UMthetho Ophakeme: Ukusebenzisa Indima Yomthetho - sisekelo Ekubuseni Kwanamuhla

Umthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, isivumelwano sesisekelo esihlanganisa isizwe. Lesihloko siveza ukucubungula ukwakheka komthetho, sichaza amandla, futhi simise amalungelo ayisisekelo avikela izakhamuzi ekusebenziseni igunya. Ngaphandle komthetho-sisekelo oqinile, ukubusa kufaka izingozi zokubusa kwabantu ngabanye kunokulawula umthetho. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi ngokwakheka komthetho-mthetho, imisebenzi yawo ebalulekile, izinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi ethathwa yiwo, nezinselele zanamuhla ezivivinya ukuqina kwawo.

Uyini Umthetho - sisekelo?

Phakathi nendawo, umthetho-sisekelo uyisimiso sezimiso eziyisisekelo noma izenzakalo ezimisiwe ngokwendlela okubuswa ngayo umbuso noma enye inhlangano. Isebenza njengesimiso esingokomthetho nesezombangazwe sombuso, ichaza izinhlelo, izinqubo, amandla, nemisebenzi yezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Njengoba umthetho ophakeme, noma yimuphi umthetho ovamile noma isenzo sikahulumeni esiphikisana nomthetho-sisekelo ubhekwa njengongasizi. Umgomo oyinhloko uwukwakha uhulumeni wemithetho, hhayi wabantu, uqinisekisa ukugcwaliseka, ukulunga, nokulandisa ekusebenziseni amandla omphakathi. Umqondo oyisisekelo womthetho osekelwe kakhulu emfundisweni yesivumelwano somphakathi, lapho abantu bevuma ukubuswa ekutholeni isivikelo samalungelo abo. Amabhukwana anjengomthetho womthetho womthetho-United States [FLD:] [FP] [FF:1]

Imisebenzi Engenakuxazululwa Yomsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo ohlelwe kahle ufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini ozinzileyo nonobulungisa. Lemisebenzi idlulela ngalé kokuhleleka futhi ithintele ukufaneleka okunakho kanye kwezwe ngokwalo.

Ukumisa Umthetho Namandla Alinganiselwe

Umsebenzi oyisisekelo kakhulu womthetho umthetho uwukumisa umthetho. Lesi simiso sithi akekho, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni nabaholi bezombangazwe abaphakeme kakhulu, ongaphezu komthetho. Umthetho-sisekelo umisa imingcele yamandla kahulumeni, uvimbele ukusetshenziswa kwawo okuzenzisa noma okucindezelayo. Ngokuchaza ngokucacile lokho uhulumeni angakwenza futhi angakwazi ukukwenza, umthetho-sisekelo uvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi wenze indawo engokomthetho edingekayo ukuze kukhule zomnotho kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi. Umthetho-Constituralini ufuna ukuba amandla asetshenziswe ngokuvumelana nomthetho, futhi umthetho-sisekelo olotshiwe uyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokumisa lo mngcele.

Ukumisa Uhulumeni Nokuhlukanisa Amandla

Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugcwala kwamandla, imithetho-sisekelo imisa isimo sikahulumeni esisekelwe ekuhlukaniseni imibuso. Lesimiso sihlukanisa igunya likahulumeni libe amagatsha amathathu ahlukene:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho:[ Igatsha elinomthwalo wokwenza imithetho (umk., iSishayamthetho, iPhalamende).
  • Isenzo: Igatsha elinomthwalo wokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho (umz., uMongameli, uNdunankulu, uSigqebhezana weSikhulu sezeMpini).
  • Judicial:[ Igatsha elinomthwalo wokuchaza imithetho nokuphatha ubulungisa (umz., iNkantolo Ephakeme, izinkantolo eziphansi).

Ngaphezu kokuhlukana, imithetho-mthetho ephumelelayo ihlanganisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, lapho igatsha ngalinye linethonya elithile kwabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, umphathi angase agunyaze umthetho we-veto, isishaya-mthetho angavumela ukumiswa kwezikhulu, futhi ijaji lingase lishaye imithetho ephula umthetho. Lesi sakhiwo esinamandla siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ayahlanganyelwa futhi akukho gatsha elilodwa liba namandla.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ayisisekelo Nenkululeko

Imithetho-mthetho eminingi yanamuhla ihlanganisa imvume yamalungelo noma ingxenye efanayo ebala amalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko eqinisekiswe kunoma ubani. Lamalungelo awanikezwa uhulumeni kodwa azalwa nawo futhi amelwe avikelwe uhulumeni. Ivame ukuhlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, umhlangano, ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, nokuvikelwa ekuhlolweni okungenangqondo, nokukhuthuka okungaqondakali. Ngokufaka lamalungelo kumthetho-sisekelo, abekwe ngaphezu kokufinyelela kwezombangazwe ezivamile futhi angashintshwa ngenqubo enzima. .

Ukuqinisa Ukuqina Kwezombangazwe Nokusekela Igunya Elingokomthetho

Umthetho - sisekelo ocacile nowamukelwa kabanzi unikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuphila kwezombangazwe. Unikeza indlela enokuthula yokudlulisela amandla, ukuxazulula izingxabano, nokwenza izinqumo zomphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi nabadlali bezombangazwe bemukela umthetho-sisekelo njengomthombo ongokomthetho wegunya, kunciphisa amathuba empi yombango futhi kunikeza isisekelo esifanayo senkulumo yezombangazwe. Lokhu ngokomthetho kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kukahulumeni; izakhamuzi zisengozini kakhulu yokulalela imithetho futhi zihlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi uma zithemba ukuthi isimiso silungile futhi sisebenza phakathi kwemithetho emisiwe.

Ukuhlobanisa Umthetho - sisekelo: Izingxenye Zekhora

Nakuba wonke umthetho - sisekelo uhlukile, abaningi banezici eziningana eziyinhloko ezichaza ukusebenza kwawo nenjongo yawo.

Isiqalo: Ukumisa Inhlekelele

Isanduleli sesihloko sisebenza njengenkulumo yokuqalisa ehlela izinjongo, izinhloso, nezimiso eziqondisayo zomthetho-sisekelo. Ivame ukuqala ngenkulumo enjenge " thina bantu" futhi ichaza imigomo ebanzi yesizwe, njengokumisa ubulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthula kwasekhaya, ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle evamile, nokuvikela izibusiso zenkululeko. Nakuba ngokuvamile kungeyena umthombo wamalungelo athile angokomthetho, ikhambi elibalulekile elichaza umoya nenhloso yencwadi.

Izihloko Zokubusa: I - blue Esebenzayo

Indikimba eyinhloko yomthetho-sisekelo inezihloko ezichaza kabanzi inhlangano namandla kahulumeni. Lezizihloko zimisa amagatsha kahulumeni, zichaza imisebenzi yawo, zimise izimfuneko zesikhundla, futhi zibeke izinqubo zokwenza nokumisa imithetho. Zinikeza ipulani eqinile yokusebenza kwezwe, zihlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekukhethweni kwezikhulu kuya enqubweni yokumisa impi.

ISichibiyelo Somshini: Ukulinganisela Ubuciko Nokuvumelana Nezimo

Umthetho-sisekelo kumelwe uhlale isikhathi eside, kodwa futhi kudingeka uvumelane nezimo ezishintshayo. Inqubo yokulungisa inqubo engokomthetho yokwenza izinguquko kumthetho-sisekelo. Amanye ama-control angu- adinga ukuvota okukhulu endlu yomthetho, ukuvunyelwa ngomhlangano okhethekile, noma ukumiswa kwezindawo ezivamile zendlu yomthetho. Okunye [[FLT: 2] kuyindlela yokuzikhethela [[[FLT]] kungumsebenzi wokuzikhethela [[, kudinga ukuvota kwe-ota ye-offy enqamu, ukuvunyelwa yi-ontaxmaget, noma ukumiswa nge-odwa ngezindawo ezivamile. Inkinga yenqubo yokwe-adendayo iwuyintando ngamabomu. Isibonelo, ifuna i-US. UProvitionstonston ifuna i-364 yezindawo zobumba-Rosethi, ishod ye-osethi, ishoshoshod ye-errivertive.

Ukuhlelwa komthetho-sisekelo: Ibhalwe ama-v. Univ, Rigid v.

Imithetho - sisekelo ngokuvamile ihlukaniswa ngokwesimo sayo nezinqubo ezidingekayo ukuze ishintshe.

Ibhalwe (Iyamiswa) Imithetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo olotshiwe uyincwadi eyodwa, esemthethweni ehlanganisa imithetho eyisisekelo nezimiso zokubusa. Amazwe amaningi emhlabeni, kuhlanganise nelaseJalimane, iBrazil, ne-United States, aye abhala imithetho-mthetho engokomthetho. Inzuzo eyinhloko ukucaca nokuqiniseka. Umthetho ophakeme uqukethwe embhalweni owodwa onegunya, okwenza kube lula ngezakhamuzi nezikhulu ukuqonda imithetho eyisisekelo yesimiso sezombangazwe.

Imithetho - sisekelo Engabhalwanga (Engaqinisekisiwe)

Umthetho-sisekelo ongabhalwanga awukho encwadini eyodwa. Kunalokho, usuka kwimithombo ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nemithetho, izinqumo zokwahlulela, izivumelwano, nemihlangano emide namasiko. iUnited Kingdom [ iyisibonelo esivelele kakhulu sezwe elinesimiso somthetho-sisekelo esingaqiniseki. I-New Zealand ne-Israel isebenza ngaphandle kwencwadi eyodwa eqinile. Amandla omthetho-sisekelo ongabhalwanga yi-scronobyl ingulobo nokuvumelana kwayo nezimiso zezombangazwe ngaphandle kokuguqula inqubo yenqubo esemthethweni.

Imithetho-sisekelo evumelanayo.

Lokhu kuhlelwa kuhlobene nobunzima bokuguqula umthetho-sisekelo. umthetho-sisekelo ongenakuguqulwa ungalungiswa ngenqubo evamile yomthetho. Lokhu kuvumela uhulumeni ukuba avumelane nezimo ezintsha, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi amalungelo nezakhiwo okuyisisekelo kungashintshwa kalula. umthetho-sisekelo owenziwe ngokungemthetho unenqubo ekhethekile, enzima kakhulu. Lokhu kuvikela umthetho-mthethweni ukuba ungashintshwa yinani lesikhashana lezezombangazwe, kunikeze ukuzinza kuqine kakhulu nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo amancane. Imithetho ebhalwe kakhulu iwela endaweni ethile phakathi kohlobo oluqinile nolupheleleyo.

Indima Eyinhloko Yencazelo Yomculo Neyomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuba khona nje komthetho - sisekelo akwanele; kumelwe kuchazwe futhi kuphoqelelwe indikimba ezimele, ngokuvamile ebusayo.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Amandla Okusho Lokho UMthetho Oyikho

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kunamandla ezinkantolo okubukeza imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni zokunquma ukuthi ziyavumelana yini nomthetho-sisekelo. Uma umthetho utholakala uphula umthetho-sisekelo, inkantolo inegunya lokuwubulala, iwunikeza ize. Lamandla enza igatsha likahulumeni elilinganayo libe yigatsha likahulumeni kanye nokuhlola okugxeka umthetho wendlu yomthetho nomphathi. Isimiso sokwahlulela samiswa ngokudumile eUnited States ecaleni [[FLT:] [[FLT]] bhory v. Madison [FLT] [183]] [183], esagomela ukuthi kungumsebenzi wokwahlulela umthetho wokwenza umthetho uchazwe.

Izikole Zokuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo

Umahluleli kufanele awuchaze kanjani umbhalo womthetho - sisekelo owabhalwa emakhulwini eminyaka adlule?

  • UbuOrigeali:[ Lendlela isekela ukuthi amajaji kufanele achaze umthetho-sisekelo osekelwe ekuqondeni komphakathi kwasekuqaleni kombhalo wawo lapho wamukelwa. Abakholelwa ekudalweni baphikisa ngokuthi lemingcele ikhetha futhi ivimbela abahluleli ekubekeni izindinganiso zabo emphakathini.
  • Umthetho-sisekelo Ophilayo: Lombono ukholelwa ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi eshukumisayo, ejikelezayo okumelwe ichazwe ngokwezindinganiso zesikhathi esikhona kanye nezimo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela ivumela umthetho-sisekelo ukuba uhlale ubalulekile emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngaphandle kokufuna ukulungiseka okuqhubekayo.
  • I-althiumism:[ ihlobene kakhulu nombhalo wokuqala, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kugxila kakhulu encazelweni ecacile, evamile yombhalo, ngaphandle kokucabangela inhloso ebanzi noma izinguquko ze-social. I-textumics ibheka ngokuyinhloko ekwakhekeni nasolimini lwedokhumende.

Impi elwiwa nalezi zindlela zokuchaza ithonya izimpikiswano eziningi ezingomthetho eziphikisana kakhulu, kusukela ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile ngenkathi yokusebenza kwamanani kuya ekulinganiselweni kwamandla aphakeme.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Ekubusweni Komthetho - sisekelo

Naphezu kwendima yazo eyinhloko, izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo emhlabeni wonke zibhekene nezinsongo nezingcindezi ezinkulu ekhulwini lama - 21.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe Nokuncipha KwamaNorm

Ukuhlukana okukhulu kwezombangazwe kungabangela ukucindezela okukhulu esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo. Uma abadlali bezombangazwe bebheka abamelene nabo njengezinsongo ezikhona, bangase balingeke ukuba bangazinaki izinqubo nemihlangano emidala engokomthetho. Lokhu kungaholela ekuthatheni imingcele, ukuwohloka kwezimiso zezentengiselwano, nokungasathenjwa umphakathi ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi. Umthetho-sisekelo unamandla kuphela njengokuzinikela kwabaholi bezombangazwe nezakhamuzi ukusekela umoya wawo, hhayi nje kuphela umbhalo wawo.

Ukufinyelela Isikhundla Esingaphezu Kwesibindi Nokulinganisela Kwamandla

Emazweni amaningi, kunokuthambekela okukhulayo kokuphaphamela abaqondisi, lapho inhloko kahulumeni noma uhulumeni iqongelela khona amandla ngokulahlekelwa yisishaya-mthetho nejaji. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa kabi imibuso ephuthumayo, ukunqatshelwa kwemithetho yokulwa, noma ukumiswa kwabefundisi abathembekile ezikhundleni zokwahlulela. Ukulondoloza ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni, imithombo yezindaba, nomphakathi.

Ukuqina Komthetho - sisekelo Nesidingo Senguquko

Nakuba ukuqina kuvikela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezifinyelelwe yisikhashana, kungenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuxazulula izinkinga zokwakha noma amalungiselelo aphelelwe isikhathi. Kwezinye izimo, igebe phakathi kwemithetho engokomthetho neqiniso lezombangazwe lingakhula kakhulu kangangokuba liholele enkingeni yokufaneleka. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okulungile phakathi kokuzinza kanye namandla okuguqula kuyinselele ephikelelayo kuyo yonke imibuso yesimiso sobukhompuyutha.

Ukungatholakali Kokwaziswa Nezimiso Zomphakathi

Ukusakazeka kokungavumelani kwemininingwane nokuncishiswa kwemithombo engokwesiko yegunya kusongela ngokuqondile ukubusa komthetho-sisekelo. Uma izakhamuzi zingavumelani ngamaqiniso ayisisekelo noma zingayithembi inqubo yokukhetha, isivumelwano sezenhlalo esisekela umthetho-sisekelo siqala ukuxazululeka. Isimiso somthetho - sisekelo esinempilo sixhomeke ekwakheni kolwazini okungenza abaholi bazo balandise futhi bahlanganyele ngokunenjongo empikiswaneni yomphakathi.

Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wesibili Enkathini Yomthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo awusona isivumelwano esiqinile esivalelwe esikhathini esidlule; uyisivumelwano esiphilayo esidinga ukuthatha isinyathelo nokuzivikela kwemisebenzi yesizwe yonke. Amandla aso axhomeke kukuhlakanipha kwabalawuli bawo kuphela kodwa nasemgomweni ohlangene wabantu wokusekela izimiso zawo. Ukuqonda isakhiwo, imisebenzi, kanye nokungalingani komthetho-sisekelo kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekwakheni isakhiwo esisebenzayo nasesazisweni solwazini. Kusenkathini yokushintsha ngokushesha kanye nokucindezelwa kwezombangazwe, izimiso zomthetho-mthetho-"nemingcele, umthetho owenziwe ngezimiso, kanye nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye. Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuklanyweni komthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho, i-Expoted [FLD] enjengezinhlangano [FOLD:]