Table of Contents

Ukukhethwa kwabaholi egatsheni eliphethe kumelela enye yezinqubo eziyisisekelo kakhulu ekubusweni kwentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Ukuqonda indlela abaholi abakhethwa ngayo, izimiso ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziswa ezizweni ezihlukahlukene, kanye nemiphumela ejulile lezi zinqubo ezinayo ekuphileni kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke ibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhileleka ngokugcwele ezimisweni zezombangazwe. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi abaholi abaphethe abaphezulu abaqala ngazo ukubusa, izimiso zezimiso ezihlukene ezilawula ukukhetha kwabo, kanye nemiphumela efinyelela kude ezinqunyweni ezikhona lezi zinqubo zokubusa, ukwenza inqubo, nokuhlanganyela kwezenhlalakahle.

Ukuqonda Igatsha Eliphethe Nesiqondiso Salo

Amandla eGatya i-Adminitive Breauth abekwe kuMongameli wase-United States, osebenza futhi njengenhloko kahulumeni noMphathi-Mphathi wamabutho ahlomile. UMongameli unomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho ebhalwe yi-Congress futhi, ukuze aqede lokho, amisa izinhloko zezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise neKhabhinethi. Nokho, isakhiwo nomsebenzi wobuholi obuphethe uhlukile ezimisweni zikahulumeni emhlabeni wonke.

Igunya lenhloko kahulumeni, njengomongameli, umongameli, noma undunankulu, kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwalesosikhundla nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni, njengobuhlobo phakathi kwenhloko kahulumeni nendlu yomthetho, buhluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifunda ezizimele, kuye ngokwesimiso esithile sikahulumeni esikhethiwe, esizuzwe, noma esisungulwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwezakhiwo zezikhulu kubonisa ukuhluka komlando, amasiko, nemongo yezombangazwe okuye kwathonya izindlela zamazwe zokubusa.

Egatsheni eliphethe, isikhulu sikahulumeni siphakeme kakhulu noma siphakeme kakhulu kunawo wonke ezweni eliphethe, isifunda esizimele, indawo exhomekekile, ikoloni elizibusayo, noma omunye uhulumeni ovame ukwengamela ikhathekthe, iqembu lezikhonzi noma onobhalana abahola iminyango yezikhulu. Umthwalo wegatsha eliphethe ngokuyinhloko uhilela ukuthatha nokumisa imithetho, ukuqhuba imithetho yakwamanye amazwe, nokuqondisa imisebenzi yohulumeni yosuku lonke.

Izimiso zobumongameli: Izindlela zokukhetha eziqondile nezingaqondile

Esimisweni sobumongameli, abavoti bezakhamuzi bakhetha umphathi omkhulu (ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi "umholi"). Lesimiso simelela enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokukhetha abaholi abaphethe emazweni entando yeningi, nakuba izinqubo ezithile zingahluka kakhulu kusuka kwelinye izwe kuya kwelinye.

Inqubo Yokukhetha Umongameli WaseMelika

Lesimiso saqala ngendlela yaso yanamuhla eMthethweni we-U.S. futhi sivamile emazweni amaningi ase-Latin America. I-United States inendlela yayo engaqondile yokukhetha umongameli, oyingqayizivele emhlabeni: iElectoral College. Ukuqonda lesi simiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ukuhola okunqunywa ngayo eUnited States.

Inqubo yokunyusela, ehlanganisa nokhetho oluyinhloko nemihlangano ehlotshisiwe, ayichazwanga eMthethweni-sisekelo, kodwa yasungulwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yizigaba zezombangazwe. Lokhetho oluyinhloko luvame ukuqhutshwa phakathi kuka-January noJune ngaphambi kokukhethwa kukawodwa ngoNovember, kuyilapho le mihlangano engapheliyo iqhutshwa ehlobo. Le nkolelo ibonakalisa indlela izinqubo zentando yeningi ezizivumelanisa ngayo futhi zikhule ngayo ngaphezu kwezimiso zazo zomthetho sisekelo sisekelo wokuqala.

Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko Nokusebenzisa I - caucus

Uhambo oluya kumongameli luqala esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokhetho oluvamile. Inqubo yanamuhla ehlanganisa ukhetho lukamongameli wase-U.S. inezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: uchungechunge lokhetho oluyinhloko lukamongameli nohlelo oluququlwe esifundazweni ngasinye, futhi umongameli wemihlangano eqhutshwa yiqembu ngalinye lezombangazwe. Lenqubo ayizange ihlanganiswe eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo, futhi ngenxa yalokho yaqala amaqembu ezombangazwe ukukhipha insimu yababezokuvota. Okhetho oluyinhloko luqhutshwa yizwe nohulumeni bendawo, kuyilapho i-kauclus ihlelwa ngokuqondile yizinhlangano zezombangazwe.

Iqhutshwa yizifundazwe, izipringi zingakhomba ngokuqondile (izigebengu zinquma ukuthi ozobhapathizwa ungubani) noma zingaqondile (izihambeli ezikhethiwe ukuba zikhethe ozobhapathizwa), zivule (amaqembu akhetha ukuthi obani abajoyina ngokuyinhloko) noma zivale (zivumela kuphela amalungu aziwayo eqembu ukuba avote). Lenjhluko kumahlelo ayinhloko okukhetha ibonakalisa isimo esihloniphekile sezombangazwe ezikhethayo zaseMelika futhi zivumela izinqubo zokukhetha ukuba zivumelane nezimiso zokukhetha kwezindawo nezombangazwe zendawo.

Leziziqu zangaphandle nama - caucuse ziyashaqisa phakathi kuka-January noJune ngaphambi kokhetho lukahulumeni, i - Iowa neNew Hampshire ngokwesiko ziphethe isifundazwe sokuqala sikamongameli futhi ngokwesisekelo, ngokulandelana. Isimo esiyinhloko salemincintiswano sibangela amandla kwabathile abazobhapathizwa futhi singawuthonya ngokuphawulekayo umphumela oyinhloko wenqubo yokuqomisana.

I - Electoral College System

I-Electoral College iyiqembu labameli abamiswa nguMthetho-sisekelo abatyunjwe ukuba bakhethe umongameli nesekela likamongameli wase-United States. Izwe ngalinye kwamashumi amahlanu labelwe abakhethi bomongameli abalingana nenani labameleli nabameleli balo. I-ratiation yeSichibiyelo se-23th ngo-1961 yavumela izakhamuzi eSifundeni sase-Columbia ukuba zihlanganyele futhi ekukhetheni umongameli; ziye zahlala zinezimboni ezintathu. Ingqikithi ye-Electoral College ihlanganisa amalungu angu-58.

Ngokwesayensi, okhethweni lukamongameli, abavoti base-U.S. abamkhethi ngokuqondile umuntu ozothatha umfalelwa kumongameli, kodwa esikhundleni sokuvotela "abakhethi" abathembise ukuvotela umbhalisa othile. Inani labakhethi bombuso ngamunye inani lama-Senator (ngaso sonke isikhathi amabili) kanye nenani labameleli eNdlini yabameleli (eyabelwe ngokwenani labantu). Lendlela yokukhetha engaqondile ibiyindaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nobuqotho nempumelelo bayo bentando yeningi.

Umlandeli womongameli kumelwe awine iningi lamavoti agunyazwe ukuba awine — okungenani 270 uma bonke abavoti abangama-58 bevota. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni amandla okunquma ukuthi zingabamisa kanjani abakhethi bazo. Lemfuneko yamavoti amaningi, kunokuba ihlukanise isimiso saseMelika kwezinye imibuso eminingi elandela idemokrasi.

Amandla Kamongameli Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Ngaphezu kwemibuso yezikhulu echazwe ngenhla, umongameli angabuye akhiphe imithetho edluliswa yigatsha lemithetho, elivame ukudinga ithonya elikhulu kakhulu (njengezingxenye ezimbili-ntathu zawo wonke amalungu egumbi ngalinye), ukudlulisa umthetho "over" umongameli weveto. Lo mongameli umelela i-expresso enkulu egunyeni lomthetho futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe linethonya elikhulu enqubeni yokwenza umthetho.

Ngokungafani namazwe amaningi anezinhlobo zikahulumeni wephalamende, lapho ihhovisi likamongameli, noma inhloko kahulumeni, ngokuyinhloko liyisiko, eUnited States umongameli unegunya elikhulu futhi uyisikhulu esikhethwe esinamandla kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Lokhu kubekwa kwamandla esikhulwini esisodwa esikhethiwe esihlukanisa abaphathi abangekho emapalamendeni.

Izimiso ZasePhalamende: Ukukhethwa Okungokomthetho Kwabaholi Abaphethe

Esimisoni sephalamende, izakhamuzi zikhetha amalungu egatsha lemithetho (ngokuvamile elibizwa ngokuthi "isishaya - mthetho"), bese likhetha umphathi omkhulu (ngokuvamile obizwa "umfundisi" kodwa kubhekiselwa kuye ngokuthi "umphathi" eJalimane). Ezimweni eziningi, igatsha lemithetho linegumbi elilodwa kuphela esikhundleni samabili. Lendlela engaqondile yokukhetha ukuhola kwesikhulu idala ubuhlobo obuhluke kakhulu phakathi kwamagatsha omthetho-mthetho nomphathi-mpathiwe.

Imvelaphi Nokusakazwa Kwembulunga Yonke

Isimiso saqala eGreat Britain futhi sivamile emakoloni amaningi aseBrithani (i-Australia, i-Canada, i-New Zealand, neJamaica). Ukwamukela izimiso zephalamende kwanda kubonisa ithonya elingokomlando lokubusa kwamakoloni aseBrithani nezinzuzo ezicatshangelwayo zalesibonelo ezimo zezombangazwe ezithile.

Ezimisweni eziningi zephalamende, kuhlanganise nemibuso ye-monarchy yomthetho-sisekelo, umphathi kahulumeni umholi wezombangazwe kahulumeni, futhi uzakulandisa okungenani egumbini elilodwa lomthetho. Lokhu kulandisa kusishayamthetho kwakha amandla ahlukile amandla ezombangazwe uma eqhathaniswa nezimiso zesimiso sobumongameli, lapho amagatsha aphethe nezomthetho esebenza khona ngokuzimele.

Izinzuzo Zezimiso ZePhalamende

UNdunankulu ngokuvamile uyilungu leqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke, okusho ukuthi umthetho udluliswa kalula; akunakwenzeka ukuba igatsha eliphethe libuswe iqembu elilodwa negatsha elilawula imithetho, njengoba kuye kwenzeka kaningi e - U.S. lokhu kulawula okuhlangene kungaholela ekubuseni okunempumelelo ngokwengeziwe nasekubekeni isibopho sezombangazwe, njengoba abavoti bengabona kalula ngokwengeziwe ukuthi iliphi iqembu elinecala lemithetho nemiphumele.

Ngezinye izikhathi izimiso zePhalamende zihlanganisa inkosi ehileleke kuhulumeni, kodwa ngokuvamile njengomholi wesithombe ophethe amandla angokomfanekiso kuphela (iGreat Britain, iNetherlands, neSweden). Lamakhosi ombuso angokomthetho - sisekelo abonisa indlela izinhlangano ezingokwesiko ezingavunyelelwa ngayo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi kwanamuhla, nezinhloko zemikhosi kahulumeni ezihlala ndawonye kanye nezikhulu ezibusa ngentando yeningi.

Isimiso Se - semi - Presidery Ne - Hybrid System

Ezimisweni ezithatha kancinci, umphathi kahulumeni angaphendula kokubili inhloko kahulumeni nendlu yomthetho-mthetho enikeza izincazelo ezinikezwa umthetho-mthetho wezwe ngalinye. Isibonelo sanamuhla siwuhulumeni waseFrance wamanje, owasungulwa njengeFrench Fin 5 Republic ngo-1958. Lezimiso zenhlanganisela zingahlanganisa kokubili ukubusa komongameli nombuso wephalamende, zidala amalungiselelo akhethekile alawula amandla.

Nokho, umongameli kumelwe akhethe othile ongenza kahle njengesikhulu, kodwa othola ukusekela kwesishaya-mthetho saseFrance, iSishaya-mthetho sesizwe, ukuze akwazi ukukhipha umthetho. Ngenxa yokuthi iningi liyakwazi ukulawula kakhulu ukuxhaswa kwezimali zikahulumeni nomthetho oyinhloko, umongameli uphoqeleka ukuba akhethe undunankulu esigqeni esiphikisayo ukuze aqinisekise umthetho wendlu yomthetho osebenzayo. Kulokhu, waziwa njengobuhlobo bokuhlalisana, ungqongqo wesizwe, kanye nekhabethe, ulawula isimiso sasekhaya, ngethonya likamongameli, ngezindaba zakwamanye amazwe.

Ezinye Izindlela Zokukhetha Namacala Akhethekile

Izimiso ZobuKhomanisi Nezigaba Ezisodwa

Ezifundazweni zobukhomanisi, unobhala jikelele weQembu lamaKhomanisi ungumholi omkhulu, osebenza njengomholi we-de conomo ophethe umbuso nohulumeni. EChina, inhloko kahulumeni engumongameli. Umongameli waseChina uyisikhundla esingokomthetho, kodwa unobhala jikelele weQembu lamaKhomanisi laseChina (ophezulu kumholi wesigaba esisodwa) ubelokhu ephethe leli sikhundla kusukela ngo 1993 ngaphandle kwezinyanga zoshintsho. Lezizimiso zibonisa indlela ukukhetha kobuholi obuphethe okungasebenza ngayo ngaphandle kwesimiso sentando yeningi.

Izimiso Eziqondisa Izokuxhumana

Ezimisweni zobuqondisi, imithwalo yemfanelo yomphathi kahulumeni isakazwa phakathi kweqembu labantu. Isibonelo esivelele yi-Swiss Federal Council, lapho ilungu ngalinye lomkhandlu liphethe khona umnyango futhi livote nezihlongozo ezihlobene nayo yonke iminyango. Lesibonelo sobuholi esihlangene simelela indlela eyingqayizivele yokubusa isikhulu esisakaza amandla kabanzi kunezimiso zendabuko eziholayo.

Inqubo Yokumisa Umongameli E - United States

Umongameli ngamunye omusha oza ehhovisi umisa izinkulungwane zamadoda nabesifazane ukuba basize ekuholeni igatsha eliphethe.

Indawo Yokumiswa Komongameli

Izikhundla abajoyini abathunyelwa kuzo i-OPP zibaluleke kakhulu egatsheni eliphethe: ikhathenathi ne-accobinet ephethe izikhulu, abaholi bezinhlangano ezizimele, nezikhulu eziphethe. Kunye namanxusa (185), amanxusa (94), amabutho ase-U.S. (94), kanye namanye, ingqikithi yokumiswa komongameli okufuna ukuqinisekiswa yi-Igelethi. Leligunya elikhulu lokumisa livumela umongameli ngamunye ukuba amise igatsha eliphethe ngokwezimiso zakhe kanye nefilosofi yezombangazwe.

Amalungu ekhabethe lomongameli amiswa ngumongameli ngemvume yesigele. ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu sizichaza ngokuthi "izikhulu eziyinhloko zeminyango ephethe," kodwa amandla abalulekile aye adlulela ezinsizweni zomongameli ezingezona ezebanga eliphansi. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa isebenza njengesehlo esibalulekile emandleni omongameli, iqinisekisa ukuthi abanyulwa bahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zemfanelo nokuziphatha okuhle.

Ukuziphendukela Kwesimiso Sokumisa

Umsebenzi wobumongameli washintshwa ngezindlela ezine. Okokuqala, ukubuthwa kwezikhulu zezikhulu ngobuchwepheshe kwathatha indawo yamaqembu ezombangazwe njengomthombo oyinhloko wabaphathi. Okwesibili, leli gunya, elaqala ngomuntu oyedwa ophethe embusweni kaTruman, lamiswa kancane kancane njengengxenye evamile ye-White House Office eholwa ngesiqu esinesiqu somsizi kumongameli.

Indima Yezigaba Zezombangazwe Ekukhetheni Ukubusa

Ukhetho lobuholi luwumncintiswano wezombangazwe owenziwa emazweni ahlukahlukene amalungu eqembu lezombangazwe anquma ngawo ukuthi ubani oyoba umholi weqembu lawo. Ngokuvamile, noma yiliphi iqembu lezombangazwe linganquma imithetho yalo siqu ebusa indlela futhi lapho kumelwe kuqhutshwe ngayo ukhetho lobuholi. Amaqembu ezombangazwe asebenza njengemidanti ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni, ehlela inqubo yokukhetha nokunikeza abavoti izinqumo ezinengqondo.

E-Anglecus, amaqembu ezombangazwe eCanada (Inhlangano, iLiberal, i-Dimocratic ne-Green) kanye nase-United Kingdom (i-Labour, i-Libervative, i-Liberal Democrates ne-Green) aphethe ukhetho lobuholi lapho amalungu eqembu evotela uMholi. Le nqubo yangaphakathi ingaba nethonya eliphawulekayo ekugcineni eliba yilungu lesikhundla esiphakeme, elenza ubulungu nezindlela ezibalulekile zokubophela izakhamuzi.

Amasende Nokulinganisela Egunyeni Eliphethe

Uhulumeni Ohlukene Phakathi Ezimisweni Zobumongameli

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umongameli ukhethwa kanjani, isimiso somongameli singaphumela esimweni sikamongameli weqembu elithile lezombangazwe negatsha lomthetho (Conrein) eliholwa elinye iqembu. Ngenxa yalo hulumeni "ohlukene," abagxeki baveza ukuthi kunzima ukumisa imvume, kuyilapho abanye bethi kuyi-search on the quartical . Lokhu kucindezeleka phakathi kwempumelelo nokuziphendulela kuyinselele eyinhloko ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Izindlela Zokulwela Nokususa

Enye inqubo yokungagunyazwa kwemithetho elawulayo esimisweni sobumongameli, lapho isishaya-mthetho singanquma khona ukususa umongameli ehhovisi ukuze asebenze ngezenzo zobugebengu. Lendlela iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nabaholi abaphethe abanamandla kakhulu bayaqhubeka belandisa emthethweni nakubameleli babantu.

Ezimisweni zobumongameli nezingasadlanga kakhulu, umphathi omkhulu (uMongameli) angasuswa ngenqubo yokungagunyazi, engaqalwa ezimweni ezithile kuphela nangenqubo ekhethekile (ngokusho ukuvelela kwemithetho, ukuhlola kwenkantolo engokomthetho, noma kokubili), futhi ukususwa kuhilela ukukhetha okungahleliwe noma ukulandelana okuzenzekelayo kumongameli ongumsekeli.

Ububonisi Obuhle Nempumelelo

UMthetho-sisekelo unika isekela likamongameli imisebenzi emibili kuphela. Okokuqala, isekela likamongameli likhonza njengomongameli weSigele. Kulendima, isekela likamongameli linamandla okuvota amavoti aphula isibopho uma sonke iSigele sihlukene ngokufanayo ngempikiswano. Isekela likamongameli alikwazi ukukhuluma phakathi nezimpikiswano zeSigele, nokho, futhi alikwazi ukuvota kunoma isiphi esinye isimo.

Umsebenzi wesekela likamongameli ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo uwukuthatha indawo kamongameli ofayo, oyekayo, noma ongakwazi ukwenza lomsebenzi. Lendlela yokulandelana iqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kobuholi obuphethe phakathi nezinkinga futhi inikeza uhlu olucacile lwegunya uma umongameli engakwazi ukufeza imisebenzi yabo.

Umongameli ukhonza igama elithatha iminyaka emine futhi angakhethwa kangaphansana kwezikhathi ezimbili. Isekela likamongameli u-(isekela likamongameli) usekela umongameli. Uma umongameli engakwazi ukukhonza, isekela likamongameli liba ngumongameli. Isekela likamongameli lingakhethwa futhi likhonze inani elingenamkhawulo leminyaka emine lamasho abizwa ngokuthi yisekela likamongameli, ngisho nangaphansi kukamongameli ohlukile.

Izinhlangano Eziphethe Ikhabethe Nezisebenzi Eziphethe

IKhabhinethi iyindikimba yombuso eyakhiwa abaholi beminyango engu-15 ephethe. Imiswe nguMongameli futhi iqinisekiswe yiSigele, amalungu eKhabhinethi ngokuvamile angamalungu oMongameli oseduze kakhulu. Amalungu eKhabhinethi adlala izindima ezimbili zomthetho zombili njengabameli beminyango kahulumeni emikhulu.

Imithombo yezomnyango inomthwalo wemfanelo wezindawo ezinkulu zikahulumeni egatsheni eliphethe. Kusukela ngo-2005, kunamende ayishumi nanhlanu: Izentengiselwano, iDefense, i-Electrity, iHealth, iHealth & iNkonzo Yomphakathi, i Homeland Security, Homeland, Houses, Hommeast, i-Urban Development, i-Model, i-Morter, i-Monter, State, Treaty, Treasure, i-Promains. Leminyango iyonke iqa izigidi zabantu futhi isebenzisa imithombo emikhulu, yenza ukuba ikwazi ukuhola kwayo kulawule kahle.

Abaholi bahlola amakhabethe abo ukuze bathole ukwaziswa neseluleko ezindabeni ezibalulekile zenqubo nezinqumo. Nokho, ngokuvamile, ababusi abahlangani nekhabethe lonke ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kunalokho, bayathintana namalungu ekhabethe ngalinye noma baba nemihlangano namalungu angasiza ngendaba ethile. Lendlela eguquguqukayo yokuxoxa nekhathene ivumela amongameli ukuba basebenzise ulwazi olubalulekile kuyilapho belondoloza ukuphumelela ekwenzeni izinqumo.

Izimali Nemithombo Yengcebo

Izici zezimali zokukhetha abaholi abaphethe ziye zaba ezibaluleke kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi wanamuhla. Ukuwina ukhetho kuyabiza. Imali eningi yomkhankaso womongameli ngokuvamile ivela kumakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe (PAC), iminikelo, nakumaqembu ezombangazwe ngokwawo, futhi ayizigidigidi zamadollar ziye zasetshenziswa kuwo wonke umlando ekukhetheni umongameli. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngethonya lemali kwezombangazwe nokufinyelela kwehhovisi lesikhulu kwabafuna ukuthatha izivumelwano ngaphandle kokusekela okungokwezimali.

Ngenxa yezinguquko emikhankasweni yezezimali yesizwe kusukela ngawo 1970 ngokuphathelene nokuvezwa kweminikelo yemikhankaso kahulumeni, abameleli bomongameli bamaqembu amakhulu ezombangazwe ngokuvamile bamemezela izinhloso zabo zokuhamba phambili ngokushesha entwasahlobo yekhalenda elandulela unyaka ngaphambi kokhetho (cishe izinyanga ezingu - 21 ngaphambi koSuku Lokuqala). Isimiso somkhankaso esinwetshiwe sibonisa kokubili ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi bemikhankaso yanamuhla nesidingo sokwakha izinhlangano ezisekela imali ezikwazi ukusekela imizamo yeminyaka eminingi.

Izimfune Zezakhamuzi Nokuhlanganyela Ngokwentando Yeningi

Amandla Omsindo

Izakhamuzi zaseMelika zinelungelo lokuvotela umongameli nesekela likamongameli ngesihle, ngamavoti ayimfihlo. Lelilungelo eliyisisekelo limelela isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi nenqubo eyinhloko izakhamuzi ezilawula ngayo ukuhola kwezikhulu. Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa lelilungelo ngokuphumelelayo idinga ulwazi ngesimiso sokhetho, izikhundla zabazohlolwa, kanye nomongo wezombangazwe.

Kuyidemokrasi, izikhulu zikahulumeni zikhethwa abantu futhi zikhonza isikhathi esithile esibizwa ngokuthi igama lesikhundla. Kuye ngemithetho kazwelonke, isikhulu singasebenzisa i-common uma sesiphelile. Isimiso sikahulumeni wethu sibizwa ngokuthi idemokrati emelela intando yeningi. Lokhu kumelela kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi akumelwe zicabangele ngokucophelela izithembiso zamanje kuphela kodwa futhi futhi nokuba zifeze lonke igama lesikhundla.

Isivumelwano Esingaphezu Komsebenzi

Nakuba ukuvota kumelela indlela eqondile yokuhlanganyela ekukhetheni iziphathimandla, ukubopha ngentando yeningi kudlulela ngalé kwebhokisi lokuvota. izakhamuzi zingathonya inqubo yokukhetha ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuhlanganyela okhethweni oluyinhloko, ukuya ezindaweni zokuvota, ukuvota, ukuvolontisana emikhankasweni, ukwenza iminikelo yezimali, nokuhlanganyela ekusebenziseni igunya lezombangazwe.

Ukuqonda inqubo yokukhetha izikhulu kunika izakhamuzi amandla okugcina abaholi benobufakazi babo bonke ezikhundleni zabo. Ngokwazi ukuthi abaholi bakhethwa kanjani nokuthi banamaphi amandla, abavoti bangahlola kangcono ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziyazifeza yini izithembiso zazo zomkhankaso futhi zisiza umphakathi ukuba uthakazelele isithakazelo. Lolwazi lusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone lapho amandla aphethe esetshenziswa kabi noma lapho iziphetho nezilinganiso zihluleka ukusebenza kahle.

Ithonya Enqubweni Yomthetho Neyokubusa

Indlela abaholi abaphethe abakhethwa ngayo inemiphumela ejulile ezinhlotsheni zezimiso eziphishekelwa ohulumeni nokuphumelela abakubusa ngazo. Izimiso zikamongameli, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwabo amandla nokwehlukana kukahulumeni, zingaveza izinguquko ezingokwezimiso ezihlukene futhi zidinge ukuyekethisa okukhulu phakathi kwamagatsha. Izimiso zePhalamende, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwazo kwamandla ombuso nemithetho, zingabangela ukushintsha ngokushesha okukhulu nokubanzi lapho ohulumeni beshintsha.

Amandla aye ageleza kakhulu eGatsheni Eliphethe, eliphumela emandleni omongameli achazwa hhayi ngokwesiko loMthetho-sisekelo owadalwa phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka adlule. Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, ukukhula kwezwe lokuphatha nokuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo kumandla egatsha omthetho aqinisa amandla omthetho kadephayo. Lokhu kwakhiwa kwamandla esikhulu kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuqapha kwezakhamuzi nokuzibopha ekulondolozeni ukulandisa ngentando yeningi.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izingxoxo Ezisekholijini Electoral

E-United States, umongameli akanqunywa yivoti ethandwayo yesizwe kodwa yi-Electoral College — isimiso esiphelelwe isikhathi nesingalawuleki ngezinye izikhathi esiveza imiphumela ephambene nokukhethwa kweningi labavoti baseMelika. Ezikhathini ezinhlanu, kuhlanganise nezimbili kweziyisithupha zokugcina, abazomkhetha baye bawina iElectoral College, futhi kanjalo abaholi, naphezu kokulahlekelwa yivoti ethandwayo ezweni lonke. Lokhu kuveza imiphumela ethandwayo neyintando yokhetho kuye kwabhebhethelela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngenguquko yezekhethelo.

I-Electoral College inomsuka wobandlululo lobuhlanga — lapho isungulwa, isebenzisa izinombolo ezintathu, ezanika izifunda zezigqila inzuzo ende ezingxenyeni zezigqila eNingizimu — futhi iyaqhubeka ilulaza amandla ezombangazwe abavoti bemibala. Ifaka umnyango wobumongameli ukuze igxile enanini elincane kakhulu "amazwe ahambayo". Zizonke, lezi zici ezinamandla ziye zabangela ukuphikisana ngesimiso sobudemokrati.

Izimfuneko Zokuguqula Izwe

Ukuze iUnited States ibe intando yeningi engcono kakhulu, abashisekeli benguquko bafuna ukuba umongameli anqunywe esikhundleni salokho ngevoti ethandwayo yesizwe, eyosiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi wonke umvoti ubaluleke ngokulinganayo. iziphakamiso ezihlukahlukene zokuguqula ziye zathuthukiswa, kuhlanganise neNational Popular Vote Intertate Convention Convention, engasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo ukuvota okuthandwayo kwesizwe ngaphandle kokufuna ukuncitshiswa komthetho - sisekelo.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngezimiso zokuvota nokubusa kwentando yeningi, imithombo yezobuchwepheshe enjenge-' Brennan Center for Justice inikeza ukucwaninga okukhulu nokuhlaziya ngamalungelo okuvota nangamathuba okukhetha. [ USUSA.gov inikeza ulwazi olubanzi ngezinqubo zikahulumeni namathuba okuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi.

Imibono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nokuhlaziya Okuqhathanisa

Ukuhlola indlela amaqembu ahlukene ngayo abaholi bawo abaphethe anikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngamandla nobuthakathaka bezimiso ezihlukahlukene. Lapho i-United States isebenzisa isimiso sayo esiyingqayizivele seElectoral College, idemocracy eningi isebenzisa amavoti athandwayo aqondiswe ngokuqondile kumongameli noma abaphathi abakhethwe ephalamende. Amanye amazwe aye azama izimiso ezixubile ezizama ukuhlanganisa izinzuzo zazo zombili lezindlela.

Umthetho wokhetho ohloniphekile waseMelika uphambene nezinye izinhlelo zedemokrasi. Inqubo yokukhetha umongameli wase-U.S., njengazo zonke ezinye izinqumo e-United States, iyisimiso esihloniphekile kakhulu. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umise imingcele yokukhetha umongameli nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni, umthetho kahulumeni, hhayi uhulumeni, ulawula izici eziningi zokhetho e-U.S., kuhlanganise ne-Prixmary, ukufaneleka kokhetho (ngaphandle kwencazelo eyisisekelo yemithetho yezwe), kanye nemininingwane eqondile yokusebenzisa ukhetho lwekholiji ngalinye. Ukhetho lwezwe ngalinye, kuhlanganise nohulumeni, lulawulwa yimibuso ngayinye. Ngakho, umongameli uhlawulo luyingxube yezwe elihlukene esikhundleni sokuvota uhulumeni wombuso owodwa.

Indima Yenkulumo Yemithombo Yezindaba Neyeningi

Izinqubo zokukhetha izikhulu zanamuhla zithonywe kakhulu ukunikeza izinkulumo zezindaba nezomphakathi. Izimpikiswano zombutho wobumongameli, izikhangiso, ukusakaza izindaba, nokusakaza imithombo yezindaba, nokwandayo kwezenhlalo yezokuxhumana konke kuthonya indlela abafuna ukubhapathizwa abathathwa ngayo nendlela abavoti abazenza ngayo izinqumo. Indima yemithombo yezindaba ekufuneni abazocela ukugada, iziphakamiso eziyiqiniso, nokulungiselela izimemezelo zokukhetha inqubo yomphakathi.

Ukuvela ngokushesha kwamaqembu ezombangazwe kwaholela ekubeni kube nendima yemihlangano yokukhetha, yokukhetha okuyinhloko, nokunye ukuchaza ngokusemthethweni ekukhetheni umlandeli wobumongameli weqembu. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bezezindaba buye bavela, kanjalo futhi namacebo omkhankaso nezindlela abafuna ukuvota abavoti abaxhumanisa ngazo. Ukuqonda ukufunda nokuhlaziya ukwaziswa kwezombangazwe ngokunengcingo kuye kwaba ikhono elibalulekile lokuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi.

Imingcele Yezinombolo Nokushintsha Kwezinkambiso

Abameli bakhethwa ukuba bathathe isikhundla iminyaka emine. Umongameli wokuqala wezwe, uGeorge Washington (17322-1799; wasebenza 1789-97), ubeka isibonelo sezingxenye ezimbili ngokwenqaba ukugijima isikhathi sesithathu sesikhundla. Lelisiko kamuva lahlanganiswa eSigqibeni seSigqizo sesikhathi esingamashumi amabili, esilinganisela amakhosi ngokwemithetho ukuba abe ngamagama amabili. Imingcele iqinisekisa ukushintshwa njalo kwabaholi futhi ivimbele ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla okungatholakala ngokunwetshwa kwesilinganiso.

Ukudluliswa ngokuthula kwamandla phakathi kwabaphathi kumelela esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zentando yeningi. Khona - ke uMkhandlu uveza imiphumela ekuqaleni kuka-January, futhi igama lomongameli liqala ngoSuku Lokwamukelwa, oluye lwamiswa kusukela ekudluleni kweSichibiyelo samashumi amabili ngoJanuary 20. Lenqubo yokushintsha okuhlelekile, kanye nemithetho yayo engokomthetho nemikhosi, iqinisa isimiso sokuthi amandla aphethe atholakala kubantu kunokuba athathwe kubantu abaphethe.

Ikusasa Lokukhetha Okuphethe

Njengoba idemokrasi iqhubeka iguquka, futhi izindlela abaholi abaphethe abakhethwa ngazo. Intuthuko yezesayensi yobuchwepheshe ingenza ukuba izindlela ezintsha zokuhlanganyela ezakhamuzini, kusukela ekuvoteni nge-inthanethi kuya kumahholo amanani edolobha. Izinguquko zeze-demographic kanye nezinhlanganisela zezombangazwe ezishintshashintshayo ziyothonya kokubili ababalekela isikhundla nendlela imikhankaso eqhutshwa ngayo. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, nezinye izinselele zembulunga yonke zingabuyisela izinto eziza kuqala kubaphathi abaholi abaphethe.

Impikiswano eqhubekayo ngezimiso zokukhetha iphakamisa imibuzo ejulile ngezindinganiso zentando yeningi nezinto eziza kuqala. Ingabe izimiso kufanele zifake phambili ukuma okulinganayo noma ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo? Ingabe kufanele zivumele ukuzinza nokuqhubeka noma ukusabela ukuba kuvumelane nombono womphakathi oshintshayo? Ingabe kufanele kukwenze kube lula noma kube nzima kakhulu ngezindawo ezintsha nabafuna ukuncintisana? Lemibuzo ayinazimpendulo ezilula, futhi imiphakathi ehlukene ingase ifinyelele iziphetho ezihlukene ezisekelwe ezimweni nasezinkonzweni zayo ezihlukile.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuba Umninikhaya Osufundelwe

Ukuqonda indlela abaholi abakhethwa ngayo kumane kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi.

  • Bhalisa ukuba uvote futhi uqinisekise ukwaziswa kokubhalisa kusekhona
  • Izimo zokucwaninga, izizinda, kanye namarekhodi phambi kokhetho
  • Ukuhlanganyela okhethweni oluyinhloko nasekusebenziseni iziyalezo zokuthonya ukumiswa kweqembu
  • Abazoya emaholidini, emahholo amadolobha, nasezimpikiswaneni zokuzwa ngokuqondile kubantu abazobhapathizwa
  • Zivolontiye emikhankasweni noma ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe ezivumelana nezindinganiso zomuntu siqu
  • Ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuze ziveze imibono ezindabeni ezibalulekile
  • Zitshele ngezenzakalo zamanje ngemithombo yezindaba ehlukahlukene, enokwethenjelwa
  • Xoxa ngezinto zezombangazwe nabangane, umkhaya, nomphakathi
  • Sekela imizamo yemfundo yomphakathi esiza abanye ukuba baqonde izinqubo zentando yeningi
  • Izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziyolandisa ngokuhlola umsebenzi wazo esikhundleni

Izinhlangano ezinjenge I-League of Women Voters inikeza imithombo yemfundo engavoti namathuba okuthembisa umphakathi. iVote.org inikeza amathuluzi okubhalisa, izicelo ze-collee ease, kanye nokuhlola indawo yokwaziswa.

Indima Ebanzi Yokubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Izinqubo zokukhetha eziphethe azikho ngokuzihlukanisa kodwa kunalokho zakha ingxenye yezimiso ezibanzi zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ubuhlobo phakathi kweziphathimandla, izishaya - mthetho, nokwahlulela; indima yamaqembu ezombangazwe nezinhlangano zomphakathi; isivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye nezithakazelo ezimbalwa; futhi izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano ezinokuthula konke kuthintana nokuhlela indlela ukusebenza kwentando yeningi ngayo.

Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States uhlukanisa uhulumeni kahulumeni ube ngamagatsha amathathu ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi akukho muntu noma iqembu eliyoba namandla amakhulu: Imithetho ye-Legistgatity : IMithetho yemithetho (Indlu yabameleli neSigebengu). Lokhu kwahlukana kwemibuso, kuhlangene nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola nokulinganisela, kwakha isimiso esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ubushiqela kuyilapho senza ukuba kusebenze ngokuphumelelayo.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Oqhubekayo Wentando Yeningi

Ukukhethwa kwabaholi abaphethe kumelela ukubonakaliswa okuyisisekelo kobukhosi obuthandwayo nokuzibusa ngentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokhetho oluqondile lukamongameli, ngokukhetha izikhulu eziphethe, noma ngezimiso ezixubile ezihlanganisa izici zombili, inqubo izakhamuzi ezikhetha ngayo abaholi bazo ziwulolonga kakhulu uhulumeni kanye nezinga lokuphila kwentando yeningi.

Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, kwenza abaholi balandise, futhi basebenzele izinguquko eziqinisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Njengoba izimiso zezombangazwe ziqhubeka zisabela ezinkingeni nasemathubeni amasha, izakhamuzi ezinolwazi nezibolewe zisebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukukhethwa kwesimiso sokubusa kufeza izindinganiso ezinhle zomphakathi futhi zibonisa izindinganiso zentando yeningi.

Impilo yentando yeningi ayixhomekile ezimisweni ezihleliwe nezinqubo abaholi abakhethwa ngazo kuphela kodwa nasekuhlanganyeleni okumatasa kwezakhamuzi eziqonda lezizinqubo futhi ezisebenzisa ulwazi lwazo ukuze zilolonge imiphumela yezombangazwe. Ngokufunda indlela abaholi abaphethe abakhethwa ngayo, behlanganyela enqubweni yezombangazwe, futhi bebheka izikhulu ezikhethiwe njengesibopho sokulandisa, izakhamuzi zifeza imithwalo yazo yemfanelo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi futhi zisize ziqinisekise ukuthi uhulumeni ukhonza abantu ngempela.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngohlelo lukahulumeni nokuhlanganyela komphakathi, izinqolobane zeNational Archives zinikeza ukusungulwa kwezincwadi nemithombo engokomlando, kuyilapho izinhlangano ezinjenge isikhungo se-CUBT Education[ inikeza izinhlelo zokufundisa kanye nezinto zokufundisa zezakhamuzi zabo bonke ubudala. Lemithombo ingasiza ekuqondeni ngokujule kwezinhlelo zedemokhrasi futhi ibangele ukuhlanganiswa kwemibuso yesizwe.

Ukukhethwa kwabaholi abaphethe kuyoqhubeka kushintsha njengoba imiphakathi ishintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha. Ngokuhlala unolwazi, uhlanganyela ngenkuthalo, futhi usebenzele ukuqinisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lezi zinqubo zihlale zisabela ekuthandeni kwabantu futhi zikwazi ukuveza ukuhola okuphumelelayo, okuyolandisa izizukulwane ezizayo.