Ukuqonda Imithetho - sisekelo

Umthetho - sisekelo uyisimiso sezimiso eziyisisekelo noma ezimiswe ngokwezimiso okubuswa ngazo umbuso. Uveza imibuso nemithwalo yemfanelo yezinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi uqinisekisa amalungelo athile ezakhamuzi. Umthetho - sisekelo usemandleni awo omthetho ozinzile oqondisa izenzo zohulumeni nezilawulwayo. Imithetho-sisekelo ingabhalwa noma ingabhalwa, ihlanganiswe ebhukwini elilodwa noma isakazwe emithonjeni eminingana. Okuhlukanisa umthetho wemithetho-sisekelo engokomthetho ubukhosini: akukho mthetho noma isenzo sikahulumeni esingaphikisana namalungiselelo awo. Le gunya le-hercarchism linikeza amandla ayo okulawula njengomthombo ongokomthetho ophakeme kakhulu ongokomthetho ongokomthetho ngaphakathi kwemibuso.

Imithetho-sisekelo yanamuhla ihlanganisa izingxenye eziningana: isandulela esichaza izindinganiso nezifiso zesizwe, izihloko ezichaza indlela kahulumeni, ingcaca yamalungelo achaza inkululeko eyisisekelo, nezinqubo zokulungisa. Izinga lemininingwane liyahluka kakhulu. Eminye imithetho-sisekelo imfishane futhi ivumelana, kanti eminye i-elula futhi ifundeke kahle. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isiphi isimo, umthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengesivumelwano somphakathi phakathi kombuso nabantu bawo, umisa izibopho kanye nalokho okulindelwe.

Ukuthuthuka Okungokomlando Komthetho - sisekelo

Izindlela zokuqala zokucabanga zomthetho - sisekelo zingalandelelwa emuva ezinhlanganweni zasendulo, lapho kwamiswa khona imithetho elawula umphakathi nokulinganisela imithetho ewumthetho.

  • Ikhodi likaHammurabi: Enye yemithetho ebhaliwe yakudala kakhulu, esukela emuva ku 1754 BC eBabiloni. Yamisa imithetho yezentengiselwano, impahla, nobulungisa bobugebengu, imisa isibonelo sokuthi imithetho kufanele ibhalwe futhi ifinyeleleke.
  • IMagna Carta: yasayinwa ngo-1215, yalinganisela amandla enkosi yamaNgisi futhi yabeka isisekelo sedemokrasi yanamuhla. Izimiso zayo zenqubo efanele nokuqulwa kwecala zithonywe yimibhalo yamuva yomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States: watholwa ngo-1787, wamisa isimiso sikahulumeni esinamagunya ahlukene nokuhlolwa nokulinganiswa. Uhlala uwumthetho-sisekelo wezwe omdala kakhulu obhaliwe wezwe noyisibonelo samanye amazwe amaningi.
  • ISimemezelo saseFrance samalungelo abantu nowalesi zakhamuzi: samukelwa ngo-1789, sagcizelela amalungelo abantu nezimiso zenkululeko, ukulingana, nobudlelwane. Ithonya laso lasakazekela eYurophu nangalé kwayo.

Ezinye izenzakalo ezibalulekile zihlanganisa uMthetho-sisekelo we-Polish kaMay 3, 1791 (umthetho-sisekelo wesizwe wokuqala we-Europe) wezwe lokuqala owenziwe wamiswa ngo-1950 (umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe obhalwe isikhathi eside kunayo yonke), kanye nemithetho-sisekelo yangemva kweMpi Yezwe II yeJalimane neJapane, eyamisa isithunzi somuntu nentendeko. Nganye yale mibhalo yasabela ezimweni ezingokomlando ezithile kuyilapho inengxenye esikweni somthetho sisekelo sembulunga yonke.

Ukuze kufundwe ngokuqhubekayo ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo komqondo womthetho-sisekelo, i-Liberty yeqoqo lezincwadi zomthetho ezingokomlando inikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi kwentuthuko yakuqala yomthetho-sisekelo waseMelika ne-Europe.

Izinhlobo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza ekucaciseni indlela izimiso zomthetho ezihlukene ezisebenza ngayo.

Ibhalwe ama-v. Imithetho-sisekelo engabhalwanga

Umthetho-sisekelo olotshiwe uhlanganiswe ebhukwini elilodwa noma eqenjini elilodwa lezincwadi, okwenza amalungiselelo awo acace futhi afinyeleleke. Izizwe eziningi, kuhlanganise i-United States, i-Indiya, ne-South Africa, zibhale imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Umthetho-sisekelo ongabhalwanga, ngokungafani, usuka emithonjeni eminingi njengemithetho, izinqumo zokwahlulela, imibuthano, namasiko. I-United Kingdom iyisibonelo esivelele kakhulu sesimiso somthetho-sisekelo esingabhalwanga, lapho lomthetho-sisekelo utholakala khona ezincwadini ezinjengeMagna Carta, i-Bill of Rights (iimpi yamaLungelo) 1689, i-Act of Pacement 1701, kanye ne-evoriveration mihlangano.

Imithetho - sisekelo Evumelana Nezimo

Umthetho-sisekelo oqinile udinga inqubo ekhethekile yokulungisa enzima kakhulu kunokudlulisa umthetho ovamile. Lokhu kuvikela izimiso eziyisisekelo ezimisweni ezingokwezombangazwe ezithatha isikhathi esifushane. Umthetho-sisekelo ovumelanayo ungalungiswa ngenqubo evamile yomthetho, uyivumele ukuba ivumelane kalula nezimo ezishintshayo. Imithetho-sisekelo eminingi iwela endaweni ethile phakathi kwalezi zigxobo ezimbili.

Ama-Federal v. Umthetho-sisekelo we-Unitary

Umthetho-sisekelo ophethe uhambisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni ophethe nezifunda, isilinganiso ngasinye sinegunya elichazayo. I-United States, iJalimane, ne-Australia isebenza ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Umthetho-sisekelo we-Unity ugxilisa amandla kuhulumeni ophakathi, nakuba ungase unike izindikimba igunya lendawo. IFrance neJapane ziyizibonelo zezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezihlangene.

Umtapo Oyisihluthulelo Womthetho-sisekelo

Imithetho-sisekelo ifeza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile emphakathini wentando yeningi. Nansi indima eyinhloko abayifezayo:

  • Ukuhlanganisa uBumbene bukaHulumeni: Umthetho womthetho uhlela inhlangano kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho, abaphathi, nabezahluleli. Loluhlelo lokwakha luvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekuqongeleleni igunya eliphakeme kakhulu.
  • [ Baqinisekisa amalungelo nenkululeko yabantu ngabanye, bavikela izakhamuzi ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Izincwadi zamalungelo zihlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yenhlangano, nesivikelo ekuboshweni okungokomthetho.
  • Isho intengo: ngokudala indawo engokomthetho elindelekile, imithetho-mthetho ikhuthaza ukuzinza nokuhleleka. Izakhamuzi namabhizinisi zingahlela izindaba zazo ngokuqiniseka ukuthi imithetho ngeke ishintshe ngokuzenzakalelayo.
  • Ukushintsha okungaguquguqukiyo: Umthetho-sisekelo uvame ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo okulungisa, ukuvumela izinguquko ezidingekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uma uqhubeka. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuzinza nokuvumelana kuyisici esibonisa umklamo womthetho-sisekelo ophumelelayo.
  • Igunya lokumisa uHulumeni: Umthetho-sisekelo umisa umthetho-sisekelo kuhulumeni ngokumisa imithetho yendlela amandla atholakala ngayo futhi asetshenziswe ngayo. Ohulumeni abalandela izinqubo zomthetho-sisekelo bathambekele kakhulu ukuba bamukeleke ngokomthetho njengezakhamuzi zabo.
  • [ Ukwethula isizwe:[ Umthetho-sisekelo ungasebenza njengophawu lwesizwe futhi ube nezindinganiso ezifanayo, usize ukuhlanganisa imiphakathi ehlukene ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho esivamile.

Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Indlela imithetho - sisekelo ehunyushwa ngayo isho okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwayo.

UbuOrigalist busekela ukuthi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala yomphakathi ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela ihlonipha izinqubo zedemokrasi nomthetho-mthetho-mthetho. isekela ukuthi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kufanele achazwe ngokwezilinganiso ezisusela ezingokobukhombanayo nasezimweni. Abasekeli bagomela ukuthi lendlela igcina umthetho-mthetho-siseko usebenza ezizukulwaneni.

Impikiswano phakathi kwalezi zindlela idlalwa ezinkantolo emhlabeni wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme aye ahlukana kakhulu ezindabeni ezinjengokubekwa kwamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, ukulawulwa kwezibhamu, nezimali zezemikhankaso, ezibonisa umehluko wamafilosofi okuchaza. Kwezinye izifunda, njengeCanada ne-South Africa, izinkantolo ziye zathatha izindlela ezicuphe kakhulu ezicabangela izinhloso ezibanzi zezimiso zomthetho-mthetho.

I-' i-Constitution Center's joint commentmental inikeza ithuluzi eliwusizo lokuhlola indlela incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo eye yavela ngayo eMelika.

Ukubaluleka Komthetho Womthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho womthetho-sisekelo ulawula ukuchazwa nokumiswa komthetho-sisekelo. Ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izimiso ezikumthetho-sisekelo zikhona. Izici eziyinhloko zomthetho-mthetho zihlanganisa:

  • Jodicial Review: Izinkantolo zinegunya lokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo nemithetho echitha imithetho evumelana namalungiselelo awo. Lamandla, asungulwe ezicabeni eziphawula izimpawu ezinjenge Marbury v. Madison [183]) eUnited States, asebenza njengesehlo esibucayi esisebenzani somthetho nesikhulu.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo:[ Izinkantolo ziphoqelela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, zinikeza indlela yokubekela inselele ukuphulwa komthetho-mthetho. Imithetho-mthetho ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zifune ukuvuselelwa lapho inkululeko yazo eyisisekelo incitshiswa.
  • Umthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho olawulayo: usiza ukugcina ukulinganisela phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni, uvimbele ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla. Amagalelo phezu kwemingcele ephetheyo axazululwa ngokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo.
  • Uhlelo oluthe tye: kwezinye izimiso zomthetho, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo asebenza hhayi nje kuphela ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni kodwa nasebuhlotsheni bangasese. Lomqondo, owaziwa ngokuthi uhlelo oluqonde ngqo noma Drittwiung[, udlulisela isivikelo somthetho-mthethweni ezindaweni ezinjengemisebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, nezivumelwano zangasese.

Ukuze iqonde ngokujule kakhulu indlela umthetho womthetho-sisekelo osebenza ngayo ngamasiko ahlukene angokomthetho, i- Constitute Project, ephethwe yi-Conftitutical Constitutions Project inikeza ukutholakala kombhalo cishe wonke umthetho-sisekelo osebenza namuhla.

Izinselele Ekubuseni Komthetho - sisekelo

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, imithetho - sisekelo ibhekana nezinselele eziningi ezikhona.

  • Izinkinga zokulungisa: Inqubo yokuhlela umthetho-sisekelo ingaba nzima, ikwenze kube nzima ukuzivumelanisa nokushintsha izidingo zezenhlalakahle. Izimfuneko eziphezulu nezinyathelo zokulungisa imishado eminingi zinganqanda izinguquko ngisho nalapho ukuvumelana okukhulu kukhona.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano yokunyathela: Kwamanye amazwe, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo awanyanzeli ngokuphumelelayo, kuholela ekuphukeni kwemithetho egcwele yonke indawo. Izehluleli ezibuthakathaka, ukungenela kwezombangazwe, nokungatholi amakhambi angokomthetho kushiya izakhamuzi zingavikelekile.
  • Ukulawula okungaguquguquki: Ohulumeni bangazama ukusebenzisa amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ukuze baqinise amandla noma balulaze izinqubo zedemokrasi. Lokhu kungahlanganisa izinkantolo zokupakisha, ukuhlanganisa ukubukeza, noma ukusebenzisa amandla esimo esiphuthumayo ukuze badlulise iziphakamiso zomthetho-mthetho.
  • I-Constigational Erosiation: Ngisho nasebuthweni bentando yeningi obumisiwe, izimiso zomthetho zingaphela kancane kancane ngokuphambana kwezikhulu, ukungenzi lutho, noma ukungakhathaleli komphakathi. Lesisenzakalo, ngezinye izikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi ukuphambuka kwentando yeningi, siletha usongo oluphawulekayo ekubusweni komthetho sisekelo.
  • Incazelo echazayo: ukungavumelani ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kungaholela ekuthatheni i-propati yezombangazwe kanye nezingxabano ezingokweziqu. Uma amagatsha kahulumeni enemibono engaqondakali ngemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo, ukubusa kungakhubazeka.

Ukuhlola Icala Lomphumela Womthetho - sisekelo

Ukuhlola indaba ethile kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela imithetho - sisekelo eye yathonya ngayo ukubusa nomphakathi.

Umthetho - sisekelo Wase - United States

I-U.S. yamiswa ngo-1787, uMthetho-sisekelo wasungula isimiso sikahulumeni esihlukanisa amagunya nesimiso esinemikhakha yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Izinguquko zaso, ikakhulukazi iSigqi Samalungelo Abantu, ziye zaba usizo ekuvikeleni inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ukukhuthazela koMthetho-sisekelo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu- 230 kufakazela ukuthi uqinile. Nokho, le ncwajana futhi iqukethe ukuhlehlisa okuqhubekisela phambili ubugqila futhi yashiya imibuzo engaxazululiwe mayelana namandla kahulumeni. Impikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nenkululeko yokuqala nemithetho ngokomthetho ephilayo ibonisa ukuqhubekeka komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nombango.

UMthetho - sisekelo WaseNingizimu Afrika

Iqanjwe ngo-1996, uMthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ubhekwa kabanzi njengolunye lwempi yomhlaba ethuthuka kakhulu. Wavela emzabalazweni omelene ne-astadim futhi wagcizelela isithunzi somuntu, ukulingana, nenkululeko. UMthetho-sisekelo wamisa iNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo enamandla aqinile okwahlulela futhi wahlanganisa amalungelo ezomnotho anjengemvume yokuthola indawo yokuhlala, ezokwelapha, nemfundo. Umbono wayo oguqulayo uye wakhuthaza amanye amazwe, kodwa ufeza izinselele eziqhubekayo ngenxa yokungalingani kwezomnotho nokungalingani kwezombangazwe.

Umthetho Oyisisekelo WaseJalimane

Ngo-1949 wamukeleka njengomthetho-sisekelo weNtshonalanga Jalimane, uMthetho oMkhulu (Grundesetz) ugcizelela isithunzi somuntu esihlokweni sawo sokuqala. Wamisa isimiso sephalamende neNkantolo eqinile yoMthetho-sisekelo (Bundesfassungsgericht) eye yabumba umbuso wentando yeningi waseJalimane amashumi amaningi eminyaka. UMthetho oyisisekelo uhlanganisa izisho zaphakade ezivimbela ukuqedwa kokuhlelwa kwesimiso sombuso, amalungelo abantu, nezimiso zentando yeningi. Ngemva kokumiswa kabusha ngo-1990, uMthetho oyisisekelo waba umthetho ohlangene weJalimane, ubonisa amandla awo okulungisa ukulawulwa kwentando yeningi lapho ulondoloza izindinganiso zomthetho wenkolo.

UMthetho - sisekelo WaseNdiya

UMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya, owamukelwa ngo-1950, uwumthetho-sisekelo obhalwe kade kunayo yonke emhlabeni. Wamisa isimiso sikahulumeni esinohulumeni onamandla futhi wahlanganisa namalungiselelo okuvuma ukusingatha ukucwaswa komlando. Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo ayisisekelo nezimiso eziqondisayo zibonisa ukuzinikela ekwahluleleni komphakathi. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya iye yasungula imfundiso yesakhiwo esiyisisekelo, ephethe ukuthi izici ezithile zomthetho-sisekelo azinakuguqulwa, umqondo oye wathonya umthetho ngokomthetho we-jurisprance emhlabeni wonke.

Ikusasa Lomthetho - sisekelo

Njengoba imiphakathi ishintsha, kumelwe ukuba nemithetho - sisekelo yayo iphinde ishintshe.

  • Ingxenye ekhulisweyo: Ukuhlanganyela ekwakheni izinqubo zokuguqula umthetho-sisekelo ngemihlangano engekho emthethweni, ukuxoxa nomphakathi, kanye nama-panendime kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho-sisekelo ibonisa izindinganiso zamanje. Ukwenziwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo owenziwayo kuye kwazuza ukuhlanganiswa emazweni anjenge-Iceland, Kenya, ne-Nepal.
  • Ithonya lomhlaba wonke:[ Ukuhlanganiswa kwezwe kungaholela ekuthatheni izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke emithethweni yesizwe. Izinkantolo zibhekisela ngokwandayo emthethweni wangaphandle nowezizwe ezinqumweni zomthetho-sisekelo, zikhuthaza ukuxhumana komthetho wesiphambano wemikhawulo.
  • I-Actinformation: izimpikiswano ezihlobene namalungelo enombolo, ukuvikela ulwazi, nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo kuzoba baluleke kakhulu. Eminye imithetho-sisekelo isihlanganisa amalungiselelo ezokuvikela ulwazi nokufinyelela ulwazi.
  • [ Inani elikhulayo lama-control amalungelo emvelo aqaphela amalungelo emvelo noma aphoqelela imisebenzi kuhulumeni ukuze avikele indawo ezungezile. La malungiselelo abonisa ukuqaphela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokugcinwa kwendawo ezungezile njengezinto ezikhathalelwe umthetho-sisekelo.
  • I-Constitutionism yesizwe: I-European Union nezinye izinhlangano zesifunda ziye zaveza izici zomthetho-sisekelo ezisebenza ngaphezu kwezinga lesizwe. Lokhu kuveza imibuzo mayelana nobukhosi, ukulandisa kwentando yeningi, kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwezinhlandla eziningi zemithetho engokomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwemiklamo evelayo yomthetho-sisekelo, i-IDEA yoMnyango wokwakhelwa komthetho-mthetho wezwe jikelele inikeza ukwaziswa okuqhathanisayo nemithombo yezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo emhlabeni wonke.

Isiphetho

Imithetho-sisekelo isekelwe emthethweni futhi ihleleka, inikeza uhlelo lokubusa nokuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Njengoba siqhubekela phambili, ukuvumelana kwemithetho kuyoba okubaluleke kakhulu ekubhekaneni nezinselele zemibuso yanamuhla. Ukufundisa iMithetho yezomthetho, inkululeko, nezinhlangano zezezenhlalakahle, nokusiza ekufezeni izithembiso zemithetho esemthethweni, njengoba ithuthukisa ukwazisa okujulile ngentando yeningi nokulawula umthetho.