Ukusungulwa Kokwakhiwa Kukahulumeni

Ukuhlukaniswa kukahulumeni ube amagatsha amathathu ahlukene", i-legislative, isikhulu, neyahlulelo − kwakha umgogodla wezimiso zanamuhla zentando yeningi. Lokhu kuhlukana, okusekelwe esimisweni se-checks nokulinganisa, kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu onegunya elingavinjelwa. Ngokusakaza amandla emagatsheni azimele kodwa azimele, isimiso sivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi sikhuthaze ukulandisa. Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States, owagunyaziswa ngo-1788, wamisa lesi simiso esicacile ezintwini I, II, no III, wasungula izakhiwo ezifanayo emhlabeni wonke.

Igatsha ngalinye lisebenzisa imibuso eqondile: igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho, igatsha eliphethe liyiphoqelele, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela liyayichaza. Ukuqonda lezindima kubalulekile ekuthembiseni uhulumeni, njengezakhamuzi eziqonda indlela imisebenzi kahulumeni engasekela ngayo kangcono izithakazelo zazo, zigcine abaholi belandisa, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo enqubweni yezombangazwe. Lesiqondiso sinweba egatsheni ngalinye, sincintisa ezakhiweni zabo zangaphakathi, imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko, kanye neziphetho ezisebenza phezu komunye nomunye.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho, elaziwa nangokuthi i-Congress e-United States, linamandla okwakha, uku-antenant, nemithetho e-pale. Lisebenza njengenhlangano ye-bimeral ehlanganisa amagumbi amabili: iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Lomklamo we-bimeral ubonakalisa ukuhleba phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu nemincane eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo, ukulinganisa ukumelelwa kwabantu kanye nombuso olinganayo.

Indlu Yabameleli

Indlu yabameleli inamalungu okuvota angu-435 ahlukene phakathi kwezifunda ezisekelwe ehlalweni labantu. Ilungu ngalinye likhonza igama elithatha iminyaka emibili, okwenza igumbi likwazi ukusabela ngokuqondile kokhethwe. Abameleli kumelwe ukuba okungenani baneminyaka engu-25 ubudala, isakhamuzi sase-U.S. okungenani iminyaka engu-7, futhi isakhamuzi sombuso esimelelwayo. Indlu inamandla amaningana:

  • Ibhuloho:[ Zonke izikweletu zokuphakamisa inzuzo kumelwe zivele endluni, inike ukulawula okuyinhloko kwentela nemali kahulumeni.
  • Indlu inamandla okulawula izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli, isekela likamongameli, nabahluleli, ngevoti elula enkulu.
  • Ukuqondisa uMongameli: Uma kungekho mjovo owina abaningi e-Electoral College, i House ikhetha umongameli kwabathathu abaphezulu, i-commenter ngayinye ivoti eyodwa.

Indlu isebenza ngesimiso samakomiti − ukuma, ukukhetha, nokuhlanganisa − ukuthi umthetho we-vet, abaphathi bezindaba, futhi osebenza kakhulu ezindaweni ezinjengezolimo, izindaba zakwamanye amazwe, nezihlongozo. U-Speaker wendlu, okhethwe yiqembu elikhulu, unethonya elikhulu ezimisweni zomthetho.

ISigele

ISigele sinamalungu ayikhulu, amabili avela esifundazweni ngasinye, asebenza ngokunyakazisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha. Leligama elide livikela izigebengu ezingcindezelweni zezombangazwe zesikhashana, likhuthaza ukuhlobana ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Iziphathi kumelwe zibe neminyaka engu-30 ubudala, isakhamuzi sase-U.S. okungenani iminyaka engu-9, kanye nesakhamuzi sesifunda salelizwe ezimelelwayo. Imibuso eyingqayizivele yeSigele ihlanganisa:

  • I-Advice kanye ne-connect: ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, kuhlanganise namalungu ekhathektha, amajaji kahulumeni, amanxusa, namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, ngevoti elikhulu.
  • [ I-Ratiation: ISigele sigunyaza izivumelwano zezizwe zonke ezixoxwe ngumongameli, idinga i-statives ephezulu kakhulu.
  • [ Ukuhlola:[ Ngemva kwendlu ikhipha isikhulu, iSigele siqhuba icala, ngevoti eliyisithathu esidinga ukukholisa nokususa.

ISigele sisebenzisa namathuluzi okuveza inqubo enjenge-filbuster, evumela ukuxabana okuthathelwe indawo ukuba kube khona ukulibala noma umthetho ovimbela. Ukuvota kwamalungu angu-60 kungaqeda i-monixbuster. Umongameli ongumKhosi ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele kodwa amavoti aqeda kuphela izibopho.

Inqubo Yokwenza Imithetho

U-Bhillis uba umthetho ngenqubo eqinile. Ilungu lenza isikweleti, esabelwe ikomiti. Ikomiti ingabamba isigwebo, iphawule, futhi ivote ukusithumela egumbini eligcwele. Zombili iziteshi kumelwe zidlule izinguqulo ezifanayo. Uma kukhona ukungefani, ikomiti yengqungquthela iyavumelana. Imvume yokugcina isiya kumongameli, ongasayina kuso umthetho noma awusayine. I-all ingayidlulisa ngevoti enezingxenye ezimbili egumbini ngalinye. Ukuhamba ngemininingwane efanayo, ukuhambela .

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe limisa imithetho emiswa yiKhongolose futhi liqondisa izikhulu zikahulumeni. Liqondiswa nguMongameli wase-United States, ophethe igama leminyaka emine futhi olinganiselwe kuma-galelo amabili ngeSichibiyelo sama-22. Igatsha lihlanganisa futhi uMongameli oyifa, i-Compris, izinhlangano ezizimele, nezisebenzi zikahulumeni. Igunya likamongameli lithathwe eSiphakami II soMthetho-sisekelo futhi liye lanwe kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nge-struction nenqubo.

UMongameli

Umongameli uyinhloko kahulumeni nohulumeni, ophethe imibuso ebanzi ehlanganisa:

  • IComper-in-Chief: Umongameli uyala amabutho ahlomile, nakuba kunguMkhandlu kuphela ongamemezela impi. Abameli bavame ukuthumela amabutho ngaphansi kweSigqi sombuso weMpi ka-1937.
  • Veto Power: Umongameli angadlulisa izikweletu ngemithetho ye-veto edluliswa yi-Congress, nakuba i-veto ingangaphikiswa ngevoti eyisithathu ezimbili. Usongo lokuhlela umthetho weveto.
  • A amandla okumisa: Umongameli ubeka izikhulu zikahulumeni, amajaji, namajaji, ngaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSigele.
  • I-Pignote yoMphathiswa woMbhishobhi: Umongameli uqhuba izivumelwano, uxoxa ngezivumelwano (nokwenzelwa igele elinombuso), futhi ukhipha izivumelwano zokuphatha. Umongameli futhi wamukela amanxusa futhi uqaphela ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe.
  • I-Exect Direct Directed Orders:[ Omongameli banganikeza iziqondiso kuzinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze zilawule imisebenzi. Nakuba kungewona umthetho, lemiyalo iphethe amandla omthetho futhi ingaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela.

Umongameli unikeza futhi iSizwe seSivumelwano soMbuso, usikisela uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, futhi unikeza intethelelo ngamacala kahulumeni (ngaphandle kokungagunyazi). Omongameli banamuhla bathembela ezisebenzini ezinkulu zeWhite House, kuhlanganise neNkosana yeStaff, iNational Security Advisor, noNobhala wePress.

Umongameli Ongumongameli Oyisekela

Umongameli ongumsekeli usebenza njengesikhulu sesibili esiphethe, esinezindima ezimbili eziyinhloko zomthetho-sisekelo: ukulandela umongameli uma efa, eshiya, noma esuswa, futhi eqondisa iSigele. Empeleni, abaphathi be-prince bavame ukuthatha iziphathi zenkambiso, bamelele izikhulu kwamanye amazwe, futhi basebenze njengabaqondisi abakhulu. Omongameli abangenakuholelwa baye bahola amabutho emkhathini, enkambisweni wezidakamizwa, namalungelo okuvota.

IKhabhinethi

IKhabhinethi inezinhloko zeminyango engu-15 ephethe, njengezwe, i-Defense, i-Center, Justice, ne Homeland Security. Amalungu eKhabhinethi amiswa ngumongameli futhi aqiniswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Baluleka umongameli futhi bengamele iminyango yabo. Ngaphandle kwe-Cabinet engokomthetho, umongameli angahlanganisa i-White House Kabinet futhi akhethe izikhulu nge- “czar” iziqu zokuhlela umthetho ezimpikiswaneni ezinjengoshintsho lwesimo sezulu noma ukulawulwa kwezidakamizwa.

Izinhlangano ze-Federal kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele ezizimele ezikhokha ama-aptional Protection Agency ne-Federal Reserve, zikhipha izinqubo nezimiso eziphoqelelwe. Izisebenzi ezivamile zikahulumeni zingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili, zikhipha izisebenzi zeposi nezisebenzi zezempi. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa kwamanje ngegatsha eliphethe, bheka Glost House.gov ukucaciswa kwegatsha eliphethe i-.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, liyisebenzise ezicabeni ezithile, futhi libukeze ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho wezenzo zomthetho nombuso. Isisekelo salo yiSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo, esimisa iNkantolo Ephakeme futhi sinike iziKhongolo amandla okusungula izinkantolo eziphansi. Ukuzimela kwegatsha kulondolozwa ukumiswa kobujaji bezwe kukho konke ukuphila, okuzivikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Igunya lokuhlola komthetho . . .Igunya lokuqeda imithetho ephula umthetho [FLT] [FLT]

INkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu esimisweni sikahulumeni, ehlanganisa iJaji elilodwa eliyinhloko neJaji elingu 8 elihlangene nomongameli futhi liqinisekiswa iSigele; isebenza izinqumo zokuphila. INkantolo ilalela amacala ngokuyinhloko ngokudluliswa ezinkantolo eziphansi noma izinkantolo eziphakeme lapho kuphakama imibuzo kahulumeni. Ichweba layo liyisinqumo: iNkantolo inikeza i-certari [ cishe 1% yezicelo unyaka ngamunye. Imisebenzi emikhulu yeNkantolo ihlanganisa:

  • Incazelo ye-Constitugal: Inkantolo ichaza incazelo yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, kusukela ekukhululekeni kwenkululeko yokukhuluma kuya ekuvikeleni okulinganayo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukubheka imithetho ye-Federal: Inkantolo inquma ukuthi izenzo zoMkhandlu ziphula umthetho-sisekelo.
  • Ukubheka izenzo zokuqondisa:[ Inkantolo ihlola igunya lomongameli, njengoba kubonakala emacaleni elungelo lomphathi neziqondiso zesikhulu.
  • Ukuxazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kwe-Epal: Inkantolo ilawula kuqala izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe, njengamalungelo amanzi noma izingxabano zomngcele.

Izinqumo zenziwa ngombono weningi; amajaji angabhala imibono ephikiswayo noma ephikisayo. INkantolo isebenza kusukela ngo-October kuya ku-June, izwa izimpikiswano futhi ikhiphe izinqumo. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okuvamile ngemisebenzi yeNkantolo, vakashela isikhulu seNkantolo ePhakeme u-FAQ.

Izinkantolo Eziphansi EziwuFederal

UKhongolose uye wamisa izinqolobane ezimbili eziyinhloko zezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi:

  • Izinkantolo zesifunda:[ Kunezinkantolo zesifunda ezingu-94 ezisebenza njengezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni. Zisingatha amacala omphakathi nobugebengu ahlanganisa umthetho kahulumeni, izimpikiswano zokulawula imibuso ehlukahlukene, nezinye.
  • Izinkantolo zesifunda zesifunda: izinkantolo zesifunda ezithatha izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda ezifundeni zazo zendawo. Zibukeza ukuqulwa kwecala ngephutha elingokomthetho futhi zimise isibonelo esilandelanayo. Isifunda sesifunda siphethe zonke izindawo ezikhethekile njengomthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezikhethekile zihlanganisa iNkantolo Yezohwebo Lwamazwe Namazwe NeNkantolo Yeziphakamiso Zomphakathi. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenza ngokwahlukana, zisingatha izindaba eziningi zobugebengu nomphakathi ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme ingahlola izinqumo zenkantolo kahulumeni ezihilela umbuzo kahulumeni.

Indlela Inkantolo Ephakeme Efinyelela Ngayo Icala

Icala liqala enkantolo yesigodi, lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi futhi kufinyelelwe nesinqumo. Iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lidlulisele icala enkantolo yesifunda, liphikisa ijaji lecala. Uma inkantolo yesifunda iqinisekisa noma ihlehlisa, lowo olahlekelwayo anganxusa iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ithole imvume yokuqulwa kwecala. Uma amajaji amane evuma ukuzwa icala, iNkantolo inikeza imvume yokukhipha isigwebo. Amaqembu afaka iziphakamiso ezibhaliwe futhi anikeze izimpikiswano zomlomo. Inkantolo ikhipha isinqumo esiba isibopho kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuqiniswa isimiso sokuhlola esivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba lilinganisele amanye. Izibonelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • [[[QUT:0] I-Acess ezigunyaziwe: UKhongolo-bumba kumele luqinisekise ama-mine, izivumelwano ze-rafy, nemali efanele. Ingasusa ama-vetoe futhi ikhiphe umongameli nezinye izikhulu.
  • I-Axicks ku-Legislative: Umongameli angakhipha izikweletu futhi abize uMkhandlu ngesimiso esikhethekile. Isekela likamongameli livota amavoti aphula ithayi eSigeqe.
  • [[[QUT:0] Judicial Archs kuMthetho noMphathi: Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo ngokubukeza.
  • [[[QULT:0] I-Legistative Anchers on Judial: Congress imisa isimo sezinkantolo eziphansi, inquma i-panellate presement, futhi ingakhipha amajaji.
  • [ Izibalo zezehlulelo: Umongameli ubeka amajaji futhi anganikeza ukuthethelela, okungase kuthinte imiphumela yokwahlulela.

Lokhu kubangela ukushukuma kwemizwa okuqhubekayo nokuxoxisana, kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awagcwali. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wasikisela ukwandisa iNkantolo Ephakeme (icebo lokushaya inkantolo”) ngo-1937 ngemva kokuba iNkantolo ishaye umthetho we-New Deal, kodwa iKhongolo yamelana, futhi kamuva iNkantolo yathatha izifundo eziphambili qhaza lokulinganisela.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando Nokuvuselelwa Kwayo

Abadwebi be-flamers badwetshwa ongqondongqondo abakhanyiselwe ngokukhanyiselwa njengeMontesquieu, owasekela imibuso ehlukene, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrithishi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amandla alinganiselwe egatsha ngalinye aye ashintsha. Igatsha eliphethe liye lakhula kakhulu kusukela nge-New Deal neMpi Yezwe II, umongameli ethatha indima evelele kwemiyalo nakwemiyalweni yangaphandle. ISishayamthetho ngezinye izikhathi uye wazivuselela ngokwangamele nangokuhlela. Ikomiti yabaphathi, ikakhulukazi iNkanto ePhakathi, iye yahlela isimiso somphakathi, ukukhishwa kwezisu, kanye nomkhankaso wezezimali ngemithetho yemithetho yezindawo.

Ukuqonda lezindima kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili enkathini yokubekwa kwezombangazwe, iziyalezo eziphetheyo, nokuncintiswa kokumiswa kokwahlulela. Izakhamuzi eziyiqonda imisebenzi nemingcele yegatsha ngalinye zingahlola kangcono izenzo zikahulumeni, zihlanganyele okhethweni, futhi zisekele inguquko. Ukuze zingene kakhulu ezisekelweni zomthetho-sisekelo, bheka iNational Archives of the Constitution .

Isiphetho

Amagatsha omthetho, abaphathi, nabezokwahlulela ngalinye anemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene kodwa encikeneyo phakathi kukahulumeni wombuso wase-U. Igatsha lomthetho lenza umthetho, liwugunyaza, futhi liwuchaza, konke ngaphakathi kwesimiso esilinganiselayo se-checks nezilinganiso. Lesi sakhiwo asivimbeli nje kuphela ukunqwabelana kwamandla kodwa futhi linikeza amathuba amaningi ezakhamuzi ukuba zilawule. Ngokuqonda lezizindima ezisembhalweni ezilula (*) futhi abantu abazokwengahlanganyela ngokunenjongo kakhulu nohulumeni wabo, sivikele amalungelo abo, futhi sinikele empilweni yeRepublic. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokhetho, umsebenzi wokwahlulela, ukukhulumela obala ezimisweni, noma ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuhlanganyela okutshelwa yi-diocrection.