Table of Contents
Uyazi ukuthi ungubani uMongameli. Ungalazi igama loMbusi wakho. Kodwa ungaqamba amagama abakhomishane bakho besifundazwe? Uma kungenjalo, uphuthelwa ukuqonda omunye we-ithomo elinamandla kakhulu.[1] Kodwa odume kakhulu, abakhokhi bakahulumeni waseMelika.
Ohulumeni abafundayo babumba ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke buthule ngezindlela ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni abangakwazi ukuzilawula. Kusukela esimweni semigwaqo ohamba ngayo ukuya ekufikeni kwakho ngokushesha kangakanani emotweni ephuthumayo, kusukela ekulondekeni kwamanzi akho okuphuzayo kuya ekunembeni kwemibhalo yempahla yakho, izingqapheli zenza izinqumo ezithinta ngokuqondile izinga lokuphila kwakho nsuku zonke.
Lo mqondisi obanzi wembula ukuthi kungani ohulumeni besifunda bebaluleke kakhulu kunalokho abantu abaningi abakuqaphelayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisakhamuzi esikhathazekile, umfundi wezakhamuzi, noma umuntu ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe usebenza kanjani, ukuthola indima yezibalo kuzakushintsha indlela obona ngayo ukubusa eMelika.
Uyini uhulumeni wesifunda? Ukuqonda isiqiwi saseMelika esiphakathi
Uhulumeni othatha indawo usebenza njengengxenye engaphansi yezwe ephethe nengokombangazwe, uhlala phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ngenhla namadolobha noma amadolobhana ngaphansi. Cabanga ngezindawo njengendawo ephakathi yokubusa.
Incazelo Eyisisekelo
Engxenyeni enkulu yeUnited States, isifundazwe simelela:
- A umehluko wezwe [ wesifundazwe esinemingcele ecacile
- A iqoqo likahulumeni wendawo nezikhulu ezikhethiwe negunya lokuphatha
- Inxusa lezwe [ elinecala lokusebenzisa imithetho nezinhlelo zikahulumeni ezisendaweni
- A umthelela wezinkonzo ezibalulekile [ izakhamuzi ezithembele kuzo nsuku zonke
Imvelaphi Engokomlando
Izifunda zavela emasikweni kahulumeni waseNgilandi e-Melika e-English ethwele amakoloni. Umqondo ka-"shires" (owabalwa) wavumela imibuso ephakathi ukuba ilawule amasimu akude. Abenzi bamakoloni baseMelika bavumela lendlela, badala izilinganiso njengezindawo eziwusizo:
- Iqoqo leTax ezindaweni ezisemaphandleni kakhulu ohulumeni bamadolobha
- [ umqondisi wekhasi [ unikeza ukufinyelela kobulungisa kwasendaweni
- [ Inhlangano yeMilitia[ yokuzivikela nokugcinwa komthetho
- Iqophelo eligcina izakhiwo kanye nezibalo ezibalulekile
Lesi sisekelo esingokomlando sichaza ukuthi kungani imisebenzi eminingi yesifundazwe — ukuthengwa kwentela, izinkantolo, ukugcinwa komthetho, kanye namarekhodi — kusalokhu kuyimithwalo yemfanelo eyisisekelo namuhla.
Hhayi Ezweni Lonke: Lapho ama-Colories engekho khona
Ngokuthakazelisayo, akuwona wonke umbuso osebenzisa lesi sibonelo sesifundazwe:
Louisiana usebenzisa izifunda esikhundleni semifunda, ifa lethonya lamaFulentshi nelaseSpain. Lezi zifunda zisebenza njengezibalo kodwa zibonisa umlando wesiko eliyingqayizivele likahulumeni.
Alaska usebenzisa amagatsha ezindawo ezinabantu, nakuba ingxenye enkulu ye-Alaska isasele ezindaweni ze-"Unorganzed Borough""/izentengiselwano ezingenawo neze uhulumeni wesifunda.
Ixmoticut ne Rhode Island zinobalo lwezinjongo zokwahlulela nokuphatha kuphela, engenabo ohulumeni besifunda esisebenzayo.
Lokhu kuveza ukuthi nakuba izibalo zibusa uhulumeni wendawo waseMelika, akulona kuphela ikhambi lokuhlela ukuphatha kwendawo.
Indlela Ohulumeni Besifunda Abahlelwa Ngayo: Izifanekiso Nezigaba Ezihlukahlukene
Enye yezici ezidida kakhulu zikahulumeni othatha indawo ukuthi izakhiwo zihluka kakhulu ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye(futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nangaphakathi kwesifundazwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kushintsha kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani isifundazwe sakini singasebenza ngendlela ehlukile kwesinye kwesinye kwesinye esikwesinye.
Izimiso Ezisekelwe Kumsebenzi
Ibhodi yamakhomishane (ebizwa futhi ngokuthi abaqondisi, abahlawuli, noma ibhodi yesifunda) limelela isakhiwo sesifunda sesifunda sezwe esivamile nesivamile:
[[Umthetho:0] Izici eziyinhloko:
- Amalungu ebhodi aqoshiwe (amalungu 3-7) asebenza kokubili njengegatsha lomthetho nelomphathi
- Ukwenza isinqumo sokuzijwayeza ngaphandle komholi oyedwa ophethe
- Indima ezivamile[ lapho amakhomishane enza khona kokubili isimiso futhi eqondisa ukumiswa kwawo
- I-digrithi noma kukhetho olukhulu kuxhomeke esifundeni sesifunda
Lapho Uzoyithola khona [: Lendlela ilawula emaphandleni naphakathi kwezifunda eziningi, ikakhulukazi eMidwaster, eNingizimu, nase-Mount West.
Izingcingo nobuthakathaka: Izimiso zekhomishane zigcina amandla ekhona futhi efinyeleleka, nezikhulu eziningi ezikhethiwe ezimelela izindawo ezihlukahlukene noma izikhundla. Nokho, zingahlupheka ngenxa yokuntula ukuhola okucacile kwezikhulu, ukwenza izinqumo kancane, nobunzima okwenza abantu balandise ngemiphumela.
Umphathi wesifunda/ Umphathi-mininingwane wezimiso
Izibalo eziningi ziye zamukela uhlobo lomphathi-lwazi olufana nolwemphathi wedolobha]
[[Umthetho:0] Izici eziyinhloko:
- ikhomishane eqanjiwe ihlela uhlelo futhi idlulise imithetho
- Imiswe umphathi oqeqeshiwe/mphathi-master uphatha imisebenzi yosuku lwenyanga, uqasha amanhloko omnyango, kanye nenqubo yamathuluzi
- kususa ukwehlukana [ phakathi kobuholi bezombangazwe nokuphathwa
- amakhono obuchwepheshe asetshenziswa emikhankasweni yesifunda esiyinkimbinkimbi
Lapho Uzothola Khona : Lomfanekiso uye wathandwa kakhulu emaphethelweni nasemaphethelweni edolobha ufune ukuphathwa okuqeqeshiwe, okuphumelelayo. Ama-qualies anjengeFairfax County, iVirginia ne-Arlington County, iVirginia isebenzisa lesisakhiwo.
Impatho yomhlaba yangempela: Abaphathi abangochwepheshe baletha ubuchwepheshe ekuqondiseni umphakathi, ekuhleleni uhlelo, nakuzisebenzi ezingase zintula ikhomishane ekhethiwe. Lokhu kungaholela emikhankasweni ephumelela kakhulu kodwa futhi kudala imibuzo ngokulandisa ngentando yeningi lapho izikhulu ezingabekiwe zisebenzisa amandla abalulekile.
Izimiso Zokuqondisa Ezingakacunulwa
Amanye ama-autrium athathe i- yesikhulu sesifunda esikhethwe umboniso, ukulinganisa izakhiwo zezwe nombuso:
[[Umthetho:0] Izici eziyinhloko:
- ngokomthetho umqondisi wesifunda wesifunda okhethwe ngokwesilinganiso usebenza njengesikhulu esiphethe
- igcina igunya lomthetho
- Ukubuyeka amandla [ ngokuvamile kunikezwa umphathi
- kususa ukwahlukana kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe ne-province
- isikhulu esiphethe ngokumiswa, iziphakamiso zokuhlelwa kwemali, kanye nokuphatha
Lapho Uyoyithola khona: Amadolobha amakhulu, amaningi avame ukusebenzisa lendlela. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iMilwaukee County, Wisconsin; Baltimore County, Maryland; neWestchester County, New York.
IBenefit neRebacks: Lesimiso sinikeza ukuhola okucacile nokulandisa okucacile, futhi sazi kahle ukuthi ubani ofanele ancome noma asolwe ngenxa yomsebenzi wesifundazwe. Nokho, singaholela ezimpikiswaneni eziphethe isikhulu kanye ne-rocky, ikakhulukazi uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula igatsha ngalinye.
Izindlela Eziluhlaza Neziyingqayizivele
Ezinye izinombolo zihlanganisa izici zezithombe ezihlukahlukene noma zakhe izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele:
Iqiniswe iDolobha-bala uhulumeni : Izindawo ezinjengeNashville-Davidson County, Tennessee neJackville-Duval County, iFlorida ihlanganise amadolobha nohulumeni besifunda, isusa ukuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa izakhiwo zedolobha.
Abaholi abaphezulu: Ababali abaningi basePennsylvania bakhetha "izikhulu" `izikhulu ezizimele njengamaherpriff, omabhalane, abagcini bamasheya, nabasebenzi bamakhoroni] abasebenzisa kakhulu iminyango ezimele, ehlukanisa igunya lezikhulu.
.Non-Charter Counties: Eminye imikhakha ivumela ukuba ivume u-"umthetho wokubusa ekhaya" ukudala izakhiwo zikahulumeni ezingokwesiko, kuyilapho eminye igunyaza izakhiwo ezifanayo zibuzwe.
Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni Wesifunda SaseCore: Lokho Okukwenziwa Imibuso Eyizwe Ngempela
Izibalo zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi, nakuba izakhamuzi eziningi zingaqapheli. Nanka ukuhlola okuningi [[FLT: 0]] imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni ebanzi [:
Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nomthetho Ophoqelelwayo
Izindawo eziqashelwayo zisebenza njengegunya eliyinhloko lokuphepha komphakathi ngaphandle kwamadolobha ahlanganisiwe.
Amahhovisi e-Sheffaff : Ezifundazweni eziningi, ubalo olukhethwe abaqondisi bezindaba obani:
- Izindawo ezingasetshenziswanga futhi zinikeza amaphoyisa ombuso ukuba aqikelele
- Amajele asesifundazweni enziwe nge - opera ahlala ababoshiwe futhi agwetshwa iziboshwa
- Ukusebenza emaphepha asenkantolo, ukwenza izincwadi ezigunyazwayo nokunikeza amaphoyisa asemankantolo
- Ukufuna umthofu nokusiza ezindaweni zasemaphandleni nasehlane
Ukuphathwa kokuncishiswa kwengozi: amanxusa okuphatha kwesimo esiphuthumayo asesifundazweni:
- Inhlekelele ehlangene ilungiselwe futhi isabelo ngaphesheya kwemingcele
- Londoloza izikhungo zokuhlinza eziphuthumayo zivuselelwa phakathi nezinhlekelele
- Yakha izinqubo zokuqeqeshela ukuthutha nokwenza izinhlekelele
- Ihlangene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni nezohulumeni ezisiza esimweni esiphuthumayo
Isivikelo somlilo[: Ezindaweni ezingenayo iminyango yomlilo kamasipala, izibalo zivame ukusukela:
- Iminyango yeziko le - opera noma izinkampani zokuzithandela zokucisha umlilo
- Izimpawu zokucima umlilo nokuhlola
- Yabelani abadinga usizo oluphuthumayo (i - EMS) ne - ambulense
Isibonelo sezwe sangempela: Phakathi neSiphepho uKatrina ngo 2005, ohulumeni besifundazwe ngaseGulf Coast bahlanganisa ukuthutha okukhulu nokusiza, ngokuvamile bangena lapho ohulumeni bamasipala benqotshwa noma bebhujiswa. Izikhungo zemisebenzi yesimo esiphuthumayo zasesifundazweni zaba izikhundla zemizamo yokusabela enzima eyasindisa izinkulungwane zabantu.
Izakhiwo Nezokuhamba
Ama - quoties alondoloza ingosi engabonakali egcina imiphakathi ixhumana futhi isebenza.
Ama-Roads namabhuloho: Izibalo ziphethe:
- Izindawo zamakhilomitha amaningi zemigwaqo: Izifunda zinamabanga ahamba emgwaqweni amaningi kunanoma iliphi elinye izinga likahulumeni (okanye 40-60% kuyo yonke imigwaqo yomphakathi esifundazweni
- Ukulungiswa nokubuyiselwa : onjiniyela besifunda baphatha izakhiwo zebhuloho elidala, ngokuvamile elinemali elinganiselwe
- Ukususwa nokunakekelwa : Imigwaqo egcina idlula ebusika nangemva kweziphepho
- unjiniyela weTraffic: ukufaka izimpawu, izimpawu, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha
Transificic: Kwezinye izindawo, izibalo ziyasebenza:
- Izimiso zebhusi zihlanganisa amadolobha nezindawo zasemaphandleni nezikhungo zasemadolobheni
- Izinkonzo zokuphazanyiswa kwezakhamuzi ezikhulile nezikhubazekile
- Izindawo zepaki nezinga lokugxambukela ezinciphisa ukuminyana kwezimoto
Izibuko namaPorts: Izibalo eziningi zinezikhumulo zezindiza zesifunda futhi ziphethe, nasezindaweni zogu, amatheku aqhubekisela phambili intuthuko yezomnotho.
i-Ialict on Daily Life: Izinga lohambo lwakho, ukuphepha kwamabhuloho oweqayo, kanye nokuhlangana kwemiphakathi yasemaphandleni konke kubonisa izinqumo zezesisekelo sesifunda sesifunda kanye nezimali. Uma izibalo zithatha isikhathi ukuhlenga ukuze zigweme ukukhuphula izintela, izakhamuzi ekugcineni zikhokha ngomonakalo wezimoto owengeziwe, izikhathi zokuhamba ezinde kakhulu, nokwehluleka kwezezisekelo eziyingozi.
Izinkonzo Zempilo Nezabantu
Izindawo ezivamile zisebenza njengesivikelo sezempilo nesezenhlalo, ikakhulukazi kubantu abasengozini.
Imithombo yezempilo ye-Public : amanxusa ezempilo asesifundazweni:
- Ukubhebhetheka kwezifo futhi kuqondise izinhlelo zokugoma
- Hlola izindawo zokudlela, amahhotela, nezindawo zokudla
- Hlola izinga lamanzi okuphuza nezingozi zempilo yendawo ezungezile
- Ukunikeza izinkonzo zezempilo zomama nezomntwana, kuhlanganise nokunakekela umntwana ngaphambi kokubeletha
- Celani ukuhlolwa kwezifo zezifo nokwelashwa kwazo, ukunqandwa konesifo sofuba, nokuvinjelwa okungamahlalakhona
- Hlakulela amagumbi okuhlola impilo yomphakathi nezinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo
[[[UMTL:0] Impilo yengqondo nokuxhashazwa kwemizwa : Ubalo lusebenza njalo:
- Izikhungo zempilo yengqondo zomphakathi zinikeza iseluleko nokunakekelwa kwengqondo
- Izinhlelo zokwelapha ngokuxhashazwa nokuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela
- Izinkonzo zokungenela ezibucayi nokuvimbela ukuzibulala
- Izinkonzo zabantu abakhubazekile
Izinkonzo ze-Oficial Service: iminyango yenkonzo yesifunda yezenhlalakahle iyanikeza:
- Izinhlelo zosizo lokudla (SNAP/izitembu zokudla)
- Ukuthola Imali YaseMedicaid Nokuzimisela
- Izinkonzo zokuvikela izingane nezimiso zokunakekela izingane
- Izinkonzo zezakhamuzi esezikhulile, kuhlanganise nezinkonzo zokuvikela abantu abadala
- Izinkonzo zamasosha zihlanganisa amalungu ayeyisosha nezinzuzo
Isifundo se-COVID-19 se-Case: Umqedazwe weCHOVID-19 wayibonisa ngokuphawulekayo indima ebucayi yeminyango yezempilo ebanzi. Ama-qualiea ahola imizamo yokuhlola, ukusungulwa kwemitholampilo, waqhuba ukulandelela, wakhipha iziyalezo zezempilo zomphakathi eziqondiswe eziqondiswe ezinqubeni. Ezimweni eziningi, izikhulu zezempilo zesifunda zazenza izinqumo ezifana nezifihla - buso noma ukuvala ibhizinisi.
Ukukhetha Nesiyalo Sentando Yeningi
Ezimini eziningi, ohulumeni abathatha izibalo baphatha ukhetho , bebenza abaqaphi bedemokrasi ngokwayo.
Ulawulo lokhetho: izikhulu zesifunda sokuvota:
- Gcina izitatimende zokubhalisa zomvoti bese uhlela ukubhaliswa okusha
- Imishini yokuvota yokuklama nokuvota
- Indiza, isitimela, nokuthumela izinkulungwane zezisebenzi zokuvota
- Izinkundla zokuvota nokusebenza ezingekho/emamail
- Nika izindawo zokuhlola futhi qinisekisa ukutholakala
- Bala amavoti futhi uqinisekise imiphumela yokhetho
- Amacala Okukhwabanisa noma amaphutha
Imfihlo engokobuningi[[FLT:]: Ukhetho lwa 2020 lwaqokomisa indlela izikhulu zesifunda sokukhetha ezisebenza ngayo njengesisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Omabhalane basesifundazweni, ombhalisi, namabhodi okukhetha basingatha amazinga okuvota iposi, ukushintshwa kwezimo eziwumqedazwe, nokucindezelwa kwezombangazwe ukuze balondoloze ukuthembeka kokhetho. Ubuchwepheshe babo ngaphansi kwezimo ezingavamile babuvikela ubukhomgunyazi bentando yeningi.
ICallengens: Izibalo zibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo ekuqondiseni kokhetho:
- Imishini yokhetho ekhulayo idinga ukushintshwa okubizayo
- Ukusongelwa abadlali bakwamanye amazwe nabezindlini
- Ukucindezela kwezikhulu ezivamile ezingahlanganyeli kwezombusazwe
- Izimali ezilinganiselwe zokuthuthukisa izimiso nezisebenzi zokuqeqesha
- Ukuqondisa amathemba abavoti ngemiphumela esheshayo kuyilapho beqinisekisa ukunemba
Izinkantolo Nesimiso Sobulungisa
Izibalo ziyisisekelo sesimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika, siphethe izinkantolo zamacala lapho kuqulwa khona amacala amaningi.
[[AKT:0] Izinkantolo zesifunda: izinkantolo eziqanjwe ngamasifunda:
- Amacala angomthetho: Ukuqulwa kwamacala okungaqondakali nokungahambisani kahle, kusukela ekwebeni kuya ekubulaleni
- Ikhaligil: Iphikisana ngezivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, impahla, nezindaba zebhizinisi
- umthetho womkhaya: isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuwinwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa, kanye nobudlova basekhaya
- [[UMTHETHO:0] iprobate[[UMTL:1]: ukuphatha kwezakhiwo, imikhumbi egcina imikhumbi, futhi iyakuncintisana
- ukuphulwa kweTraffic: kusukela kumathikithi agijimayo kuya emabhokisini e-DUI
- Izibalo ezithi ncinci: Izimpikiswano ze-dollar eziphansi zixazululwe ngezinqubo ezenziwe lula
Ukuthumela i-System Justice Imisebenzi: Izibalo futhi zikhona:
- Abavikeli be-Public: Ama-athorney amelela abamangalelwa abamangalelwa abangemthetho
- Abameli bakahulumeni: Abashushisi abaphatha amacala obugebengu
- [[UMTHETHO:0] iminyango yeSikhangiso[[[QUL:1]: izelelesi ezinkulu ezigwetshwayo ezisusiwe
- Izindawo zobulungisa ze-juvenile[: ukuvala nokulungisa iziboshwa zentsha eziphathwe kabi
- ukuphathwa kwekhothamo: Clerks, beilnifs, kanye nezisebenzi ezisekelayo ezigcina izinkantolo zisebenza
Access kuMahluleli: Izibalo zinquma ukuthi ubulungisa bufinyeleleka kangakanani ezakhamuzini. Izimiso zenkantolo zendawo ezibekwe kahle namajaji anele nezisebenzi ezisekelayo ezixazulula amacala ngokushesha. Izimiso ezibekwe phansi ziveza iziphetho ezinkulu, zibambezela izisulu nabamangalelwa ngokufanayo. Ukutholakala kwabavikeli bomphakathi kuthinta ukuthi abampofu bamukela yini incazelo engokomthetho edingekayo.
Amarekhodi wendalo nomnikeli
Izindawo eziqashelwayo zisebenza njengabagcini abangokomthetho bemibhalo ebalulekile enquma ukuthi ubani ongokomthetho nokuthi impahla ingeyobani.
Ukuqopha nokubilisa: omabhalane basesifundani nabaqophi bemibhalo baqinisekisa:
- [ Izivumelwano zezentengiselwano nezibambiso zezikweletu: amarekhodi angokomthetho okuba nendawo kanye namaphutha
- amalayisense okufica kanye nezitifiketi: ukubhalwa kwemishado engokomthetho
- Izitifiketi zokuzalwa nokufa[: Izibalo ezibalulekile (ezifundazwe eziningi)
- Izindawo zohwebo: amagama acatshangelwayo, ukubambisana, kanye namarekhodi enkampani
- I-Military transpard: DD-214s kanye nemibhalo ebhalwe ngomakad’ebona
- amarekhodi enkantolo: izahlulelo, amaphutha, kanye nemicimbi engokomthetho
[[Umthetho:0] Isizathu sokuba lezizindaba [: La marekhodi anikeza:
- ukuqiniseka [ ekuthengiseni impahla kubiza izinkulungwane zezigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka
- Ukuba yiqiniso kwanoma yini kusukela kumapasi okungena kuya ekubhaliseni esikoleni
- Ibhukwana elibhalwe ngokwezimo zezulu libhekiswe kusosayensi nokucwaninga
- ukukhanya kobuPublic [ uvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zicwaninge ngobunikazi kanye nezindaba zomthetho
Isimo samanje izinselele[: Izibalo eziningi zihlanganisa imilando eqopha umlando ebhalwe kuphela ephepheni, ilinganisa ukutholakala komphakathi nezindaba zomuntu siqu kanye nezindleko ezinkulu zokuhlola izigidi zemibhalo engokomlando.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezwe Nokuthuthukiswa Kwalo
Izindawo ezibalayo zilawula intuthuko ezindaweni ezingenazo, okulawula indlela imiphakathi ekhula ngayo.
[[UMTH:0] Ukuhlela nokuzilungisa: iminyango yokuhlela yasesifundani:
- Zisungulele izindawo ezibanzi ezihlelelwe ukukhula esikhathini esizayo
- Yakha izimiso zokuhlela indawo ezilawula lokho okungase kwakhiwe lapho
- Izihlongozo zokuthuthukisa intuthuko zokuvumelana nezimiso
- Vikela izindawo eziyingozi zendawo ezungezile kanye nendawo yokulima
- Hlela izidingo zengqamuzana ezisekelwe ezinqubweni zokukhula
[[UMTH:0] Ukwakha ukwakhelwa : iminyango yokwakha yasesifundani:
- Ukwakha i - Phaphama! kuyakuvumela futhi kukwenze ukuhlola
- Imithetho yokwakha ephoqelelwe eqinisekisa ukuphepha kokwakha
- Bukeza amalungiselelo okuvumelana nomlilo, ukutholakala, kanye nogesi
- Hlola izimiso zikagesi, zamapayipi, nemishini
[ Isivikelo somphakathi [: Izibalo zivame ukuphatha:
- Isimiso sikaSeptemba sivumela futhi sihlole izindawo ezingenayo indle
- Ukulawulwa kwamanzi anesiphepho nokulawulwa kokuguguleka
- Isivikelo setshe elinomsila kanye nokugada amanzi angaphansi komhlaba
- Ukulahla imfucumfucu okuyingozi
Imiphumela yangempela: Izinqumo zesifunda sezwe zinquma ukuthi indawo ohlala kuyo isahlala noma iyathengwa, ukuthi amapulazi alondoloziwe noma ahlukene phakathi, nokuthi ukukhula kuletha intela edingekayo noma izakhiwo ezikhudlwana. Lezi akuzona izinqumo ezingabonakali zokuhlela ezidala izakhiwo, izindlela, ukukhutshelwa kwesikole, nezinga lokuphila.
Amapaki, Imitapo Yezincwadi, Nendlela Ukuphila Okuhle Ngayo
Izindatshana eziningi zitshala imali ezingeni elizuzisa ukuphila komphakathi ngaphezu kwezinkonzo eziyisisekelo.
Ipaki eliyibalayo: Ukusuka emaqeleni okudlala aseduze kuya ezindaweni zokuzilibazisa zesifunda, izimiso zepaki zamasifunda ziyanikeza:
- Ukucasha imizila, imidlalo, nezindawo zamapikiniki
- Imvelo ivikela izilwane nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
- Izikhungo zomphakathi zinezinhlelo zabo bonke ubudala
- Amachibi okubhukuda, izindawo zokudlala igalofu, nezindawo zezemidlalo
Izimiso ze-Library [: imitapo yesifunda sesifunda iyanikeza:
- Ukuthola izincwadi, imithombo yezobuchwepheshe, nobuchwepheshe ngokukhululekile
- Izinhlelo zemfundo zezingane, ezeve eshumini nambili, nezesilisa
- Ukutholakala kwe - Internet nokuqeqeshwa kwe - computer kwabantu abangasasebenzi
- Ukuhlangana kwezindawo zomphakathi kanye nezinhlelo zamasiko
Ezinye izisekelo : Kuxhomeke esifundeni, ezinye izinkonzo zingahlanganisa:
- Iminyuziyamu nezindawo zomlando ezilondoloza ifa lendawo
- Imikhandlu yezobuciko esekela izinhlelo zempucuko
- Amahhovisi okwandiswa kwezolimo anikeza amakhono okulima
- Izinkonzo zabasizi bezimpi zisiza ababengamalungu ezempi ukuba bathole izinzuzo
Isifundazwe vs. City v. State: Ukuqonda umehluko
Enye imbangela enkulu yokudideka ngohulumeni othatha indawo ihlanganisa ukuqonda ukuthi ubala kuhluke kanjani emadolobheni nasezindaweni. Lokhu akukona nje ukuhlukanisa kwe-semantic ``'] kubonisa izindima namandla ahlukene kakhulu.
Uhulumeni Wedolobha
Geographic Coom:
- Izindawo [ zihlanganisa yonke indawo phakathi kwemingcele yazo, kuhlanganise nezindawo ezingafakwanga uhulumeni wedolobha
- Izakhiwo zibusa kuphela phakathi kwemingcele kamasipala, okungase kube ingxenye encane nje yendawo yesifundazwe
[[UMTHETHO:0] Umthwalo wemfanelo [[[UMTL:1]:
- Izindawo ezinikeza izinkonzo ngokuyinhloko ezindaweni ezingafakwanga, nakuba zingahlangana namadolobha noma zinikeze izinkonzo zesifundazwe (njengezinkantolo noma amajele)
- inikeza izinkonzo ezinjengezinkonzo zamaphoyisa, umlilo, izinto ezisemzimbeni, kanye nokuhlela phakathi kwemingcele yedolobha
[[Umthetho:0] Igunya elingokomthetho[[Umthetho:1]:
- Izibalo[ ngokuyinhloko ziyizikhali eziqondisayo zikahulumeni, ezenzelwe ukusebenzisa umthetho kahulumeni wasendaweni
- Izakhiwo [ ngokuvamile zinamandla abanzi okubusa "sekhaya" ukubusa kwawo ngokwawo ngokuphazanyiswa okuncane kukahulumeni
Isibonelo[: Uma uhlala eLos Angeles County engafakwanga ndawo, isifundazwe sigada indawo yakini, imithetho yendawo ilawula ukusetshenziswa kwezwe, futhi izinkonzo zesifunda sesifunda ziqoqa imfucumfucu yakho. Uma uhlala eDolobheni laseLos Angeles esifundeni esifanayo, i LAPD iphethe ukuthuthuka, futhi izinkonzo zasedolobheni zisalawula indlekohlo. Zombili izindawo zincike eqeshiweni lezinkantolo, okhethweni, impilo yomphakathi, nezinye izinkonzo ezihlanganyelwayo.
Uhulumeni woMbuso
[[Umthetho:0] Umthombo wobungcwele:
- Izifundamo zinobukhosi obuzuzwe ngefa ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, nawo wonke amandla anganikezwanga uhulumeni kahulumeni kazwelonke
- Izinombolo ziyizinhlelo ezingokomthetho zezifunda ezinalawomandla anikezwa yiwo kuphela ngumbuso
Ukufinyelela kwe-Geographic[[FL:1]:
- Izimo zimisa imithetho efanayo esebenza kuyo yonke indawo yabo
- Izibalo[ zisebenzisa leyo mithetho endaweni yakini, zivumelanisa nezidingo ezithile zomphakathi phakathi kwezilinganiso zikahulumeni
[[UMTH:0] Ukungafani okuhlangane[[[UMQONDISO:1]:
- Izimo[ zigxile enkambisweni ebanzi: izindinganiso zemfundo, iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile, izinxusi zokuthutha
- ama-ligie anikeza izinkonzo eziqondile: amajele okusebenza, ukugcina imigwaqo, imitholampilo
I Factor yoBukho be-Dillon: Ezizweni eziningi, imfundiso engokomthetho eyaziwa ngokuthi uMthetho we-Dillon [ isho ukuthi izibalo zingabalwa kuphela amandla okusebenzisa amandla anikezwa ngokuqondile yisishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ukubalwa okuhlukile ngokwengeziwe ezindaweni, okungenza noma yini enqatshelwe ngumthetho-sisekelo.
Ukushaya Indlwabu Ngokweqile
Ngokuvamile isimo esingokoqobo emhlabathini siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu:
[[Umthetho:0] Izindawo zingabekwa ngaphansi kwe[[Umthetho:1]:
- Umthetho nezimiso ezizimele
- Izimiso zikahulumeni nemithetho yokuphatha
- Izimiso Nezimiso Zesifunda
- Imithetho yasedolobheni (uma ihlala endaweni ehlanganisiwe)
- Imithetho yesigodi ekhethekile (izifunda zesikole, izifunda zamanzi, njll.)
[[UMTH:0] Izisekelo zingavela emithonjeni eminingi[[UMTL:1]:
- Izikole zomphakathi ngokuvamile zilawulwa izikole ezizimele, hhayi izikole
- Amanzi nendle ngokuvamile kunikezwa izigodi ezikhethekile, hhayi uhulumeni wesifunda noma wedolobha
- Isivikelo somlilo sasingase sivele esifundeni, edolobheni, noma esifundeni esizimele sokucisha umlilo
- Ukugcinwa komthetho kwakungahilela amaphoyisa asesifundazweni, amaphoyisa asedolobheni, namaphoyisa kahulumeni bonke abasebenza endaweni efanayo
Ukuqonda lezi zingqimba kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ukubusa kungase kubonakale kuyinkimbinkimbi — ngoba ngempela kuyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba kuneziphathimandla eziningi ezihambisanayo ngayinye efeza izindima ezithile.
Indlela Ohulumeni Bezifunda Abasekelwa Ngayo: Ukulandela Imali
Ukuqonda [[[QUT:0] izimali zikahulumeni kuveza izinto eziza kuqala, izithiyo, nendlela izinqumo ezithathwa ngayo.
Imithombo yenzuzo eyinhloko
[[AKT:0] Intela eshibhile: Umthombo wemali enkulu kakhulu kumanani amaningi:
- inqubo yokuhlola: Izibalo zihlola amazinga empahla, bese usebenzisa amazinga entela ekukhiqizeni inzuzo
- Izinga lika-Tax: libonakaliswe njengetshe (ingxenye eyodwa ngamaphesenti) noma ipesenti lenani elihlolwayo
- Ubani okhokhayo[: abanikazi bempahla, kuhlanganise nabanikazi bezindlu, amabhizinisi, nabanikazi bendlu (ngokuvamile abadlulisa izindleko kubaqashi)
- : Izifunda eziningi ziphoqelela izikhonkwane emazingeni entela yempahla noma ukukhula, zilinganisela ukushintshwa kwemali yesifundazwe
Intela[: Intela yokuthengwa kwesitolo eziningi zikhokhelwa ngentengo ye-levy entengo:
- Intela yohwebo esemthethweni: Ifakelwe intela yesifundazwe, ngokuvamile 0.5% kuya ku 2%
- Inzuzo: Ukuwohloka kwezomnotho kunciphisa kakhulu imali ekhokhwayo uma abathengi bechitha imali
- Isicelo sezentengiselwano: Izintela zentela zizwa ziwumthwalo omncane kunentela yempahla ngoba zikhokhwa ngenani elincane
Isimo neFederal Funding: Izibalo zithola imali enkulu ekhokhwa uhulumeni:
- Imali kahulumeni ehlanganyelwe: Izifunda eziningi zihlanganyela intela yeholo, intela kaphethiloli, noma ezinye izinzuzo kanye nezibalo
- Izipho ezinikezwayo: i-Federal nombuso kuyaphana ngezinhlelo ezithile (i-Medicaid, ezokuthutha, njll.)
- i-"impela] nokusekela ngemali[: Ngezinye izikhathi kudinga ukubala kwezifundazwe ukuze kunikezwe izinkonzo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali ngokugcwele, kudala ukucindezela kwemali
[[UMTL:0] Imali kanye nenkokhelo [: Ubalo luncike kakhulu ezinkokhelweni:
- Intela yenkonzo[: Icala lemvume yokwakha, ukungeniswa kwepaki, izinhlelo zokuzilibazisa
- Inkokhelo yemali nenkokhelo : inzuzo yamathikithi omgwaqo, izindleko zenkantolo, kanye nenkokhelo yokulingwa
- Ukuqopha izindleko[: Icala lokuhlela imisebenzi, izibambiso zendlu, kanye namanye amabhukwana
[[UMTH:0] Eminye imithombo yenzuzo[[UMTL:1]:
- Imali yendlu ekhokhelwayo: ukunikeza iziboshwa ezihlala endlini eminye imikhakha
- Iholo elingenisayo: Ukubuya eziqiwini zesifunda kanye nokutshala imali yempesheni
- Imisebenzi ye-Entemplere: inzuzo evela ku-otinete ehlotshiswe ngokwesifunda, izikhumulo zezindiza, noma izibhedlela
Izimo Nezinselele Zokusebenzisa Imali
[Izimfuneko zoHlanziso loHlelo-mali : Ngokungafani nohulumeni kahulumeni, cishe zonke izibalo kumelwe zilinganisele uhlelo lwazo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, zivimbele ukuncishiswa kwemali ngisho naphakathi nokwehla kwezomnotho.
Izinkonzo ezigunyaziwe: Izibalo kumele zinikeze izinkonzo ezithile ezidingekayo ngomthetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni, zilinganisele ukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha. Kwezinye izilinganiso, ama-80% noma ngaphezulu imali yokuhlela imali ifanele ukugunyaza izinkonzo ezigunyaziwe, kushiyeka ukuvumelana okuncane.
[ Izindleko zokunakekela impilo kanye nokunakekela izindleko : Izindleko ezikhulayo zempesheni yezisebenzi nokunakekela impilo ethathe umhlalaphansi kudla izilinganiso ezandayo zezimali zesifunda, kukhinyabeza ezinye imali ezisetshenziswayo.
I-Infrapublicature Deficits: Amashumi eminyaka okunakekelwa kwesikhashana asho ukuthi izilinganiso eziningi zibhekene nezilinganiso ezinkulu zokulungisa umgwaqo, ukubuyisela amabhuloho, nokuthuthukisa inzuzo engenamali yokuzilungisa.
Ifa lenkambuko ye-Revolt: Kusukela ngo-1970 ukuvukela intela, imibuso eminingi iye yabeka imingcele eqinile egunyeni elikhokha intela yesifunda, iphoqelela ukuba ama-aundium enze okwengeziwe ngemali encane kakhulu noma iphendukele ezinkokhelweni ezingathandwa kwezombangazwe.
Isibonelo sohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali lwezwe langempela
Cabangela uhlelo lwemali lwesifunda oluvamile:
[[UMTL:0] [[Umthetho:1] (Imali: AmaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-3,50):
- Intela yempahla: AmaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 1 800 (40%)
- Izintela ezithengiswayo: AmaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 15
- Uhulumeni/usizo lwempukane: amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-49
- UFees nezinye: izigidi ezingu - R2,50 (15%)
[[UMTH:0] Intengiselwano[[FL:1] (Imali: AmaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-3,50):
- Ukuphepha komphakathi (iphoyisa, ijele, izinkantolo): izigidi ezingu - R250 (40%)
- Impilo nezinkonzo zabantu: amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 129
- Imigwaqo nesisekelo sezakhiwo: AmaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 15
- Uhulumeni ovamile (uhulumeni, umqondisi, IF): AmaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 50 (10%)
- Izikweletu: AmaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 12 (5%)
- Amapaki, imitapo yezincwadi, eminye: izigidi ezingu - 25 (5%)
Lokhu kuwohloka kubonisa ukuthi kungani izimpikiswano zokuhlelwa kwemali kwesifundazwe zivame ukuba nezingxabano − kanti 40% iya ekulondekeni komphakathi kanye nakweminye eminingi egunyazwe umthetho kahulumeni, kunendawo elinganiselwe yokuthatha izinyathelo ezintsha ngaphandle kokunyusa izintela.
Izenzo Zohulumeni Besifunda: Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Nezindaba Ezinethonya
Izincazelo ezifingqiwe zemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni esemthethweni ziba nengqondo uma ubona indlela ezidlala ngayo emiphakathini yangempela.
ISiphepho Esiphendulayo: IHarris County, eTexas
Lapho iSiphepho iHarvey sigadla eHouston ngo - August 2017, uhulumeni waseHarris County waba yizikhundla zomholi:
[[UMTH:0] Impendulo eqondene nempendulo:
- Ijaji lasesifundazweni (isikhulu esiphethe eTexas) sahlanganisa imizamo yokuhlenga ehlukahlukene
- Onjiniyela basezifundeni bavula izindawo zokulawula izikhukhula, benza izinqumo ezinzima ezasindisa izindawo ezithile lapho kugcwala ezinye
- Umnyango wezempilo wasesifundazweni wahlola izinga lamanzi nezifo
- Isikhungo sokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo sasesifundazwe saba yindawo yokuqondisa ukuhlengwa
[[Umthetho:0] Isinqumo se Phase[[Umthetho:1]:
- Isifunda esilawula izikhukhula sasesifundazweni saqala ukuhlela izinkulungwane zezigidi zezinhlangano zezemfundo
- Uhulumeni wesifunda wathola usizo kuhulumeni lwezinhlekelele futhi waqondisa ukusakazwa
- Isifunda esivumela amahhovisi ukuba alungise izakhiwo ezivunyiwe futhi avuselele
- Abaphathi besifunda baphikisana ngendlela yokuxhasa isivikelo sikazamcolo esikhathini esizayo
Izifundo zafundiswa: Isiphepho sabonisa ukuthi ohulumeni bezigodi, hhayi amadolobha noma izifundazwe, ngokuvamile bahola inhlekelele ngenxa yokuthi banendawo esendaweni, igunya lezemfundo, kanye nobukhona bebhuthi obusemzileni wezwe ukuze baxhumane ngokuphumelelayo phesheya kwezindawo.
Inkinga Ye - opioid: Izibalo Ezisemigqeni Engaphambili
Umqedazwe we - opioid uye wahlasela kanzima izimali zezigodi nezinkonzo:
Isifundazwe saseCuyahoga, eOhio (Inani eliphansi):
- Amamoreji asesifundazweni egcwele abantu abafa ngokweqile, bedinga amashadi ahamba ngezimoto
- Ijele lasesifundazweni eligcwele iziboshwa ezilwisana nokuluthwa utshwala, okukhuthaza izinhlelo ezintsha zokwelapha
- Izinkonzo zezingane zasesifundazwe zabona ukwanda okukhulu kubantwana abasuswa emakhaya ngenxa yobugqila babazali
- Umnyango wezempilo wasesifundazweni wasungula isimiso sokusakaza i - naloxone, kusindisa izinkulungwane zabantu
[ Ukuphendula okufundekayo [[[QUL:1]:
- Ukusebenzisa izinkampani ezithaka imithi ukuze zithole izindleko, nezinhlelo zokwelapha ezisekela izakhiwo
- Ukusungula izinkantolo ezikhethekile zezidakamizwa ezinikeza ukwelashwa esikhundleni sokuboshwa
- Ukusebenzelana nezibhedlela nezinzuzo ezingazitholi inzuzo ezimisweni zokungenela
- Ukusebenzisa izikhungo ezisangulukisayo njengezingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sokuboshwa ngenxa yokudakwa komphakathi
[ Impatho yezezimali: Izibalo zichitha izigidi zezigidi minyaka yonke zisabela enkathazweni eyenzekayo ngokuqiniswa komthetho, izinkantolo, inhlalakahle yabantwana, izinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo, nezinhlelo zezempilo zomphakathi zesizwe, kanye nenkokhelo elinganiselwe.
Ukwanda Kwasemaphandleni: Kuhlanganisa Izindawo Ezingakalungiseki
Izindawo eziningi zasemaphandleni ziye zahola ekungeneni i - Internet eyandayo:
Isifundazwe, iMaryland:
- Uhulumeni wasesifundazweni wathola izikhala ezinkulu ezivalekile ngokudweba ngemininingwane eminingi
- Iminikelo elondekile kahulumeni neyezesisekelo sesisekelo
- Ukubambisana nabaqashi be - Internet abangabodwa ukuze bandise inkonzo yabo
- Izimiso ezakhelwe izifunda ezisezindaweni zezinkampani ezizimele azikwazi ukukhonza
I-Intact: Ukufinyelela ku-Broadbod kunamandla:
- Abafundi abahlanganyela ekufundeni ekude phakathi neCOVID-19
- Izinkonzo zeTelehealth zixhumanisa izakhamuzi zasemaphandleni nochwepheshe
- Amabhizinisi asekhaya nezisebenzi ezikude ezizothola indawo emaphandleni
- Imisebenzi yezolimo yokwakha ubuchwepheshe bokulima obunembe
Inzuzo yesifunda: Izibalo zivame ukubekwa kangcono kunamadolobha amancane ukulwa nezintambo ngoba zingaba:
- Isidingo esidinga usizo emazweni amakhulu
- Ukungena kwezinhlelo ezidinga imisebenzi emikhulu
- Ube neqhawe elinamandla elihamba nabanamasela
- Ukuqondisa imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yezezisekelo
Ukusungula Inkululeko Yokukhetha: Ukwenza Ukusakaza Kufinyeleleke
Isifunda-Profester County, Washington (Ikhasi):
- Izimiso zamavoti athathwe ngeposi manje zisebenzisezwe lonke futhi zamukelwa ezinye izizwe
- Izimiso zokulandelela amavoti athuthukisiwe zivumela abavoti ukuba baqaphele uhambo lwabo lwevoti
- Izakhiwo zokuvota ezitholakalayo zabavoti abakhubazekile
- Gqiqinisa uhlelo lokusiza izikhulumi zolimi ezingesisiNgisi
[[Umthetho:0] Izambulo[[[Umthetho:1]:
- Uhambo lwamaza omsindo lwanda ngokuphawulekayo uma kuqhathaniswa nokhetho oluhlola indawo
- Izindleko zokukhetha ziyehla njengoba izindawo zokuvota ezibizayo zazingasadingeki
- Uvoter wathuthukiswa lapho kufakwa amasonto okuvota esikhundleni sosuku olulodwa
- Ukuphepha kwebhola kwanda ngokusayinwa kokuqinisekisa nokulandelela
Umthola-msinga wokwamukelwa : Izinhlelo ezintsha ze King County zathonya ukuqondisa kokhetho ezweni lonke, zibonisa indlela izimiso zesifunda sesifunda esithuthukayo ezingaba ngayo izigelekeqe zesizwe.
Abaholi Bendawo Ezungezile: IMontgomery County, eMaryland
Izilinganiso zamathafa ngokuvamile ziholela ezithakazelweni zendawo ezungezile:
[[Umthetho:0] Iqhubekeka-phambili ye-Policies[[Umthetho:1]:
- Izilinganiso zokwakha eziluhlaza okwengca ezazidingeka ezindaweni zesifunda iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba kugunyazwe uhulumeni
- Yenza uhlelo lokuvikela amahlathi avuthiwe oluvikela umpheme wezihlahla
- Izibulala - zinambuzane ezithile zazivalwa ukuze zivikele abathutha impova
- Ngisebenzisa i - accoom accessical acubungula ukungcoliswa kwamanzi esiphepho iChesapeake Bay
- Imigomo yamandla kagesi emisha esungulwe
Impatho yendawo, Izinzuzo Zesifunda: Ngokuvikela ingxenye yayo yeChesapeake Bay eshed, iMontgomery County yasiza ekuthuthukiseni izinga lamanzi kuyo yonke indawo yezifunda eziningi, ebonisa indlela izenzo zendawo ezisingatha ngayo izinselele zendawo yesifunda ngisho nezwe nendawo ezungezile.
Izinselele Ohulumeni Besifunda Ababhekene Nazo Namuhla
Imibuso ibhekene nezinselele ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili ezivivinya amandla negunya layo.
Ukucindezela Kwemali Nezingcindezi Zemali
[[Umthetho:0] Isicaba se-scheeze[[Umthetho:1]:
- Ukulinganiselwa kwentela yempahla kuvimbela inzuzo ekuhambisaneni nezindleko
- Imali ekhokhelwayo yentela ibangela ukungaqiniseki kokusebenzisa imali
- Usizo lukahulumeni nohulumeni luyancipha noma luhluleke ukuhambisana nokwehla kwamandla emali
- Imisebenzi eyandayo idingeka kubantu asebekhulile nezinkinga zezenhlalo eziyinkimbinkimbi
- Izibopho ze - “pensile ” ezidinga imali eningi ziyahlanganyela
[[Umthetho:0] Abashayeli abakhokhelwayo[[Umthetho:1]:
- Izindleko zokwelapha zikhuphuka ngokushesha kunamandla emali
- Izakhiwo zobuchwepheshe ezidinga ukutshala imali njalo
- Ukungalondeki kusongela izikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi
- Ukuguga kwezakhiwo ezidinga ukubuyiselwa, hhayi nje ukunakekelwa
- Amathemba andayo ezinkonzo ngaphandle kwenzuzo efanayo
Ukudamba Okungaphendulwanga
Ngokuvamile izigaba zibhekana nezimfuneko zokunikeza izinkonzo ngaphandle kokusekela imali eyanele:
[[UMTH:0] Izimpawu[[Umthetho:1]
- Ukuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe okuwumphakathi kudinga indawo ejele
- Ukusabela okubangelwa inkinga yempilo yengqondo okugunyazwa umthetho kahulumeni
- Ukuthuthukisa ukulondeka kokhetho kuyadingeka ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali
- Imithetho yendawo ezungezile yayiphoqelela izindleko zokulalela
- Izibopho zokuzivikela komphakathi ngaphansi kwezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo
Impatho: Ukuphoqelela abantu ukuba banqume izinkonzo ezicatshangelwe (amapartk, imitapo, ukuthuthukisa kwezomnotho) ukuxhasa izinkonzo ezidingekayo, noma ukuzama ukunyusa izintela ezimweni ezinzima zezombangazwe.
Iziyalezo Zokuguga
Izindawo eziningi zibhekene nezinkinga zesisekelo:
I-Roads kanye namaBridge: I-National Association of Coualies ibika ukuthi izibalo zinezingu 46% zemigwaqo yomphakathi namabhuloho angu- 38%, amaningi asesimweni esiphansi. Ukuletha isisekelo sesifunda sokulungisa okuhle kungabiza imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R3.
Izakhiwo ezibizayo: Amajele asesifundazweni, izinkantolo, iminyango yezempilo, nezakhiwo zokuphatha ngokuvamile zisukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, zidinga ukushintshwa okubizayo ukuze kufinyelelwe imithetho yesimanje, izimfuneko zokhuseleko, nezindinganiso zokuthola ukutholakala.
Water ne-Sewer: Ezibalweni ezinikeza izinto ezisemzimbeni, amanzi agugile nentambo yendle idinga ukubuyiselwa, kuyilapho i-EPA i-odoctal idinga ukulungiswa.
Izifo Zengqondo Nezifo Zengqondo
Izinkinga zempilo ezibangelwa ukuphakama kwazo:
[[UMTL:0] Umqedazwe [: Izibalo zichitha izinkulungwane zezigidi ku:
- Ukusabela okuphuthumayo kwezokwelapha ekusebenziseni ngokweqile
- Izindleko zobugebengu obuhlobene nezidakamizwa
- Inhlalakahle yezingane zabazali abayimilutha
- Izindleko zokubulala abantu ababulawa ngemilingo eningi ngokweqile
Impilo yengqondo: Ukuguqula ingqondo kushintshela ekunakekeleni impilo yengqondo emiphakathini, kodwa ubalo luvame ukuntula imithombo yemali:
- Amaqembu okungenela abhekene nosizi
- Izikhungo zempilo yengqondo yomphakathi
- Izindlu ezisekela abantu abagula kakhulu ngengqondo
- Izifo eziqubukayo (isifo sengqondo kanye nokuluthwa utshwala)
IJaji eliphetheyo elixhunyiwe: Amajele asesifundazweni aseyizindawo zezempilo yengqondo, indawo abantu abadinga ukwelashwa, hhayi ukuboshwa, kodwa izibalo azikho ezinye izindlela.
Ukuthonywa Kwezombangazwe Nokukhululwa KoMbuso
Urban-Rral Division: Ezizweni eziningi, izibalo zezezombangazwe eziqhubekayo ziyaphikisana nezindlu zombuso ezithatha indawo ehlukile ezibuswa izindawo zasemaphandleni, eziholela ku:
- Imithetho echithayo yoMbuso evimbela izimiso zesifundazwe ngeholo elincane, ukulawulwa kwezibhamu, ukuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile
- Izingxabano ngezindaba zamasiko ezinjenge - LGBTQ namalungelo omphakathi
- Ukungqubuzana kwezinto eziza kuqala ekusebenziseni imali nasenkokhisweni kwentela
Impi Yasekhaya Ukubusa : Amabala afuna ukulawula kwendawo abhekene nomthetho-mthetho owengeziwe olinganisela igunya lawo, ngisho nasezizweni ngamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo wokubusa kwasekhaya.
Ukuzinza Nobuchwepheshe
[[UMTHLO] Usongo olugqamile[[UMTL:1]:
- Ukuhlasela kwe - “fansorware ” kwenza imisebenzi yesifundazwe ikhungathekisa
- Izimiso zokukhetha zihloselwe izitha zakwamanye amazwe
- Ukuphambana kwemininingwane edalula ukwaziswa komuntu siqu
- Izimiso ezithathelwe ifa zingahlaselwa
[[UMTH:0] Imithombo yezinselele[[[UMQONDO:1]:
- Izibalo ezincane azinalo ikhono lokuzivikela okuyinkimbinkimbi
- Imingcele yokusetshenziswa kwemali ilinganisela ukutshala imali yokulondeka
- Ukuncintisana neqembu elizimele ngenxa yekhono lokungawusebenzisi umshini
- Izinselele zokubambisana ezinqamule izimiso ezihlukene
Indlela Yokubambisana Nohulumeni Wesifunda Sakho
Ukuqonda uhulumeni othatha amanani [ kufanele ushukumisele ukuthatha igalelo lomphakathi. Nansi indlela ongahileleka ngayo:
Yiba Nemihlangano Yesifunda
[ I-Board of Commissions/I-Superviers Imihlangano:
- Ngokuvamile kuqhutshwa masonto onke noma nyanga zonke nezikhathi zokuphendula komphakathi
- Ama - agena afakwe kuyi - Internet kusengaphambili
- Abantu abaningi manje bagcina imihlangano kuyi - Internet noma baqophe amarekhodi
- Amazwi akho aba ingxenye yomlando womphakathi futhi angathonya izinqumo
[[UMTHOMBO:0] Imihlangano nokuzilungisa[[UMTL:1]:
- Izihlongozo zokuthuthukisa indawo ohlala kuyo
- Khuluma ngepulani elibanzi lokulungisa ukukhula kwesikhathi esizayo
- Khuthaza ukukhathazeka ngezimoto, ukulimala kwendawo ezungezile, noma abantu abahlala endaweni ethile
[[UMTH:0] Ezinye izibhodi kanye neziKhomishane[[Umthetho:1]:
- Amabhodi omtapo, amapaki nezindawo zokuzilibazisa, amabhodi ezempilo
- Ngokuvamile kulula ukuthonya kunabaphathi besifundazwe
- Amathuba okukhonza emabhodini wena ngokwakho
Yenza Izwi Lakho Lizweke
Izikhulu ezihlangene [:
- Iposi, ucingo, noma ukuhlangana namakhomishane esifundazwe
- Abaningi baba namahora asehhovisi ukuze bahlanganyele emihlanganweni
- Ukuphumelela kwekhono lokufunda kugxila ezindabeni ezithile kanye nemibuzo ecacile
[[[Umthetho:0] Izindatshana zomphakathi ezicelayo[[Umthetho:1]:
- Izifundazwe eziningi zinemithetho evulekile edinga ukuba kubhalwe imibhalo egciniwe
- Izicelo zingabonisa ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani, ukuthi imali isetshenziswa kanjani nokuthi iziphi izinto ezacatshangelwa
Yenza amaqembu omphakathi [[[QLT:1]:
- Izinhlangano zomakhelwane zinesisindo esikhulu kunesamazwi omuntu ngamunye
- Imibono ehlukahlukene emiphakathini eminingi inamandla ngisho nangokwengeziwe
- Izicelo zamanje ezinezisayino eziningi zokubonisa ukusekela okubanzi
Ukuhlanganyela Ezinqubweni Zesifunda
[[Usuku oluthi lwamajikijolo][[Usuku olungenayo][Ukwehla]:
- Iziqulo ngokuvamile zigcina imali esetshenziswayo izwakala ngaphambi kokuba zisebenzise imali yaminyaka yonke
- Leli ithuba lakho lokusekela izinto eziza kuqala noma lokumelana nokusetshenziswa kwemali
- Woza ulungiselele ngezihlongozo eziqondile, hhayi nje ukukhononda
[[Umthetho:0] Ukuhlela [[Umthetho:1]:
- Izibalo eziningi ziqhuba izinqubo zokuhlela ngezikhathi ezithile
- Iziqephu zokukhishwa zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zilolonge izinto eziza kuqala isikhathi eside
- Ukuhlanganyela kwakho kungathonya isiqondiso sesifunda iminyaka eminingi
[[I-FLT:0] gijimela ihhovisi noma Sekela[[[QUL:1]:
- Imijaho yekhomishane yamakhomishane ngokuvamile iba nabambalwa abazobhapathizwa, okwenza ukunqoba kutholakale
- Amabhodi amaningi esifunda kanye namanxusa afuna amalungu ezakhamuzi
- Inkonzo inikeza ukuqonda okungaphakathi nethonya
Hlala Unolwazi
[[Umthetho:0] Landela amaphephandaba endawo[[[QUL:1]:
- Amaphephandaba ezindawo kanye namawebhusayithi ezindaba kuhlanganisa kakhulu uhulumeni wesifundazwe
- Izintatheli eziningi ziye zanikezela izintatheli zikahulumeni
- Imithombo yezokuzijabulisa iqhubeka iphazamisa izindaba zezwe
[[I-FULT:0] Isifunda se-Website :
- Izinkathi, imizuzu, uhlelo lwezimali nemibiko efakwe kuyi - Internet
- Sisayina izixwayiso ze-imeyili ngezihloko ezithakazelisayo
- Bukela imihlangano kulayini uma ungakwazi ukuya unomphela
Sebenzisa izisekelo zesifunda:
- Hambani nivakashele amapaki nemitapo yezincwadi
- Amarekhodi omphakathi wefayela ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi yini kumafayela esifundazwe
- Kube khona izenzakalo nezinhlelo zesifunda-sponsole
Imiphumela yangempela: Izakhamuzi ezimbalwa ezizinikezele ezibonisa njalo emihlanganweni yesifunda zingazithonya kakhulu izinqumo. Okhomishane baqaphela abakhona njalo kanye nezinkathazo zabo ngokuvamile zihlela isimiso esingaphezu kwezicelo ezicashile ezivela kubantu abangalokothi bahlanganyele ngokuqondile.
Ikusasa Likahulumeni Wesifunda
Ohulumeni bamasifunda bayaqhubeka bebhekana nezinselele zamashumi amabili nanhlalo.
Ubuchwepheshe Nokubuyiselwa
Izifunda-zimposiso zesifunda [:
- Imishini yokuthuthukisa ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo nezindawo
- Izimiso zokwaziswa zezesayensi yezwe (GIS) ezithuthukisa ukuhlelwa nokusabela okuphuthumayo
- Ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo ngama - computer kwenza uhulumeni atholakale kalula
- Ukuhlakanipha okuyenziwe okusiza emisebenzini evamile
[[Umthetho:0] Izinkonzo ze-parete:
- Imihlangano engokoqobo yandisa ukuhlanganyela komphakathi
- Kusetshenziswa i - Internet ukuvumela nokunciphisa amaphepha
- Amarekhodi ezinombolo athuthukisa ukungena nokubona ngaphandle
Ukushisekela Izifunda Nokukhangisa
[[Umthetho:0] Izindawo zokuyaluza [[[Umthetho:1]:
- Abangane abahlukahlukene ekuthutheni, emanzini, ekuthuthukeni kwezomnotho
- Izinkonzo eziqinile zokunciphisa amakhophi ezingxenyeni ezihlukene
- Uhlelo lwesifunda olusingatha izindaba oludlula imingcele yezwe
Ukubambisana okuyibala eliseDolobha:
- Izivumelwano zenkonzo zokuphepha komphakathi, ukuthenga imali
- Ukuhlanganyela inzuzo yokuthintana nezindawo ezihlukene zedolobha
- Izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa izomnotho ezihlangene
Ukulondolozwa Nokululama
[[Umthetho:0] Ukulungisa ukuguquguquka [:
- Izifunda ezihlela isimo sezulu esibi, izinga lolwandle likhuphuka, isomiso
- Izakhiwo eziwuhlaza ezinciphisa izikhukhula futhi zithuthukise izinga lamanzi
- Amandla avuselelekayo ezakhiwo zesifunda
[[Umthetho:0] Ukuguqula isimo somnotho [[[Umthetho:1]:
- Imithombo ehlukanisayo yemali ukuze kuncishiswe ukuncike ezintelani zempahla
- Ukusekela amabhizinisi endawo nosomabhizinisi
- Intuthuko yamandla asebenzayo ilungiselela izakhamuzi ukushintsha kwezomnotho
Ukulingana Nokuhlangana
Ikheli eliphikisanayo:
- Izindlela zokuhlola ukulingana kwezinhlanga ezihlola indlela izimiso ezithinta ngayo amaqembu ahlukahlukene
- Ukuthembisana komphakathi okungahlangani nabantu abaningi kufinyelela imiphakathi engavikelekile
- Ukutholakala kolimi lwezilimi kusetshenziswa izikhulumi ezingesi-siNgisi
- Ukuhluleka ukufinyelela ngaphezu kwesilinganiso esingokomthetho
Inguquko elungile[:
- Ezinye izindlela zokunciphisa inani labantu emajele
- Ukubuyisela uhlelo lokwahlulela ngokulunga olusingatha izimbangela ezimpandeni
- Ukuguqula ingcebo akunqumi ukuboshwa kwangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala
Isiphetho: Indima Yohulumeni Besifunda
I- i-'ohulumeni besifunda' ifinyelela kude kakhulu kunalokho okubonwa ama-America amaningi. Izibalo aziwona nje abaphathi abaphakathi abaphethe iziqondiso zikahulumeni.] Ziyizinhlangano ezinamandla eziguqula ukuphila komphakathi ngezindlela ezijulile.
Uma uhamba ngemoto uyosebenza emgwaqweni onemigodi, leyonto eza kuqala. Uma uvota kukhetho, kuleyo ndawo ephethe isifunda. Uma isitolo sokudlela sidlula ekuhlolweni kwempilo, izikhulu zesifunda zakuvikela. Uma ucingo lwe-911 luletha usizo ngokushesha, ukutshala imali esendaweni ekusindiseni ukuphila komphakathi. Uma amarekhodi empahla ekukuvumeleni ngokuqiniseka ukuthenga ikhaya, omabhalane besifunda baqinisekisa. Uma amalayibrary enikeza ukungenela ngesihle, ukutshala izimali nge-interly.
Izwe linendaba ngoba lisebenza ngesilinganiso lapho uhulumeni uba sobala khona futhi ungumuntu siqu. Ngokungafani nama-bureaucracy kahulumeni okude noma ngisho nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinombolo zihlala zitholakala kuzakhamuzi ezivamile. Kungenzeka ukuthi ummeli wesifunda sesifunda udwetshwe encwadini yocingo, ubamba amahora amahhovisi esakhiweni sesifundazwe, nezitolo esitolo sakho sokudla. Lokhu kuthola ikhambi lokulandisa uma uhulumeni wesifunda uhluleka, ungabonisa emhlanganweni olandelayo nezimpendulo ezifunwayo.
Izindawo zokuqasha zibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ngamathuluzi alinganiselwe: izinkinga zezesisekelo ezingenisa imali elinganiselwe, izifo zempilo ezinamandla alinganiselwe okwelapha, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okudinga ukushintshwa okungaphezu kwemithombo yesifunda, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezombangazwe kwenza ukubambisana kwezifunda kube nzima.
Ikusasa lezibalo lixhomeke ezakhamuzini eziboshelwe ukuqonda lokho okwenziwa futhi ezifuna inzuzo. Uma izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ekuhleleni imali ekhona, zihlanganyela ekulaleleni izingxoxo zesifunda, zihlanganyela ekuhleleni imihlangano, zivote, futhi zibeke izikhulu ukuba zilandise, izibalo ziphumelele. Uma izakhamuzi zihlala zingafaki hlangothi, izibalo zilwa nokhetho oluphansi, ukuya ngokungena ngqa emihlanganweni yomphakathi, nezimiso eziklanywe ngezithakazelo ezikhethekile kunokuba zidingesidingo somphakathi.
Ubuhlobo bakho nohulumeni wesifundazwe buphathelene nezindaba zesifundazwe, futhi mhlawumbe ngaphezu kobuhlobo bakho nanoma yiliphi elinye izinga likahulumeni. Isimiso sikaFederal sikuthinta, ngokuqinisekile, kodwa ngokuvamile ngokungaqondile nangesikhathi esidlule. Izinqumo zesifunda zikuthinta ngokuqondile futhi ngokushesha: imigwaqo ohamba ngayo, ukuphepha kwendawo ohlala kuyo, impilo yamanzi akho okuphuza, ubuqotho bokhetho, nokusabela lapho kugadla inhlekelele.
Ngakho esikhathini esizayo lapho ushayela emgwaqweni wesifunda, uvakashela ipaki lesifunda, noma uvote endaweni yokuvota eqhutshelwa esifundeni, khumbula: Uthola uhulumeni wesifunda usebenza. Futhi uma ungakuthandi okwaziyo, unamandla okukushintsha. Phakamisa. Khuluma. Ngoba uhulumeni wesifunda ubaluleke kakhulu kunalokho ocabanga ngakho.
