Inkinga eyinhloko yokubusa ilinganisela igunya elidingekayo lombuso nenkululeko engokwemvelo yomuntu ngamunye. Siqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi labo abaphathiswe amandla abawusebenzisi kabi? Lombuzo uphendulwa ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomlando kwemingcele yamandla kahulumeni, indaba ethatha iminyaka eyinkulungwane. Ukusukela emithethweni yasendulo ukuya kumthetho wezimiso zanamuhla, umfutho wokucindezela igunya umelela umsuka wokuthuthuka kwentando yeningi. Ukuqonda lendlela akuyona nje indlela yemfundo engokwemfundo; kubalulekile ekulondolozeni inkululeko enzima enkathini enzima yembulunga yonke.

Isisekelo Sasendulo Semingcele Kahulumeni

Umqondo wokulinganisela amandla angaphambili kubusa ngentando yeningi ngamakhulu eminyaka. Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kokwenza imithetho kwaveza ukuthi ngisho nababusi abanamandla kakhulu babengaphansi kwendinganiso ephakeme yobulungisa noma imithetho ehlangene. Lezizisekelo zasendulo zanikeza izithiyo zokwakha izinkolelo zomthetho-sisekelo wamuva.

Imithetho Elotshiwe Nobulungisa Obuvamile EMesophothamiya

EMesopotamia yasendulo, ikhodi likaHammurabi (i-circa 1754 BCE) lalimelela ukugxuma okuphawulekayo. Nakuba izijeziso zayo zazinzima ngezindinganiso zesimanje, umbhalo wazo obekwe e-stale yasobala wawusho ukuthi umthetho wawukwaziwa futhi ubekwe ngokulinganayo embusweni. Lokhu kwavimbela izingcindezelo ezicabayo zezimenduna zendawo kanye nezingalawuleki. Isimiso sawomagethisis [ (umthetho wokuphindisela]] wamisa imingcele elinganayo enziweni, evimbela kakhulu imijikelezo eyandayo. Isimiso asizange sidale ukubusa idebhulo, kodwa safaka isimiso esibalulekile esilawulayo okufanele silandele imithetho ebusayo.

Imibono YesiHeberu Yomthetho Ophakeme

IBhayibheli lesiHebheru lasungula umbono wenguquko wokuthi isivumelwano saphezulu sahlanganisa umbusi kanye nalendaba. Umprofethi uSamuweli wawaxwayisa ngokudume ngezingozi zobukhosi obuqanjiwe (1Samuel 8), echaza indlela inkosi eyayizothumba ngayo amadodana ayo, ithathe amadodakazi ayo, futhi ithathe amasimu. iTorah yawabeka imingcele eqondile kumakhosi: ayengaziqongeleli ingcebo ephakeme, abafazi, noma amahhashi (Deuteronomy 17: 14-20). Lombono womthetho ophakeme""'owenziwe waze wavela phezulu futhi wathola inzuzo engokwezomnotho, eyayinethonya kakhulu., ukuhlelwa [FLT] [FLD:2] [2] [FLT] [5] [5] [5]

Intando Yeningi Yase - Athene: Ukulandisa Nokuhlanganyela

Imingcele ebekwe kuhulumeni ngekhulu lesi-5 BCE ngokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile nokuziphendulela. Izinqubo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuhlelwa [ukukhetha] kwamahhovisi amaningi omphakathi, okuvimbela ukumiswa kwesigaba esibusayo esihlala njalo. [[FLT:]] imikhawulo yemingcele [[[FLT]] [2] [i-amandla] eqinile] [[FLT] [i-FLT] yayiphoqelelwe, futhi akukho sakhamuzi esasingabamba ihhovisi elifanayo kabili. [[FLT:] umkhuba we-ostractass[[[FLT:]] [5] wavimbela ukusebenza njenge-part, imvume enkulu yanoma yisiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isigaba somthetho, [uhlu oluvumela ukudingiswa kwesizwe] [Fogne], njengoba kuvuma kakhulu] isilinganiso esikhulu sanoma isiphi isilinganiso somthetho.[3]

UbuRoman Republicaism: Ama - checks, Ukulinganisela, Ne - Veto

IRome Republic (79-27 BCE) yathuthukisa isimiso sokudlala esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela i-autocracy. Amandla ahlukaniswa phakathi kwesikhulu [[FLT: 0]] i-Consuls[ [izimbili] (zikhethiwe, i-customs, i-customments [[FFFFF:]], i-Forbute [[FUM]]] [[10]] i-FUNT] [full] [FUM]] [uhlu lwezinyunyuko] olunamandla [[Focense], futhi ihluleka kakhulu ukuphatha, i-asclectivessss, isebenzisa amandla avamile enzikahulumeni ezindaweni ezithile zikahulumeni.[10][10] [inani eliphansi] [inani eliphansi] [iqoqo lezifunda ze-Fognome][Fogn.[10] [iedus][eduase: imfu] [ieduase: imfuyohlu lemfu

Inkathi Ephakathi Nokusekelwa Kwamalungelo Angokwesiko

Inkathi yenkathi ephakathi, ngokuvamile eyayibonakala ngelungelo eliqinile labefundisi nelaphezulu, ngokuyindida yahlwanyela ezinye zezimbewu ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvimbela komthetho - sisekelo, ikakhulukazi eNgilandi.

IMagna Carta (1215)

IMagna Carta ihlala ingumngcele omkhulu wenkathi ephakathi kamandla aphelele. Impoqo yamandla eNkosi uJohn ihlangene namabhanoni avukelayo ngo-1215, ukufezwa kwayo okuyinhloko kwakuveza ukuthi inkosi yayingawudluli umthetho. Nakuba umthetho omkhulu wemithetho wawukhuluma ngezincazelo ze-livental, izigaba ezimbili zathathwa ngokwenqubo efanelekile: "Nomuntu okhululekile uyoboshwa noma asuswe amalungelo akhe noma izinto zakhe... ngaphandle kokwahlulelwa okuvunyelweyo kwesijeziso sezwe lakhe noma umthetho. [[FLT.2] [i-CPT] [irta] i-FOT] isholot kanye ne-ement: "Inqute sy projecteds train train trans trans trans profile profilespediactive [12] [[4] ngokufunze intensi yomthetho wakuqala, kodwa ingekho umbuso wasekuqaleni, umbuso wasekuqaleni, uhulumeni wombuso ohlukene.[12][12]

Ukuvela Komthetho Ovamile

Izinguquko ezingokomthetho ze-Henry II ekhulwini leshumi nanye zamisa umthetho ovamile kulo lonke elaseNgilandi, esikhundleni sokususa amasiko endawo. Amajaji amakhosi ahamba ezweni elalela amacala futhi adale indikimba eqinile yesandulela. Isimiso se stare decissis [ [ukuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe] sasho ukuthi izinqumo zokwahlulela zangesikhathi esidlule zazicindezela ababusi besikhathi esizayo nabahluleli. Lokhu kwadala isakhiwo esiqinile esizimele esizimele esithandazweni senkosi, siveza umqondo wokuthi umthetho uyinto etholakale ngesizathu nangesibonelo, kodwa ayinqunywanga yi-o ephethe.

Izakhiwo Zamandla Ezingawahlanganisi: ISonto NoMbuso

Umzabalazo oqhubekayo phakathi kweSonto lamaKatolika namankosi ezwe (owenziwe yiNjongo yePuncilment) wadala isigaba esihlukile nesinamandla segunya. ISonto lazisholo ukuthi linegunya ezindabeni ezingokomoya, umshado, nemfundo. Lempi yabamba ukubusa okuhlangene yavimbela ukubuswa okuphelele yinoma yimuphi umbuso owodwa, iveza umqondo onamandla wokuthi ezinye izingxenye zokuphila komuntu zikhona ngaphandle kokufinyelela kombusi. Lomqondo wemingcele yemithetho wawuyisiqalo esiyinhloko emibonweni yanamuhla ngokuphathelene nokwehlukana kwesonto nombuso kanye nesivikelo somphakathi womphakathi.

Ukukhanyiselwa: Ukugxilisa Uhulumeni Ngokungemthetho

Ikhulu le - 17 nele - 18 ngokuyisisekelo laguqula ifilosofi yezombangazwe, lisusa umthombo wegunya elungelweni nasesikweni saphezulu liyise ekuvumelaneni kwababuswayo. Lemiqondo ecatshangelwayo yaba izikhali ezicatshangelwayo zokuvukela.

Amalungelo Emvelo Nesivumelwano Sezenhlalo

Ukusebenzisa izingqondo zakuqala, [[FLT: 0] uJohn Locke's [[FLT]] SEAUTHLED FYURTY [ [1689]) wabeka uhlelo olunethonya elikhulu lwentando yeningi yanamuhla. [[FLT:] [FLT] [10] impikiswano yokuthi abantu banamalungelo engokwemvelo [[FLT] angokwemvelo [[1], uhulumeni ulinganiselwe, nempahla [[FLT] futhi uphumele] kulelo lelizwe, umqulu onamandla aphikisa abantu abangewona kuphela. [FFF:] [e] [FF] cishe uhulumeni ungayitholile:[10]

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

UBaron de Montesquieu we-Cync, Umoya woMthetho [1748], wanikeza ipulani eklanyweyo yemithetho-mfuno-siseko yanamuhla. Ngokufunda iRome Republic ne-Greekner, Montesquie waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko yezombangazwe ilondolozwa kangcono uma imisebenzi kahulumeni ihlukaniswa ngamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: [[FLT:] ilectigispar [ [ukwenza imithetho], [ukwenza imithetho], ukunciphisana [[FLT] [ult: 5,5] [iwumthetho], [iwumthetho] [imithetho] ehlukene] [[FLT] [FLT] [F] [FLT] [ip] [ik)] (ichaza imigaqo] (imithetho ehlukene). ngokuhlola amanye amagatsha, ngokulingana namanye amagatsha.

Impikiswano Yokukholelwa EbuJudeni Nentando Kahulumeni

UVoltaire walwela inkululeko yomphakathi ngokungakhathali − inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, futhi wacindezela − ngokumelene namandla ombuso waseFrance neSonto lamaKatolika. Ukuhlakanipha kwakhe nemibhalo eminingi kwadala imbulunga yomphakathi lapho igunya lingangangabuzwa khona. uJacques [uJacques wahlongoza ukubusa ngentando yeningi, okuhlukile lapho ubukhosi buhlala khona kubantu. Nakuba lombono wawusekela khona ukubusekela ngokweqembu abantu ngokwentando yabo.

Ukulinganisela Izindlela Ezihlukahlukene Enkathini Yenguquko

Izinkolelo - mbono ezicatshangelwayo zeNkathi Yokukhanyiselwa zaklanywa zaba izincwadi eziqinile zomthetho - sisekelo phakathi nezinguquko ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le - 18.

Inguquko ekhazimulayo yaseNgilandi (1688)

Phambi kweZinguquko zaseMelika naseFrance, i-Ngisi Bhill of Rights [1689] yamisa imingcele eyanqotshwa eGlorius Revolution. Yanqabela ukushintshwa kwemithetho ngegunya lobukhosi, amabutho avinjelwe ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume yephalamende, futhi kwadingeka ukuba kukhethwe. Yaqinisekisa ilungelo lezikhonzi lokunxusa umbusi nenkululeko yokukhuluma nengxoxo ePhalamende. Le ncwajana yamisa ukushintshwa kwemithetho engokomthetho ebukhosini, kanye negunya elikhulu elingokomthetho.

Umzamo WaseMelika: Ukwakhiwa Komthetho - sisekelo

[Izinga] [FFF:] [FFF:] [10] [10] [Izikhwebu] [Izinga] [Izinga] [FFUT:] [Izinga] [inani] [inani] [Izilinganiso] [inani] [Izilinganiso] [zigunyaziwe [zingu-FFUN] [10] [inani] [zingu-FFF:] [10] [inani] [inani] [inani lamathu] [zimpophonsi], ikhefu] [inani] [inani] [imfuko] [imposisogogozo] [inga] [iingamandla ehlukene].[10] [iimposo] [iiimposo] [FFFF] [10] [10], ikhefu] ikhefu]. [impofu] [impofu] ikhefu] [ifu] [impofu], ikhefu], ikhefu] ikhefu, ingazi: [i, ikhefu] ikhefu], ikhe

Indlela Enyakazayo yeNguquko YaseFrance

I-French i-Inquisio yamaLungelo oMntu noweSintu [1] yayiyinkulumo enamandla yezimiso zendawo yonke. Yayimemezela inkululeko, impahla, ukulondeka, nokumelana nokucindezelwa njengamalungelo angokwemvelo. Yamisa ukuhlelwa kokungabi nacala, inkululeko yokukhuluma, nokulingana ngokomthetho. Nokho, iNguquko yaseFrance yehlela ngokushesha eTergury, ibonisa ukuthi lokho kuvuma kukodwa akwanele ngaphandle kwezinhlangano eziqinile, isiko lokuhlehlela, ukuyekethisa, nokuhlonipha umthetho. Indlela yaseFrance, nemijikelezo yayo yokuguqula, ukusabela, nombuso, yasebenza njengesixwayiso ngemingcele ebanzi yezimiso zomthetho womthetho ebhekene nenkanuko.

Ukwandisa Isizinda Senkululeko Emakhulwini E - 19 Nama - 20 Eminyaka

Imingcele eyamiswa imithetho - sisekelo yakuqala ekuqaleni yayiqine kakhulu kulabo ababevikela abantu bempahla, ngokuvamile ababemhlophe. emakhulwini eminyaka alandela yayichazwa umzabalazo omude, onzima wokwandisa lezi sivikelo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi.

Ukuthuthukisa Ubugqila Nokunwebeka Kwezinto Ezingasetshenziswa

Ukuphikisana okusobala phakathi kolimi oluphakeme lwenkululeko kanye nobugqila obungokoqobo kwabangela impi enkulu eUnited States. IMpi Yombango ne , yenye ye 14th, neyeshumi elinesihlanu iziphendu [ ngokuyisisekelo] kuvuselelwa kwemithetho yezobugqila, ukuvikela okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, nenqubo efaneleyo ekwizinga likahulumeni. Lokhu kwaba ukwanda okukhulu kwemingcele yamandla ombuso ngamunye. Ikhulu le 19 nele-20 labona ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwe-frank. [FLT] [FLT], [5] Izinhlangano ezifana ne-[FLT:] [FLT2] [FOM] [ir.FOM] [ir.[5] kulelo hlelo olugunyaziwe kakhulu, kulokhu kugunyazwe iziphaka zikahulumeni.]

Ukuphakama Kokubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nezinkantolo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Amandla ezinkantolo okuqeda imithetho ephula umthetho-sisekelo waba yinhlolo enamandla ezindawo ezinkulu zomthetho kanye nezenzo zokuphatha. Ngokulandela isibonelo se- Marbury v. Madison, amazwe amaningi amisa izinkantolo eziqinile zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngemva kwezenzo ezisabekayo zeMpi Yezwe II, izizwe zaseYurophu ezifana neJalimane ne-Italy zakha izinkantolo eziphezulu ezinamandla okuzihlola ngomthetho-sisekelo. [[FLT:] [FLT] Courtal Constitutional Councial [[FL:3]] (Izinculassrichsricht)) zaba nethonya kakhulu, zivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo futhi zifaka imingcele yoMthetho oyisisekelo. Lokhu kwabonisa isibopho sokusekela [FLT:] [FLT] [FF]: [FFF] umba-dentialgnomes produratic afuna ukumelana nalabo abayisebenzisayo.

Ukuguqula Amalungelo Abantu Emhlabeni Wonke

UkuQothulwa Kwesizwe nezenzo zonya zeMpi Yezwe II kwabonisa ukwehluleka okubhubhisayo kwemingcele yamakhaya kuphela kuhulumeni. Isivumelwano esihlangeneyo soBukhomanisi Belungelo Lomuntu (1948]), esamukelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene, samemezela ukuthi isithunzi esizuzwe njengefa kanye namalungelo alinganayo abo bonke abantu yisisekelo senkululeko, ubulungisa, nokuthula. Le zivumelwano kanye nenguquko ezalandelayo (ICCCCER, ICECCCCR) yamisa ukuthi ubukhosi abunikeziniki amandla angenamkhawulo kubantu ngabanye. Izimiso ze-Nuremberg zimisa isimiso sokulandisa komuntu ngamunye ngecala lobugebengu obungamacala abantu, ngisho noma ingumbala womthetho. Ngesikhathi sokuqala, indlela uhulumeni owaphatha ngayo abantu ngokwawo ngokwawo waba yindaba engokomthetho emhlabeni wonke.[[FF] [F2: UMthetho Wenkululeko Lomhlaba Wonke]]

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Zokuvimbela Uhulumeni

Nakuba umlando ubonisa imingcele eqinisayo, ikhulu lama - 21 linikeza izinselele ezinkulu, ezintsha ezivivinya lezi zimiso.

I - panoptine Yezinombolo: Imfucumfucu Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bembulunga yonke kuye kwadala amathuba angenakulinganiswa okuhlola uhulumeni. Ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane yeMisa, ukuqashelwa kobuso, ukuqiniswa kwamaphoyisa, nokuncishiswa kwe-copyrpolate kuphakamisa imibuzo emikhulu ngesimiso seSichibiyelo sesine sokulwa nokuphenya okungenangqondo nelungelo lokutholakala. Izambulo zikaEdward Snowden ngezinhlelo zokuhlola kwe-NSA zabonisa izinga ubuchwepheshe obuye badlula ngalo umthetho. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwenhlala - mhlaba nezindaba zomuntu siqu kuyinkundla yempi ephakeme kahulumeni elinganiselwe enkathini yezokuhlola.

Amandla Aphuthumayo Nokuncipha KwamaNorm

U-Crisdes −mpandemics, ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, ukuwa kwezimali, ngokuvamile kuholela ekunyusweni kwamandla okulawula. Imibuso iye yalwa isikhathi eside nokunqanyulwa kwesikhashana kwezinqubo ezivamile ezingokomthetho. Umqedazwe weCHOVID wabona ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bephoqa izitshixo, amanqanda-washi, ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba, nokugoma okuphoqelelwe, ukubhebhezela impikiswano enkulu ngemingcele yegunya lempilo yomphakathi kanye nobukhulu benkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ingozi ikhona engathintiyeni , lapho isilinganiso sesikhashana sezikhathi ezimisiwe noma lapho abaholi besiza khona izinkinga ezingathi sína ukuze baqede ukuphikiswa nokulawula.

Ubupopulism, Ubumthetho Obuvamile, Nokudlondlobala Kwentando Yeningi

Mhlawumbe inselele ebaluleke kakhulu yamanje ihilela ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okubusa ukuhlupha abaphikisi, ukuthatha i-gadiokramente kodwa kuqedela ngokulandelana uhlelo olukhululekile lomthetho-sisekelo ngaphakathi. " lomthetho ozimele" noma "isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi" kuhilela ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okulawula ukuhlupha abaphikisi, ukuthatha isilinganiso sezembubhiso, ukuvimbela ukuzibusa, amandla ezindaba ezizimele, namandla okuzimela ngokwawo ngokubeka imithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni. Ukuqonda lesi simo esisuka ekubekeni uhulumeni ukuba ulwe naleyo mithetho yokukhetha empilweni nje enikezwa imingcele engokomthetho engokomthetho: umsizi ozimele we-judicantia, umphakathi ozimele, umphakathi okhululekile, nomphakathi wesizwe.

Isiphetho: Ukuqapha Okungaguquguquki Kwenkululeko

Ukuziphendukela okungokomlando kwemingcele emandla kahulumeni akuyona indaba elandelanayo yentuthuko engenakugwenywa. Kuwukulwa okunamandla, ngokuvamile okunobudlova phakathi kokuthambekela kwabantu emhlabeni wonke kokugxilisa amandla kanye nesifiso sobuntu esinamandla ngokufanayo sokufuna inkululeko. Kusukela ezibhebheni zobumba zaseBabiloni kuya ezimpini zamalungelo amanani zekhulu lama-21, inselele enkulu ikhona: Quiscusustodiet iipscustosdes? (Obani abaqaphi abameleli?).

Impendulo akuyona incwadi eyodwa, inhlangano, noma umholi. Iwumphakathi okhuthele, othembisene, nofundile ozinikele ngokujulile ekubuseni umthetho nasemithethweni engokomthetho. Ukuvikela idemokrasi kudinga imvume eqinile, ezimeleyo; i-compass; izinkonzo zokulondeka ezikhululekile nezinganqunyelwayo; futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, impucuko yomphakathi ezisa inkululeko ngokungcono nokuzisiza ngokungcono. Imingcele kahulumeni ayikona ukuzihlukanisa; impumelelo ewujuqu edinga ukunakekelwa njalo, ukuqapha, nokuzimisela ukujwayela izinselele ezintsha. Ikusasa lenkululeko lisekhonweni lethu lokufunda izifundo ezingokomlando zamandla futhi sisebenzise ngokuhlakanipha nangokuzimisela kokuzilawula njalo.