita ehlela ukuthi isimiso siyasebenza, kodwa uma kuphela abaholi nezakhamuzi behlonipha imithetho yaso. Njengokwenziwa kwezwe, ukuncishiswa kwenkululeko, nokusongela kokuvikela lezimiso zomthetho kuyakhula. Uhulumeni olungile uxhomeke ekulinganisweni okulinganiselwe, ukulawulwa nokusetshenziswa ngokunikezwa komthetho wentando yentando yeningi.