Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisela ubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwedemokrasi yanamuhla. Iqinisekisa ukuthi amandla asakazwa phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni, ivimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba ibe namandla kakhulu. Lesimiso sibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela kwamandla nokuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Imiswe kuyifilosofi ye-Pluntelegion, ikakhulukazi imibhalo kaBaron de Montesquieu, ihlola futhi ilinganisele ngamabomu i-United States Constitution nge-Constitution eqashelwe ukuba ixwayise ubushiqela. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, lesi simiso siye savivinywa, sacwe, sabuye saqiniswa ngezenzakalo zangempela zezwe. Ukuqonda indlela ukuhlolwa ngayo nokulinganiswa komsebenzi nezenzo zokubusa kwentando yentando yeningi.

Isisekelo Sobufilosofi Nomthetho - sisekelo

Umqondo wokuhlukanisa amagunya kahulumeni ukuze avimbele ukuxhashazwa akumusha. Umthetho kaMontesquieu uMoya woMthetho (1748]) waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko ivikeleke kakhulu uma i-profecta, umphathi, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela ihlukile futhi izimele. Lapho ihlela u-U.S. umthetho-Constitution ngo-1787, uJames Madison, u-Alexander Hamilton, kanye nokanye nabo abahleli nabo be-mthetho badweba kakhulu kulenkolelo. Faderist No. 51, u-Madison wabhalwa ngokudumile: "Umthetho-om kumelwe kwenziwe ukuba ulwele.""" Wachaza ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lizozithathe i-galelo lalo futhi liphikise ezinye izinqubo zomthetho."

Isimiso esiwumphumela asikona ukuhlukaniswa okuphelele kwemibuso kodwa ukuhlanganiswa kwemibuso nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlaliswayo. Igatsha ngalinye linikezwa amathuluzi okuhlola amanye, adala ukulingana okunamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli umisa amajaji, kodwa iSishaya-mthetho uyawaqinisekisa; uKhongolo umisa imithetho, kodwa umongameli angawachaza; izinkantolo zichaza imithetho, kodwa iSishaya-Mnyango siyakwazi ukuyiqeda. Le ngxenye eyinkimbinkimbi iqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingasebenza ngaphandle kokuhlola noma ukumelana nezinye ezimbili.

Amagatsha Amathathu Nemisebenzi Yawo

Ngaphambi kokuba uhlole indlela igatsha ngalinye elihlola ngayo amanye, kubalulekile ukuqonda izindima zalo eziyinhloko.

  • Igatsha elinomthetho (Indlu yabameleli neSigele) ikha imithetho, imemezela impi, ilawula ezohwebo, futhi ilawula ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni.
  • Igatsha elisebenzayo (Umongameli, uMphathi, uMphathi, uKhabhinethi, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni) limisa imithetho, liqhube inkambiso yangaphandle, liyala izikhulu zempi, futhi limise izikhulu zikahulumeni.
  • Igatsha le-Judicial (Inkantolo ephezulu nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi) lichaza imithetho, lihlola ubunjalo bomthetho-mthetho-mthetho wezimiso nezenzo zezikhulu, futhi lixazulula izingxabano.

UMthetho - sisekelo unikeza igatsha ngalinye amandla akhethekile alivumelayo ukuba lithonye elinye, ngaleyo ndlela uvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba lingabuswa.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

Lezi zinqumo ziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli akalisebenzisi ngokweqile igunya lomthetho - sisekelo noma wenza okuphambene nentando yabantu abakhethwe abameleli babo.

Veto Engakunaki

Umongameli angakhipha izindleko ezidluliswa yi-Congress, kodwa leyoveto ayiphelele. Ingqungquthela ingadlula i-veto ngokuvota kwenani likamongameli emagumbini amabili. Lokhu kuye kwenzeka izikhathi ezingaphezu kweziyikhulu emlandweni wase-U.S., muva nje ezinhlanganweni zamuva kakhulu lapho i-Congress idlula i-rodevetoes ngezindaba ezisukela ekusebenziseni izikhali zokuvikela ezikhokhwa emhlabeni wonke. Usongo nje lokuzilawula ngokuvamile luye lwazibeka phansi phakathi nenqubo yomthetho womthetho.

Ukulwela Nokususa

Mhlawumbe i-cheke elinamandla kakhulu elikhona kuKhongolo iwukungagunyazi. Indlu yabameleli inamandla okuthola isikhulu sikamongameli, isekela likamongameli, nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni ze "Treasury, Marceriary, noma ezinye izigebengu ezinkulu ne-Misdeator" iqhuba icala futhi uma ama-smeamper amabili-mithathu abamele ukuvota ababoshelwa, isikhulu sisusiwe esikhundleni. I-anseacements ziye zalethwa ngokumelene nomongameli u-Andrew, u-Clintony, no-Clinton, no-Donald Trump, futhi nakuba kungekho nanye ephumele ekususweni, lenqubo ngokwayo isebenza njengendlela enamandla yokuvimbela iziboshwa nokulandisa.

Ukuqinisekiswa kokunqunyelwa

Izikhundla eziningi zegatsha eliphethe izikhulu zekhabethe − kuhlanganise nonobhala bamakhabethe, amanxusa, namajaji kahulumeni − zithatha iseluleko nemvume yeSigele. Lokhu kunikeza abasizi ukuba bahlole abameleli, izincwadi ezifuna, futhi benqabe abazobhapathizwa babhekene nokungafaneleki noma ukweqisa. Izimpi zamuva zokuqinisekiswa komthetho weNkantolo Ephakeme nezikhulu zekhabethe zibonisa indlela iSigebengu esingabumba ngayo igatsha eliphethe igatsha nezinto eziza kuqala.

Amandla Okudla

UKhomishane ulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni. Wonke ama-acerrence kahulumeni kumelwe agunyazwe futhi avunyelwe umthetho. Lokhu kuvumela uMkhandlu ukuba ulinganisele izenzo zokuphatha ngokwenqaba ukuqoqa izinhlelo ezithile noma ngokuhlobanisa izimo ekuhlolweni. Ngokwesibonelo, uKhongolo-mfuno lungavimbela ikhono likamongameli lokulwa ngokulinganisela ukuxhaswa kwemali yemisebenzi yezempi. Amandla esikhwama semali angenye yeziphetho eziphumelela kakhulu ezisebenza kumthetho.

Ukuhlasela Nokuqondisa

Amakomiti e-Congressional anegunya lokuhlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe, izincwadi ezingaphansi kwe-poena, futhi aphoqelela ubufakazi obuvela ezikhulwini. Uphenyo oluphezulu oluyi-profile `i-Watergate, i-Iran-Contate, ukuhlasela okungu-9/11, kanye nezindaba zamuva kakhulu ziye zaphoqelela amongameli ukuba baveze ukwaziswa futhi ngezinye izikhathi ziye zaholela ezinguqulweni ezingokomthetho noma ekuyekeni.

Ukuqondisa Isimiso Sezomthetho Kuhlola Imithetho

Igatsha eliphethe alisona isisulu nje kuphela; umongameli unamathuluzi okuphindisela izishaya - mthetho futhi ahlele uhlelo lwemithetho.

Amandla E - Veto

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, umongameli angakhipha umthetho. Nakuba uMkhandlu ungayidlulisa i-veto, ngokuvamile kunzima ukufinyelela inani elidingekayo eliyizintathu ezimbili. Ngakho, iveto iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuxoxa. Omongameli bangasongela ngokukhokha izikweletu ngaphandle kokuba izicelo zabo zihlangatshezwane, futhi basebenzisa njalo ukusebenzisa izintambo ze-vetos noma ukusayina izinkulumo ukuze bathonye indlela imithetho elandelwa ngayo.

Ukumisa Imithetho

Umongameli angatusa umthetho kuKhongolo-mthetho, ngokuvamile enikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho ekhelini laminyaka yonke lezwe le-Union. Nakuba uMkhandlu ungabophekile ukudlulisa lezi zihlongozo, isikhululo sikamongameli singabangela ukucindezela komphakathi futhi sihlele impikiswano yesizwe. Imithetho eminingi eyinhloko .(isukela kuyi-New Deal ukuya ku-Affordable Care Act //) egatsheni eliphethe.

Izimiso Zesimiso Nezenzo

Uma iSishaya - mthetho sihluleka ukwenza okuthile, abaphathi ngezinye izikhathi bakhipha iziyalo zezikhulu zikahulumeni zokuqondisa izinhlangano nomthetho okhona. Lemiyalo inamandla omthetho kodwa ingaphansi kokubukezwa komthetho futhi ingagumbuqelwa ngomongameli olandelayo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa uMongameli Harry Truman's's ukunqabela ukucwaswa kwebutho lezempi, uMongameli John F. Kennedy ukunqatshelwa kobandlululo lobuhlanga ezindlini ezisekelwe embusweni zezwezwe, kanye noMongameli Joe Biden iziqondiso zesimo sezulu ezihlobene nemithetho yezwe.

Ukushayela Isiqephu Esikhethekile Ucingo

Nakuba kungavamile ukuba leli gunya lisetshenziswe namuhla, liseyithuluzi elingokomthetho ukuphoqelela ukunakekelwa kwemithetho ezindabeni ezibhekwa njengobalulekile umqondisi.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Icala Nombuso

Igatsha lokwahlulela − ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme — inendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni uMthetho - sisekelo nasekuqinisekiseni ukuthi kokubili uKhongolose nomongameli benza ngokuvumelana nemingcele yabo engokomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Kumiswe ecaleni eliyingqopha - mlando Marbury v. Madison (103), ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kunamandla ezinkantolo okumemezela imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha ngaphandle kwemithetho. Lokhu kuhlola kudlulela kuzo zombili iziqondiso zikahulumeni nombuso. INkantolo Ephakeme ishabalalise amakhulu emithetho, kuhlanganise namalungiselelo e-Voting Rights Act, imiyalo yezezimali, nezingxenye ze-Affordcat Care Act. Ngokungagunyazi zenzo zobuzwe, i-judiary isebenza njenge-otacial egcina umthetho.

Ukubukeza Izenzo Zokuqondisa

Izinkantolo zibuye zibukeze iziyalezo zezikhulu, imithetho, nezinqumo zokuphatha. Ngezinye izikhathi abameli baye babhekana nezinqumo zenkantolo ezivimbela izenzo zabo zokuphatha — ngokwesibonelo, ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba, izimiso zokufuduka, noma ukuvinjelwa kwendawo ezungezile. Igatsha eliphethe liqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha aliweqi igunya lalo elingokomthetho noma liphule amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Ukuphila Okumnandi Nokuzibusa

Amajaji angokohulumeni asebenza phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni. Lokhu kuzimela kuwenza akhululeke ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi kuwavumela ukuba enze izinqumo ezingathandeki kodwa ezinengqondo ngokomthetho. Nokho, inqubo yokuqinisekisa ilokhu iyikho inqubo yezombangazwe, iSigele singayivimbela igxambukile ebheke ukuthi ayifaneleki, futhi umongameli ukhetha abadunane abahlanganyela naye ifilosofi yakhe yokwahlulela.

Ukuzimisela KwabaHluleli

Nakuba kungavamile, iziNgqungquthela zingaphoqelela futhi zikhiphe amajaji kahulumeni ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi.

Izibonelo Zokuphila Kwangempela Ezisebenzayo

Incazelo ecatshangelwayo iba sobala uma ibhekwa ngezibonelo zomlando nezamanje. Lezi zimo zibonisa indlela igatsha ngalinye elalihlola ngayo ngokuphumelelayo, noma ngokuphikisana nempikiswano, “‘ ezinye.

Marbury v. Madison noKuqalisa Kwencwadi Yokwahlulela

Ezinsukwini eziphelayo zobuphathi bukaMongameli uJohn Adams, wamisa amajaji amaningana "aphakathi kwezinsuku" avela eqenjini lakhe lobuFederalst. Lapho uThomas Jefferson ethatha isikhundla, wayala unobhala wakhe wesifundazwe, uJames Madison, ukuba avimbe izikhomishane. William Marbury waququlula icala lakhe, futhi icala lafinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme. UMahluleli uJohn Marshall wanquma ukuthi nakuba uMarbury wayenelungelo lokuya enkampane, umthetho wawunikeza iNkantolo ephakeme emacala anjalo (Isigaba 13 soMthetho kaJudiary ka-1789) wawungagunyazi. Ngesikhathi sokuqala, iNkantolo Ephakeme yamemezela isenzo sokungathwiswa kwemithetho, ukubukezwa komthetho njengetshe lomthetho waseMelika. Lesinqumo sahlola kokubili i-Grounistmentalgist.

I - Watergate Scamel: I - Tri - Brancol

Ihlazo lama-Watergate onyaka ka-1970 lilokhu lingenye yezibonelo ezinamandla kakhulu zokuhlola nokulinganisela emsebenzini. Ngo-1971, abasebenza noMongameli Richard Nixon's umkhankaso wokukhetha kabusha waphunyulwa endlunkulu yeDemocratic Committee. IHouse White yazama ukufihla ukuhileleka kwayo. Lapho i-Congress iqala ukuphenya, iNixon yazama ukuvimbela ama-tocempone ngokufaka ilungelo lesikhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme, eUnited States v. Nixon[FLT][1279] [1]), ngokuphoqa umongameli wayala ukuba adele amakhasethi eOvalse, alahle ilungelo eliphelele lokuphatha izikhulu. Ikomiti ye House egunyaza egunyaza. I-Judiadia yagunyaza i-Nixconson, i-Prouni ephethe i-ofisini.

UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongantengantengi Nobungcweti Bokwahlulela

I-Patient Protection and Affordal Care Act (ACA), eyasayinwa umthetho nguMongameli Barack Obama ngo-2010, yabangela izinselele ezinkulu zomthetho. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi igunya lomuntu ngamunye elifuna wonke amaMelika ukuba athenge umshuwalense wezempilo lidlule amandla entengiselwano eKhongolo. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela igunya [ku-[FLT: 0] i-National Federation of Independent Business v. [[FLT] [FLT]] [202], kodwa yenza kanjalo ngokuchaza intela njengemithetho yezentengiselwano kunaleyo yezentengiselwano. Ngokuqhubekayo, iNkanto ehlolwayo yomisweni yeNkampetho (ngokulinganisela ububanzi kwezentengo) futhi iqinise umthetho. Ngokulandelayo, njengo [FLD] Kings.[F]

Iziqondiso Eziphethe Neziphepho Ezihlangene

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, abaphathi baye basebenzisa iziyalo zokuqondisa ukuze bashaye ama-ace. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi kukaMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt, cishe kwakhishwa iziyalo zezikhulu ezingu-3, 700. Ngo-2014, uMongameli Obama wasebenzisa ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqondisa ukuze abeke kude ukudingiswa kwezinye izifiki ezingabhalwanga ukuthi zivela (uhlelo lwe-DACA). INkantolo Ephakeme kamuva yavala ukukhula okuhlobene [FLD:0] United States v. Texas [206]. UMongameli u-Donald Trump wakhipha uchungechunge lwemiyalo yezokufuduka, eyayingadingenwe kakhulu. Ikhephe, ngokushosho kwe-kakhulu, iye yazama ukuvala imingcele noma imiyalo yezikhulu ngomthetho owehlelayo.[Fose-ith]

Ukuncika Komongameli: Isimiso Sezombangazwe Nesezomthetho

Ukugunyaza kukaMongameli kusebenza njengenhlolo-hlolo eqondile yomthetho kumphathi. Lenqubo ihilela kokubili izindlu zoKhomishane futhi ngezinye izikhathi, ikomiti yamajaji. Phakathi nokuqulwa kukaMongameli uBill Clinton ngo-1998-99, iNdlu yameluleka ngenxa yokungahloniphi nokuvinjelwa komthetho, kodwa iSigele simkhulula. Ukungagunyazi kukaMongameli uDonald Trump ngo-2019 futhi ngo-2021 ngokufanayo kwaphela ngokulahlwa, nakuba ukuqulwa kwesibili kwenzeka ngemva kokuba eshiye isikhundla sakhe. Lezi zenzakalo ziqokomisa isimo esikhulu sezombangazwe sokungahlolwa, kodwa futhi nendima yaso engokomthetho: uma ukususwa kungaveli, ukunganaki kungalimaza idumela likamongameli kanye nezenzo zesikhathi esizayo.

Izinhlolo Zesilinganiso Sikahulumeni Nokulinganisela

Nakuba isimiso sikahulumeni siyisibonelo esiyinhloko, ohulumeni bezwe bahlanganisa futhi nezinhlolo-hlolo nezilinganiso. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso ngokuvamile unababusi abazimele, izishaya-mthetho, nabameli. Ezinye izifundazwe zinamathuluzi engeziwe, njengommeli omkhulu okhethiwe ongamangalela isishaya-mthetho noma umbusi. Uhulumeni ngokwawo uhlola izifundazwe ngombuso we-Svict Directive Claus (umbuso wezwe) nangokubukeza imithetho kahulumeni ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwalesi Simo

Alukho uhlelo oluphelele, futhi ukuhlolwa nokulinganiswa kuye kwabhekana nokugxekwa okukhulu nobunzima ezikhathini zanamuhla. Enye imbangela enkulu yiye i-gridlock [: lapho amagatsha ehlolana ngokuphumelelayo kangangokuba amatafula abalulekile aqondiswe. Ngokwesibonelo, iKhongolo ehlukene nomongameli weqembu elihlukile ingaholela ekuvimbeleni uhulumeni, ukulinganisela kwemali, nokwehluleka ukuxazulula izinkinga zezwe. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlola okukhulu kuye kwatshekela egatsheni elikhulu kakhulu, njengoba amongameli bethola izindlela zokuvimbela iziKhomishana ngeziyalezo zezikhulu, ukuqondisa, ukwenza umthetho, nokungahambi ngenkambi kwemithetho yangaphandle.

Enye inselele ukwenziwa kwemithetho yejaji. Uma ukuqulwa kwemithetho kuphenduka ngonya, umphakathi ungabheka iNkantolo njengomkhandi wezezombangazwe kunokuba umthathi-msizi ongakhethi. Lokhu kungalulaza ukuthembeka kokuhlolwa kokwahlulela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iseluleko seSigeqe namandla avumayo kuye kwasetshenziswa ngamasu afana ne-bantriaster noma ukwenqaba ukucabangela izintambo, kuholela ekubeni umva we-partumnt nomthetho ogcwaliswe yi-presidenti yeqembu elilodwa lokwahlulela ezikhathini ezandisiwe.

Ukukhula kwezinhlangano eziphethe − zenza imisebenzi yemithetho, yezikhulu, neyakwahlulela kuthuntubeze futhi ukuhlukaniswa okungokwesiko kwemibuso. Izinhlangano ze- Independent njenge Federal Reserve noma i-Nzalo Ezungezile zisebenza ngobuhlakani obukhulu, kodwa ukubusa kwazo kanye namandla okuzifukula kulinganiselwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi leli gatsha "lesine" lidinga izindlela ezintsha zokuziphendulela.

Noma kunjalo, isisekelo sokuhlola nokulinganisela sisaqinile. Izinkinga ezinkulu zomthetho - sisekelo ziye zaxazululwa phakathi nalesi simiso, futhi lesi simiso siye savumelana nezimo ezishintshayo ngezindlela zokulungisa, imithetho, kanye nemikhuba eshintshayo.

Ukusakazeka Kwembulunga Yonke Kwamasheke Nokulinganisela

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siye sasetshenziswa, ngokwezinguquko eziningi zedemokrasi emhlabeni wonke. Izimiso zePhalamende, njengalezo eziseUnited Kingdom naseNdiya, zinemibuso yezikhulu nezomthetho, kodwa zifaka amasheke ngezindawo ezizimele zejaji, izindlu eziphakeme, nezinkantolo zomthetho-sisekelo. Izimiso zobumongameli eLatin America nase Afrika zivame ukuveza izimpawu zenani lezezimo ze-U.S. kodwa zibhekene nezinselele zazo zokubusa. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, njenge-Europe Union, nazo zisebenzisa imishini yazo ehlukahlukene (i-Comgagamssion, i-Prince, iPhalamende, iNkampalamende yokwahlulela). Ukuqonda lokhu shintsho lwembulunga yonke.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Uhlole Futhi Ulinganisele

Amasheke namaqiniso angokomlando awona nje isithakazelo esingokomlando, isakhiwo esiphilayo, esiphefumulayo esivikela idemokrasi. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elinqwabelanayo elingavinjelwayo, isimiso sivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, sikhuthaza ukucubungula, futhi sikhuthaza ukulandisa. Kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwezakhamuzi, izikhulu ezikhethiwe, nabahluleli ngokufanayo. Njengoba izibonelo ezingenhla zibonisa, isimiso sisebenza kangcono kakhulu lapho igatsha ngalinye lisebenzisa amandla alo futhi lihlonipha imingcele ebekwe nguMthetho-Cycropo. Abafundi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi abaqonda imishini nokulinganisela kunakho kuhloselwe kangcono ukusekela ukubusa okuhle nokuqaphela izinsongosolwa kwentando yeningi.

Ukuhlola ngokujulile izimpande ezingokomlando kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalesi simiso esibalulekile, cabangela imithombo ehlola imithombo yezwe i-National - The Constitution, i-Encyclopaedia Britannica ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni [, kanye ne- United States Courtsology yemfundo [[]. Lemithombo inikeza ukuqonda okunamandla kahulumeni ahambisana nokusebenza ngokulinganayo nentando yeningi.