Uhulumeni wase-United States uhlelwe ngesimiso esiyisisekelo: ukwahlukana kwemibuso. Ngokuhlukanisa uhulumeni kahulumeni ohlangene ube ngamagatsha amathathu ahlukile, isikhulu, nokwahlulela − ngalinye elinemithwalo yalo yemfanelo negunya. Lomklamo awuzenzakaleli; uyisivikelo samabomu ekubuseni unya, esihloselwe ukuvimbela noma imuphi umuntu noma iqembu ukuba lithole amandla anganqandeki. Ngokuphoqelela amagatsha ukuba asebenzisane kuyilapho ewanika amathuluzi okuvimbelana, lesimiso siveza ukulinganisela okunamandla okuye kwalondoloza ukubusa kwentando yeningi okuye kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka. Ukuqonda indlela igatsha ngalinye elisebenza ngayo futhi kungani lezizinto zokwehlukana zibalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukusebenzelana nohulumeni wazo.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Izwi Labantu Ekubekeni Imithetho

Igatsha lemithetho, elamiswa eSiphakamisweni I soMthetho-sisekelo, liyindikimba eyinhloko yokwenza umthetho kahulumeni kahulumeni. Lo mqulu waziwa njengeSishaya-mthetho, uhlanganisa amagumbi amabili: Indlu yabameleli [ kanye ne [[FLT] ```FLT] SATE[. Lo sakhiwo se-bimeral sasiyi-sed phakathi kwezifundazwe ezinkulu nezincane phakathi kwe-Convention ye-Constitutional, kodwa futhi sifeza injongo ejulile: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho wamukela impikiswano ephelele futhi ubonisa ububanzi benani lezithakazeko.

Indlu Yabameleli

Indlu iklanyelwe ukuba ibe yigumbi eliseduze kakhulu nabantu. Amalungu ayo asebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emibili, ewenza alandise ngokuqondile kubantu abawamele. Incazelo isekelwe emphakathini, ngakho inabantu abaningi kunabameleli abaningi. Leli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuthi izwi leningi lithwala isilinganiso esilinganayo. Indlu iphethe amandla akhethekile okusungula izikweleti zemali (umthetho wentela) kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli.

ISigele

ISigele, ngokwehlukile, simelela izifundazwe ngokulinganayo − isifundazwe ngasinye sithumela izimemezelo ezimbili ze-senet kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inabantu abaphi. Abakhokhi basebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha, abenza bangabi nombono womphakathi oshintshayo futhi abavumela ukuba babheke izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Imibuso eyingqayizivele yeSigeqe ihlanganisa ukumiswa komongameli (amalungu e-cabinet, amajaji ombuso, amanxusa) kanye nezivumelwano zokuqinisa. Ibuye ibambe igunya lokuqhuba amacala anzima.

Kuzo zombili lezi zikhungo kumelwe zidlulisele izinombolo zemali ezifanayo ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe kumongameli. Le nqubo ihilela ukuqulwa kwamacala amakomiti, ukuchonywa kwemithetho, izimpikiswano zaphansi, namakomiti angenzeka engqungquthela. Indima yegatsha lemithetho ayikona ukushaya imithetho nje kuphela; futhi yengamela igatsha eliphethe ngokuzwa, ngokuhlola, namandla esikhwama semali. Ngokwesibonelo, iSishaya-Mnyango silawula yonke imali esetshenziswa nguhulumeni, sinike umongameli indima ebaluleke kakhulu.

Enye yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokubona indlela iziKhongolo ezisebenza ngayo iwukulandela intuthuko yesivumelwano .Gov, indawo engokomthetho yokwaziswa kwemithetho kahulumeni. Lapho ungalandela umthetho kusukela esingenisweni kuya ekumisweni, ekuhlolweni, ekuqulweni kwekomiti, futhi ufunde iCongregational Record.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Lishaya Imithetho

ISiphakamiso II samandla okulawula kuMphathiswa we-United States, okhonza kokubili njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi kahulumeni. Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhomishane, ukuqondisa uhulumeni, ukuqhuba umthetho wangaphandle, nokuyala amabutho ahlomile. Umongameli ukhethwa njalo eminyakeni emine ngesimiso se-Electoral College futhi ulinganiselwe kumagunya amabili ngeSinyuselo sama-22.

Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Kamongameli

Umongameli unemibuso eminingana ehlukile yomthetho-sisekelo: ukusayina izikweleti zomthetho (noma ukuzifaka), ukumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni (ezineziqinisekiso zeSigele), ukukhipha iziyalo zezikhulu, ukunikeza izintethelelo, nokukhonza njengomphathi-nhloko yezempi. Iziqondiso eziphethe izimvume zivumela umongameli ukuba aqondise imisebenzi kahulumeni kahulumeni, kodwa kumelwe abekwe egunyeni elikhona noma lomthetho-mthetho. Amandla iveto angenye yezivivinyo ezibaluleke kakhulu eziphethe umphathi wendlu yezempi . //ngokwenqaba isikhwama somthetho, amabutho kamongameli uHulumeni ukuba aphinde ahlole noma azame ama-3.

IKhabhinethi Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Umongameli usekelwa ikhabethe lezikhulu ezingu-15 zeminyango ephethe (njengezwe, iSikhungo, iMali, neJaji), kanye nezinye izikhulu eziphethe. Le minyango kanye nezinhlangano zayo ezingaphansi kwenza umsebenzi wansuku zonke kahulumeni, kusukela ekuqoqeni izintela, ukuthatha amaphasishi okuya ekuqondiseni ukuphepha kokudla. Igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa izigidi zezakhamuzi nezisebenzi zezempi, lilenza libe igatsha elikhulu kakhulu ngokwemisebenzi yezisebenzi nangemali.

Isici esiyinhloko segatsha eliphethe indima yalo ekulolongeni isimiso ngezenzo zokuqondisa. Izinhlangano ze-Federal zikhipha imithetho echaza futhi isebenzise imithetho, futhi lezimiso ziphethe umthetho. Lenqubo ilawulwa yi-Administrative Proceduture Act, edinga izinhlangano ukuze zikhiphe imithetho ehlongozwayo, zivume ukukhulumela kwasobala, futhi zinikeze iziluleko ezicatshangelweyo zezinqumo zazo zokugcina. Ungafunda okwengeziwe ngezimiso zikahulumeni nangenqubo yokushaya umthetho .vv

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza UMthetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela, elimiswe eSiphakamisweni III, libekwa icala lokuchaza imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuthi iyavumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sihlanganisa izinkantolo zesifunda (izinkantolo zenkantolo), izinkantolo zesifunda zezicelo, neNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu yase-United States. Ngokungafani namanye amagatsha, amajaji ombuso amiswa ukuze aphile − athobele ukuziphatha okuhle kuphela — okuyivikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi iwavumela ukuba enze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni nasemqokasweni kunokuba kube nombono ovamile.

INkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni futhi inesiphendulo sokugcina emibuzweni engokomthetho-sisekelo. Ithuluzi layo elinamandla kakhulu yilempinda , igunya lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingavumelani nomthetho. Lamandla asungulwe embukisweni wezwe [[FLT:] Marbury v. Madison, lapho uMahluleli omkhulu John Marshall abhala khona ukuthi “kugcizelelwe kakhulu isifundazwe nomnyango wokwahlulela ukuthi umthetho uyini.” Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, iNkantolo ishaya amakhulukhulu emithetho yomthetho yezwe neyophula izimiso zomthetho.

INkantolo ilalela ingxenye encane kakhulu yamacala abekwa kuyo cishe 70 kuya ku-80 ngonyaka ngenxa yezicelo ezingaphezu kuka-7000. Icala likhethwa ngenqubo “ye-certiori”, edinga amavoti okungenani amane kwabaphathi abayisishiyagalolunye. Izinqumo zeNkantolo zibeke isisekelo esibophayo kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi futhi zingagumbuqelwa kuphela ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme noma ngenqubo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ezinye zezinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu ezilandelanayo ziye zaguqula ukuphila kwaseMelika: Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) yaqeda ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi; imanda v. Arizona [196] yamisa imfuneko yokuba amaphoyisa azise amalungelo awo; CITSIZENNNNNNNN COQU[[FL:][20:0]) i-Rekhodi yomkhankaso yezekelo yezekelo.

Ukuhlola amacala amanje nokwazi okwengeziwe ngomsebenzi weNkantolo, vakashela i-website esemthethweni yeNkantolo Ephakeme.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela: Indlela Amagatsha Alinganisela Ngamanye Ngayo

Ukuhlakanipha kokuhlukanisa amagunya akukona nje ukuhlukanisa igunya, kodwa ekunikezeni igatsha ngalinye izindlela zokumelana nokungezwa ezinye. Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingabusa uhulumeni. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza amandla amaningi ahlukene ahlanganisayo abambisanayo futhi avimbela ukuxhashazwa.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

  • ISishaya - mthetho singathatha indawo kamongameli ngengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuzo zombili izintambo.
  • ISigele siqinisekisa noma silahle ukumiswa komongameli (amalungu e - cabinet, amajaji, amanxusa).
  • Uhulumeni ulawula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni futhi ungenza izinhlelo zokuphatha zinciphe.
  • Indlu ingamkhipha umongameli, futhi iSigele singamkhipha esikhundleni.
  • ISishaya - mthetho singaphenya futhi siqule amacala ukuze siqondise izenzo zezikhulu.

Ukuqondisa Isimiso Sezomthetho Kuhlola Imithetho

  • Umongameli angakhipha umthetho omiswe uMkhandlu.
  • Umongameli angabiza uMkhandlu ukuba ube isimiso esikhethekile (nakuba lo mbuso awuvamile ukusetshenziswa).
  • Isekela likamongameli likhonza njengomongameli weSigele futhi lingavota ngokuphula isibopho.
  • Umongameli anganikeza iziyalezo neziqondiso ezilawula indlela imithetho ephoqelelwa ngayo.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Amanye Amagatsha

  • Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho engekho emthethweni ngokuhlola kokwahlulela.
  • Izinkantolo zingashaya indiva izenzo zezikhulu ezidlula igunya lomthetho - sisekelo.
  • Amajaji angokohulumeni amiswe ukuba aphile, ewenza azimele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.

Amasheke Esibhakabhakeni

  • Umongameli umisa abahluleli bakahulumeni, futhi iSigele siyabaqinisekisa.
  • ISishaya - mthetho singakhipha amajaji kahulumeni ngenxa yobugebengu obukhulu nangenxa yamaphutha.
  • UKhongolose lungashintsha igunya lezinkantolo zikahulumeni (nemingcele ethile).
  • UMkhandlu ungaveza izinguquko ezingokomthetho zokugumbuqela izinqumo zokwahlulela.

Lamandla ahlangene akha isimiso lapho igatsha ngalinye kumelwe lizwane futhi liyekelele. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungazama ukunqanda, kodwa uma ungenawo amavoti adingekile, i-veto imile. Ngokufanayo, uma izinkantolo zishaya umthetho, uMkhandlu ungawubhala futhi ukuze ubhekane nezinkathazo zomthetho-sisekelo noma, ezimweni ezingavamile, usikisela ukulungiselwa ukushintsha uMthetho ngokwawo.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando: Isimiso Esiluhlaza Sikahulumeni Olinganiselayo

Umqondo wokuhlukanisa amagunya kahulumeni usuka kuyifilosofi yasendulo, kodwa ukusebenza kwawo kwanamuhla kuxhomeke kakhulu kusazi sefilosofi saseFrance uBaron de Montesquieu, incwadi yakhe uMoya woMthetho[[ [1748]) waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko ivikeleke kakhulu uma isemthethweni, isikhulu, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela igcinwa yizindikimba ezihlukahlukene. U-Melika u-Montesquieu futhi wafaka imibono yakhe eMthethweni eMthethweni. [[FLT:] Kumthetho] u-Follerast.[FOLD] No.[FLD: 5,5], James Madison wadumile wabhala: “Ukwakhelwa isithakazelo esiphezulu, nesahlulelwayo. I-Melika kumelwe i-gazi lihloselelwe ukuba inzuzo yomthetho ehlangene-mthetho."elungele ukuqondwa yilungelo lomthetho.[Flunxa-"

Ungafunda umbhalo ophelele [[QUE:0] no1. kulayini i-Muzial of the Federal List Papers [.

Okwenza Amagatsha Amathathu Abaluleke Namuhla

Kulenkathi yokuhlukana okukhulu kwezombangazwe noshintsho olusheshayo, ukwahlukana kwemibuso kusebaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Abagxeki ngezinye izikhathi baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuholela ekushayeleni nasekufezekeni. Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi isimiso singanciphisa ukwenza izinqumo, ukuthi ukulibala kuyenzeka ngenhloso: kuphoqelela ukuqapha, kwakha ukuvumelana, futhi kuvikele amalungelo amancane. Amandla anganqandeki, ngisho nalapho esetshenziswa ngezinhloso ezinhle, angawela ekubeni yimpatho. Amagatsha amathathu anikeza isivikelo sokwakha ngokumelene nalowo mbukiso.

Cabangela isibonelo samuva: lapho umongameli enikeza umyalo wesikhulu ongaphezu kwegunya lomthetho, amaqembu athintekayo angawubekela inselele enkantolo. Igatsha lokwahlulela liphinde libukeze ukuthi lomthetho uvumelana nomthetho-mthetho nomthetho okhona yini. Ngokufanayo, uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho owephula inkululeko yokukhuluma noma inqubo efanele, izinkantolo zingawushaya indiva. Lesi simiso futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli akanakumane angazinaki izinqumo zokuxhasa izimali ezigunyaziwe.

Enye umsebenzi obalulekile wokuhlukanisa amagunya ukubala. Ngenxa yokuthi igatsha ngalinye linemithwalo ehlukene, izakhamuzi zingabona ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye kahulumeni enecala lesenzo esithile noma ukuhluleka. Uma umthetho ungabhalwanga kahle, abavoti bangabeka abameleli babo icala. Uma inhlangano iphoqelela umthetho ngokungemthetho, ijaji lingangenela. Uma umongameli ethatha imithetho engafanele, uKhongolo lungahlola noma ngisho nokungagunyazi. Lokhu kubonakala kungumthetho owe-democriyo wokuthemba kwentando yeningi.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Isimiso asisona esingenankinga. Ukukhula kwesifundazwe sokuphatha kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngemingcele efanelekile phakathi kwegunya lezikhulu nezomthetho. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi uMkhandlu uye wanika izinhlangano zikahulumeni igunya eliningi kakhulu, ufinyeza imikhakha yokulandisa. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi igatsha eliphethe liye laqoqa amandla ngokusebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu nezimemezelo ngonya. Ijaji liye labhekana futhi nokuhlolwa, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokubekwa kwemithetho nokuqinisekiswa kwenqubo yamajaji ePhakade kakhulu, eseya ngokukhula.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, isisekelo salo sisaqhubeka. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza izinqubo zokuzivumelanisa: ukulungisa, izinguquko zomthetho, nezincazelo eziguquguqukayo zezinkantolo. Amagatsha amathathu, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi engavumelani, ayaqhubeka esebenza ngaphakathi kwesici esiye sabonakala siqinile.

Isiphetho: Indima Yabantu Ekulondolozeni Ukulinganisela

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuwona umshini ozihlukanisayo; udinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ezakhamuzini. I-voteo enolwazi eqonda indlela igatsha ngalinye elisebenza ngayo(nendlela elihlolana ngayo) kuyindlela enamandla kakhulu yokuvikela ukuphambana kukahulumeni. Ukunikeza izinketho, ukuxhumana nabameleli, ukulandela izinqumo zenkantolo, nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yasobala yizo zonke izindlela abantu abanikela ngazo empilweni yesimiso.

Amagatsha amathathu anendaba ngoba ahlanganisa isimiso sokuthi akekho ongaphezu komthetho, futhi akukho muntu ozishaya umthetho ngokwawo. Ngokuhlukanisa amandla nokuphoqelela ukubambisana, uMthetho-sisekelo ukha uhulumeni onamandla ngokwanele ukuba uvikele inkululeko. Ezweni lapho izinhlangano zentando yeningi zibhekene nokucindezela okuqhubekayo, lokho kulinganisela kufanelwe ukuqonda, ukuvikela, nokunakekela.

Kulabo abafisa ukutshuza jule, i-Constitution Annoted inikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi, okusebenzisa imisho yomthetho-mthetho, kuhlanganise nezihloko ezimisa igatsha ngalinye namandla awo.