Ukuqonda UMongameli waseNdiya Ngesimo Sikahulumeni

UMongameli waseNdiya unesimo esikhethekile somthetho-sisekelo njengenhloko yesifundazwe engokwesiko, kodwa ihhovisi lifeza indima ewujuqu ekwakhekeni kukahulumeni ngemva kokhetho oluvamile. Nakuba uNdunankulu noMkhandlu Wezikhonzi benegunya lokuphatha, izenzo zikaMongameli − ziqondiswa ngokucophelela nguMthetho-sisekelo futhi zisungulwe ngemihlangano − ukudluliswa okungokomthetho nokuhlelekile kwamandla. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuningi kwemithwalo yemfanelo kaMongameli, izinqubo, namandla anqumayo ekumiseni uhulumeni, ukuhlanganisa isimiso somthetho-mthetho, inqubo elandela inqubo elandelayo, izitejikelele zemali ezibekwe phansi, nezenzakalo ezingokomlando.

Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo: Izihloko 74, 75, no - 85

Indima kaMongameli ekwakhiweni kukahulumeni isuka ngokuyinhloko ezihlokweni 74, 75, nase 85 zoMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya. ISiphakamiso 74 simisa uMkhandlu Wezikhonzi ophethe uNdunankulu uphethe uMongameli ukuze asize futhi anikeze uMongameli. ISiphakamiso 75 siqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli uzakumiswa nguMongameli nokuthi ezinye izikhonzi zimiswe nguMongameli ngeseluleko sikaNdunankulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSiphakamiso 85 sinika uMongameli amandla okumisa nokukhipha izikhawu zePhalamende futhi sincibilise i-Palamende yeLok Sabba. Lezi zihloko zikha uhlelo lomthetho olusebenza uMongameli.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uMongameli usebenzisa lemibuso ngaphansi kweseluleko soMkhandlu wezikhonzi ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 74 (1). Nokho, inkathi yokukhetha yangemva kokuqala, ngaphambi kokuba kusungulwe uMkhandlu omusha wezikhonzi, ingenye yezikhathi eziyivelakancane lapho uMongameli engase athathe isinyathelo ngokuqondisisa. Lokhu kuqondiswe ukuthi kuphoqelelwe kodwa kuboshwe yimihlangano engokomthetho nesidingo sokusekela izimiso zentando yeningi.

Ngaphezu kwalezizihloko eziyinhloko, uMthetho-sisekelo ulungiselela uhulumeni onakekelayo ukuba alawule izindaba zenqubo kuze kube yilapho uhulumeni omusha efungwe. IKhomishane yokhetho yaseNdiya (]eci.gov.in) yengamela inqubo yokukhetha futhi idlulisele imiphumela kuMongameli, lowo obe eseqala inqubo yokwakha.

Inqubo Yokuhlela Uhulumeni Ngokulandelana

Ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni ngemva kokhetho oluvamile kulandela inqubo emiswe kahle, ehlanganisa imiyalo yomthetho-sisekelo nenqubo yezombangazwe. Lenqubo ivame ukuvela ngezigaba eziningana:

Isaziso Semiphumela Yokukhetha

IKhomishane yeNhloko yokuHlaziya ikhulula imiphumela engokomthetho kuzo zonke iziphakamiso ezingu-553 zeLok Sabha. UMongameli uthola ukuxhumana okungokomthetho neKhomishane, ngokuvamile kanye nohlu lwamalungu akhethiwe kanye nezinkolo zeqembu lawo. Lokhu kuphawula ukuqala koshintsho olungokomthetho.

Ukumenyelwa Eqenjini Elikhulu Noma Ezenkolo

UMongameli uveza iqembu lezombangazwe noma umfelandawonye wangaphambi kokubusa i-copt oye wathola iningi elicacile (okungenani izihlalo ezingu-72). Uma iqembu elilodwa liwela kulomnyango, uMongameli umema umholi walo ukuba akhe uhulumeni. Empeleni, uMongameli unikeza incwadi engokomthetho yesimemo kumholi weqembu elikhulu, abacele ukuba bafakazele iningi labo eLok Sabba phakathi kwefrem yesikhathi esimisiwe (amasonto amabili).

3. Ukwakheka Kohulumeni Bokwamukela Izikhundla Zomunye

Uma kungekho mkhandlu owina iningi, uMongameli umema umholi weqembu elikhulu kakhulu noma umfelandawonye ongabonisa ukusekela kwangemva kokhetho. UMongameli angacela umholi omenyiwe ukuba anikeze izincwadi zokusekela ezivela kwabanye abantu noma amalungu azimele. Lena inqubo ebucayi, njengoba uMongameli kumelwe aneliseke ngokuthi uhulumeni ohlongozelwe angayala iningi elingaphansi kwendlu.

4. Ukumiswa koNdunankulu noMkhandlu Wezikhonzi

Uma umholi omenyiwe esebonisa ikhono labo lokuyala iningi, uMongameli ubamisa ngokomthetho njengoNdunankulu. Ukumiswa kubhalwe encwadini ngaphansi kwesandla nophawu lukaMongameli. Khona - ke uMphathi weSikhulu omusha ululeka uMongameli ngokumiswa kwabanye abefundisi. UMongameli unikeza izifungo zesikhundla nokufihla imfihlo kuNdunankulu noMkhandlu Wezikhonzi, njengakuyi-Thith Shekemey yoMthetho-sisekelo.

5. Uvivinyo Lwasezindaweni Ezisezansi

Phakathi nenkathi efushane ngemva kokufunga, uhulumeni omusha kumelwe ufakazele iningi lawo phansi kweLok Sabba ngevoti yokuqiniseka. Lokhu kuhlola kwaphansi kuvame ukuqhutshwa esiqephini sokuqala sePhalamende elisha. UMongameli umisa ipro-tem Speaker ukuze aqondise lenqubo. Uma uhulumeni ehluleka ukuvikela iningi, uMongameli kumelwe ahlole ezinye izindlela, njengokumema omunye umholi ukuba amise uhulumeni noma, uma kungekho uhulumeni ozinzileyo okhona, ususa iLok Sabha ukuze athole ukhetho olusha.

Ukuhlakanipha KukaMongameli EPhalamende Elinamahunqa

Ukusetshenziswa okubaluleke kakhulu kwemibono kamongameli kwenzeka lapho ukhetho luphumela ephalamendeni elilengiswe, okusho ukuthi akukho mfelandawo noma ukuhlangana kwangaphambi kogudungelwa komhlaba kuvikela iningi elivamile. Esimweni esinjalo, uMongameli unegunya lomthetho-sisekelo lokunquma ukuthi ubani amenywa ukuba amise uhulumeni. Lombuso awukho ongenakunqanyulwa; usetshenziswa ngokusekelwe ekucabangeleni okuningana:

  • Iqembu elilodwa elikhulu kunawo wonke lithi: UMongameli angamema iqembu elilodwa elikhulu kakhulu ukuba lizame ukumiswa kukahulumeni, ngisho noma lingafinyeleli inani elikhulu. Lokhu kusekelwe emhlanganweni ukuthi iqembu elikhulu lithola ithuba lokuqala.
  • Ubuhlobo bePop nomphakathi ocacile: Uma umfelandawonye wamaqembu ungabonisa iningi ngezincwadi zokusekela, uMongameli uyomema umholi walowomfelandawonye.
  • Ukusebenziseka nokungakholeleki: uMongameli ucabangela ithuba lokuthi uhulumeni ohlongozwayo uzohlala eqinile. Umfelandawonye ontekenteke ungaholela kuhulumeni othatha isikhathi esifushane, ushukumisela uMongameli ukuba ahlole ezinye izindlela ezingasetshenziswa.
  • Akukho ukuqiniseka okuvota: Uma umholi omenyiwe ehluleka ukuqinisekisa iningi phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe, uMongameli angacela ukuba ukuhlolwa kwesiteshi esisesitejini esikhethekile kuqhutshwe ngokushesha, noma ameme omunye umholi othi usekelwa kakhulu.

Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, uma kungekho hulumeni ophilayo ongase wakhiwe, uMongameli angaphendukela ekususeni iLok Sabha ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 85(2) futhi ahlele ukuba kukhethwe kabusha. Lena inketho yokugcina futhi isetshenziswa kuphela uma zonke ezinye izindlela ziphelile. Isinqumo sikaMongameli ngalesosikhathi sisekelwe eselulekweni soMkhandlu wabaphathi abahambayo, kodwa esikhathini sokukhetha ngemva kokwamukelwa ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni omusha wakhiwe, uMongameli angathatha isinyathelo ekwakheni noma ehlulele.

Amagunya okuhlakanipha kaMongameli aye aba yindaba yempikiswano engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe. INkantolo Ephakeme, ecaleni eliyingqophamlando .R.Bommai v. Union of India (1994), yaqinisekisa futhi ukuthi isenzo sikaMongameli kumelwe sihambisane nesimiso sentando yeningi nokuthi ukuhlolwa kwaphansi kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuxazulula izimpikiswano eziningi.

Izimo Ezikhethekile: Azikho Izinyathelo Ezingathethelelwa, Iziphambeko, Nokubusa KukaMongameli

Indima kaMongameli ekwakheni uhulumeni idlulela ngalé kwenkathi yokukhetha yangemva kobuso obupholile. Phakathi nesikhathi sokubusa kukahulumeni, izenzakalo ezinjengokungaqiniseki, ukuphambuka ngaphansi koMthetho we-Tenth Scheme (Umthetho wobuNhungu be-Anti-Defefe), noma ukuwohloka kwemishini yomthetho-sisekelo kungabuyisela uMongameli enqubweni yokuklanywa.

Akukho kuhamba okuvumayo

Uma kungenziwanga kunyakazo ongazethembi eLok Sabha, uhulumeni ulahlekelwa yinani lawo. UNdunankulu ushiya phansi, futhi uMongameli kumelwe aqale inqubo yokwakha uhulumeni omusha. Izinqubo ezifanayo ziyasebenza: uMongameli umema umholi weqembu noma umfelandawonye ongayala iningi. Uma kungekho umholi onjalo, uMongameli angancibilikisa iLok Sabba.

Ukuphambana Nezimo

Ngaphansi koMthetho wokunqanda ukunqamuka kwemithetho, abamisi-mthetho abafaka izingozi zokungahlangani. Nokho, ukuhlanganiswa noma ukuhlukaniswa kwamaqembu kungaholela ezinguqulweni zokwakheka kukahulumeni. Uma uhulumeni elahlekelwa iningi lawo ngenxa yokuphambuka, uMongameli angase acele uNdunankulu ukuba aphinde abonise iningi labo. UMongameli akagxambukela ezindabeni zangaphakathi kodwa uqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyajabula ngokuqiniseka kweLok Sabha.

Ukubusa KukaMongameli (Inkondlo 356)

Uma kuvela ukuhluleka kwemishini yomthetho-sisekelo esifundazweni, uMongameli angaphoqelela ukuBusa kukaMongameli ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 356. Lokhu kuhilela ukususwa kukahulumeni kahulumeni nokweqiniswa kwemisebenzi yakhe nguMongameli. Nakuba lokhu kuyinqubo yezinga likahulumeni, kufanelekile ekusungulweni kukahulumeni ngoba uMongameli angasusa futhi anciphe ingqungquthela yemithetho yesizwe futhi ahlele uhlelo olusha. Ukusetshenziswa kweSiphakamiso 356 kuye kwahloselwe ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi S.R. Ro. [maiii] icala lombuso, elivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwalo okungazenzile.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Neziphawulekayo

Umlando waseNdiya wokukhetha unikeza imifanekiso eminingana yendima kaMongameli ekumisweni kukahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezilengiswe ephalamendeni.

[[FLT: 0] 197: Ngemva kwe-Emergency, umfelandawonye weJanata wanqoba iSishaya-Mkhandlu. UMongameli B.D. Jatti wamema uMorarji Desai, umholi wesivumelwano esikhulu kunazo zonke sangaphambi kobumba, ukuze akhe uhulumeni. UDesai wafakazela iningi lakhe ngokunenzuzo.

[[FLT: 0]199: ISivumelwano salahlekelwa yinani laso, futhi i-National Front umfelandawonye, oholwa ngu-V.P. Singh, wavela njengombuso omkhulu. Umongameli R. Venkarataman wamema uSingh ukuba akhe uhulumeni, futhi wakwazi ukubonisa ukusekela kweBaratiya Janata Party nakwesobunxele.

[[FLT: 0]19996: Ukhetho lwaphumela epalamendeni elilengiswe neBJP elivela njengeqembu elilodwa elikhulu kunawo wonke. Umongameli uShankar Dayal Sharma wamenywa uAtari Bihare Vajayee ukuba akhe uhulumeni, kodwa i-BJP yahluleka ukuqoqa ukusekela okwanele futhi yahoxa ngemva kwezinsuku eziyi-13. Umongameli wabe wamema i-United Frontrandm, eyakha uhulumeni ngaphansi kwe H.D. Devewda. Lokhu kwaqokomisa imvume kaMongameli embusweni wezombangazwe obuyabuya ngokushintshashintsha.

1988: Enye i-Lok Sabhaha yabona i-BJP ihola umfelandawo ebizwa ngokuthi i-National Democratic Alliance (NDA). Umongameli K.R. Narayan wamema uVajhayee, owafaka ubufakazi ngokuphumelelayo obuningi bakhe ngemva kokuhlolwa kwesitezi.

2014 no-2019: Kuzo zombili izivotelelo, i-BJP yawina iningi elicacile ngokwayo, yenza umsebenzi kaMongameli lula. Praab Mukherjee noRam Nath Kovindd Mondi bamema uNarendra Modi ukuba akhe uhulumeni ngaphandle kokucabangisisa okukhudliwe.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi nakuba indima kaMongameli ngokuvamile iqondile lapho iningi elisobala likhona, iyagxeka ngezikhathi zobunkimbinkimbi bezombangazwe. izinqumo ezenziwa uMongameli kulezi zimo ziye zathonya imihlangano eqondisa ikusasa ezinhlanganweni.

Ukuqhathanisa Nezinye Izimiso Zentando Yeningi

UMongameli wendima kahulumeni waseNdiya ekwakhiweni kukahulumeni angaqhathaniswa neyabanye abaholi bombuso wesifunda embusweni wentando yeningi. EUnited Kingdom, inkosi (iNkosi uCharles III) imisa uNdunankulu osekelwe kumholi weqembu kanye neningi eMzini Womphakathi. Indima yenkosi ingokomthetho, futhi akuvamile ukuba kusetshenziswe ukwahlulela. Ngokuhlukile, uMongameli waseNdiya unezinga elingcono lokuthatha isinyathelo sokuzimela ephalamendeni elilengayo, nakuba ukuthambekela bekulokhu kulandela imihlangano efana ne-UK.

E-United States, uMongameli uyinhloko kahulumeni futhi uyinhloko kahulumeni, okhethwe ngokuqondile yi-Electoral College. Ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni akuhlanganisi isikhulu esizimele sombuso; uMongameli okhethiwe uthatha isikhundla ngosuku olumisiwe. Isimiso saseNdiya sihlukile ngokuthi uMongameli umisa uNdunankulu okumelwe aqinisekise iPhalamente, ebonisa ukuhlanganiswa kwemibuso yezikhulu neyomthetho.

Ezimisweni zephalamende njengeJalimane, uMongameli we-Federal (Bundespräsident) usikisela ukuba i-Chancellar ibuye eBundestag. Uma kungekho bani abafinyelelwayo, uMongameli angasusa iBundestag ngemva kwesikhathi esimisiwe. Lokhu kufana nokuhlakanipha kukaMongameli waseNdiya esigabeni sephalamende elilengiwe. Nokho, ukuvota okukhuthazayo kweJalimane kokungabi nakwethemba kwenza uhulumeni wakheke ngokungcono.

Umklamo womthetho-mthetho waseNdiya ufaka ngamabomu uMongameli onamandla okulondoloza iziqiwi ukuze alondoloze ukuzinza nentando yeningi. La mandla awashabalali kodwa ahlala ebalulekile kwezombangazwe zesimanje. I-Constitution ye-Indiya[[[FLT: 1] inikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho, kuyilapho imihlangano yezombangazwe iqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokushelela.

Isihluthulelo Sokuthatha Izindawo Nesiphetho

UMongameli waseNdiya ufeza indima ebalulekile yomthetho-sisekelo ekwakheni kukahulumeni, kusukela ekumiseni uNdunankulu ukuba asuse iLok Sabhaha lapho kungekho hulumeni ozinzileyo ongenziwa. Nakuba izenzo eziningi zomongameli zisekelwe eselulekweni soMkhandlu Wezikhonzi, inkathi yokukhethwa ngemva kwenkathi ephawulekayo lapho uMongameli esebenzisa khona ukuqonda. Amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, kanye nemihlangano emisiwe, kunikeza uhlelo oluqinile oluye lwangenisa kokubili izici ezinkulu nezici eziyinkimbinkimbi ezicacile nakodwa eminyakeni engamashumi ayisikhombisa.

Le nqubo isobala: ngemva kokuba i-Ecomtion Commission imemezele imiphumela, uMongameli umema umholi ongase abe umholi, ufaka isivivinyo esisesitezi uma kudingekile, futhi umisa uhulumeni ngokomthetho. Ezimweni ezikhethekile njengepalemende elilengiwe noma ukunyakaziswa okungakholeki, izinqumo zikaMongameli ziqondiswa isidingo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni oyala ukuqiniseka kweLok Sabba. Izenzakalo ezingokomlando zibonisa ukuthi icebo likaMongameli liye lasetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha, ngokuvamile kuphumela ekutheni ohulumeni abaqinile.

Ukuqonda indima kaMongameli kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuhlola nokulinganisela okusemqoka ephalamendeni laseNdiya. Ihhovisi likaMongameli alisona nje isitembu senjoloba; lingumgcini woMthetho-sisekelo phakathi noshintsho olunzima. UPRS Legislative Research ([prinia.org) linikeza ukuhlaziywa kwezimiso zomthetho-mthetho, linikeza ukuqonda okwengeziwe ekwakhekeni kukahulumeni. Ngokunamathela ekwakhekeni komthetho-mthetho-mthetho kanye nesimiso sobupolitiki, uMongameli unezela ekulungiseni isimiso se-demokrasi sesimiso se-demokrasi saseNdiya.