Table of Contents

Isimiso semfundo sisebenza njengenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okwakha izinhlobonhlobo, okuhlanganisa bonke abafundi lapho bonke benethuba lokuphumelela kungakhathaliseki isizinda sabo sobuzwe noma sobuzwe. Indima yenqubo yemfundo ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlangana kwezinhlanga idlulela ngalé kokubeka abafundi bezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene emakilasini afanayo − ihlanganisa ukwakha indawo lapho izinhlobonhlobo zezindawo ziyigugu khona, imithombo yamandla ihlukaniswa kahle, futhi zonke izingane zithola imfundo ephakeme. Njengoba sibheka intuthuko yekhulu lama-21, ukuqonda indlela inqubo yemfundo engokobuhlanga ethuthukisa ngayo ukuhlangana kwezinhlanga kuhlala kubucayi ekufinyeleleni isithembiso sokuthola ithuba lokufundisa elilinganayo kubo bonke abantu.

Umlando Wemfundo Engokohlanga

Umlando wokwahlukaniswa kwezinhlanga emfundweni yaseMelika usekelwe ngokujulile ekucwaseni ngokwezimiso nasemacaleni angokomthetho ahlukanisa ngokucacile abafundi ngokohlanga.

Inkathi Yokuhlukaniswa Ngokomthetho

Phakathi nekhulu le - 19 nasekuqaleni kwelama - 20, ubandlululo lobuhlanga ezikoleni alwamukelwanga nje kuphela emphakathini kodwa lwagunyazwa ngokomthetho emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi kuwo wonke aseNingizimu. uJim Crow wamisa lokhu kuhlukana, edala isimiso semfundo esimbaxambili esanikeza imithombo elingana kakhulu namathuba. Abafundi abansundu babefunda ezikoleni ezigcwele izinto eziphelelwe isikhathi, amakilasi agcwele abantu, futhi behlala ngokungenamandla, kuyilapho abafundi abamhlophe babejabulela izinhlangano ezingcono.

Imfundiso "yokwehlukana kodwa ilingana," eyamiswa yisinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-1896 Plessy v. Ferguson, yanikeza ukulunga okungokomthetho kwalesimiso sokuhlukanisa icala. Nokho, iqiniso laliwukuthi izindawo ezihlukene azizange zilingane. Izikole ezikhonza abafundi abamnyama zathola ingxenye yemali eyabelwe izikole ezimhlophe, futhi izinga lemfundo lahlupheka kakhulu ngenxa yalokho.

Brown v. ibhodi Yemfundo: Isikhungo Samanzi Esinqunyiwe

Izemfundo zaseMelika zashintsha ngokuyisisekelo ngoMay 17, 1954, lapho iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States ikhipha isinqumo sayo esivumelanayo kuBrown v. Board of Education. Lesi sinqumo esiwuphawu lwezemfundo samemezela ukuthi izikole zomphakathi ezihlukaniswe ngokohlanga zaphula iSivikelo soMnyango we-Aumente Claus weSichibiyelo se-14th futhi sasungula ukuthi izikole ezihlukene kodwa ezilinganayo" zazingalingani ngokwemvelo futhi zingenamthetho. Isinqumo samelela ukunqoba okukhulu kwabasekeli bamalungelo omphakathi ababelwele ukulwa ngokungakhathali ukuqeda isisekelo somthetho esisekela ukuvikelwa kwemithetho.

Nokho, intuthuko yokususa ubandlululo yayithatha kancane futhi yaphikiswa kabuhlungu abantu abaningi, izinhlangano, nezikhulu zikahulumeni ababefuna ukulondoloza isimiso esihlukaniswe nobandlululo. Kwezinye izimo, zonke izifunda zavala izikole zazo kunokuba zihlangane. Ukumiswa kukaBrown kwadinga izinqumo ezengeziwe zenkantolo nokungenela kukahulumeni ukuze kuphoqelelwe ukuthobela.

Inkathi Yamalungelo Omphakathi Nemizamo Yokuhlukanisa

Inkathi yama-1960 nawo-1970 yaphawula intuthuko enkulu ekuncishisweni kwesikole. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-1968 kaGreen v. ISikhundla seSikolo sesifunda sase-New Kent County saqinisa imizamo yokususa izinhlangano ngokuvimbela "inkululeko yokuzikhethela" amasu athe asetshenziswa ekunciphiseni amacebo okhonkolo okuhlanganisa nokususa ubandlululo ezifundeni eziningi. Lesi sinqumo saholela ekukhiqizweni okusakazeka kwezinhlelo zokuqondisa amabhasi eziklanyelwe ukwakheka kwemiphakathini efuna ukuhlanganisa ubuhlanga, izinhlelo ezaqhubeka nakuwo ngawo - 1990 kweminye imiphakathi.

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 yanikeza amathuluzi engeziwe angokomthetho okulwa nobandlululo emfundweni, enqabela ukuxhaswa kwezimali zikahulumeni abamukela imvume esekelwe ekunqumeni ngokohlanga, ibala, noma umsuka wesizwe. Lokhu kuhlangene kokungenela okungokomthetho nokumisiwe kwaphumela ekwandeni okuphawulekayo ekuhlanganiseni kwesikole phakathi nonyaka ka-1960 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1970, okumelela ukuphakama kwemizamo yokungahlangani kwemfundo yaseMelika.

Isifundazwe Samanje Sesikole Sokuhlukanisa

Naphezu kwentuthuko eyenziwa emashumini eminyaka ngemva kweBrown v. Board of Education, eminyakeni engu - 70 ngemva kwesinqumo esivelele, uhlanga lusenendaba emfundweni yaseMelika. Ukucwaninga kwamuva kwembula ukuthambekela okukhathazayo: ubandlululo phakathi kwabafundi abamhlophe nabamnyama luye lwakhula ngamaphesenti angu - 64 kusukela ngo - 1988 ezifundeni eziyikhulu ezinkulu, futhi ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezomnotho kuye kwakhula ngamaphesenti angaba ngu - 50 kusukela ngo - 1991.

Ukuvela Kwenhlangano Ezifundeni Ezinkulu

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezikole zaseMelika kuphawuleka ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezinkulu zasemadolobheni ezisiza inani elikhulu labafundi abanombala. Amazinga okuhlukaniswa kwemfundo yasesikoleni awakho emazingeni angaphambi kwe-Brown, kodwa aphakeme futhi abelokhu enyuka kancane kusukela ekupheleni konyaka ka-1980. Lokhu kwanda kuye kwenzeka ngisho nanjengoba ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngokwezenhlalakahle nokungalingani kwezomnotho kuye kwehla ezindaweni eziningi, kusikisela ukuthi ukukhetha inqubo kunokushintsha kwenani labantu kubangela lomkhuba.

Ingxenye engaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabafundi (cishe izigidi ezingu - 18,5) babekhona esikoleni esifunda isikole esinemizwa efanayo phakathi nonyaka wesikole ka - 2020 kuya ku - 211, ngokombiko weHhovisi Lokulandisa likaHulumeni wase-U.

Izindlela Zokuhlukanisa Ngohlanga Nobuhlanga

Izindlela zokwahlukanisa ngokwezinhlanga ziyehluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlanga nezinhlanga. Ezifundeni ezinkulu, ukuhlukaniswa kwabamhlophe nabamhlophe phakathi kwezikole kwanda amaphesenti angu-35 nomhlophe-Asiya ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kusukela ngo-1991 kuya ku-2020. Ukuhlukaniswa kwabamhlophe-Hispanic nakho kuye kwahlala kuphakeme, nakuba kwafinyelela inani eliphakeme ekupheleni kwawo- 2000.

Cishe abafundi abangu - 37% abansundu eU.S. babhalisa ezikoleni eziningi zabamhlophe ngo - 1988, kodwa ngo - 2018, amaphesenti ehla aba ngu - 19%. Kubafundi baseHispanic, ukuhlukaniswa kwesikole kuye kwanda kancane kancane ngenxa yokushintsha kwenani labantu, futhi abafundi abangamaHispanic manje babhekene namazinga aphakeme esizwe kunabafundi abaNsundu ezindaweni eziningi.

Nakuba abafundi abangu - 45% babo bonke abafundi baseU.S. babemhlophe, umfundi ovamile omnyama waya esikoleni esasinabafundi abangamaphesenti angu - 76 abangebona abelungu ngo - 2021, kuyilapho umfundi ovamile wesiLatini waya esikoleni esingebona abamhlophe abangamaphesenti angu - 75. Lokhu kugcwala kwabafundi abanemibala ezikoleni ezingezona ezimhlophe kunezici ezibalulekile ekufundiseni izinto ezifanele nokusakazwa kwemali.

Ukuhlukana Kwezomnotho Ezikoleni

Ubandlululo lobuhlanga ezikoleni luhlobene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kwezomnotho. Cishe izingane eziyisikhombisa kweziyishumi zabansundu (69,2%) ziya ezikoleni lapho iningi labafundi linemibala, futhi ezingaphezu kweziyisikhombisa kubafundi abansundu abayishumi (72,4%) baya ezikoleni eziphakeme zezentengiselwano, uma kuqhathaniswa nomfundi omhlophe oyedwa kwabathathu (31,3%).

Ezifundeni ezinkulu, ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezingane ezimpofu (abafundi abafanele ukudla kwasemini okukhululekile) nabafundi abangampofu kwanda ngamaphesenti angu 47 kusukela ngo-1991, kanti ngo-2020, izinga lobumpofu esikoleni somfundi esimpofu ngokwesilinganiso lalicishe libe amaphesenti angu-20 ngaphezu kwesesikoleni esivamile sabafundi esingabampofu esisesifundeni esisodwa. Le ngxenye yezomnotho ihlanganisa izinselele abafundi ababhekene nazo ngemibala, njengoba izikole eziphezulu ezingaphezulu kakhulu zinezinemithombo ephansi, othisha abanolwazi oluncane, futhi ilinganiselwe ekutholeni umsebenzi wemfundo ophambili.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwezindawo Zomhlaba

Ukwahlukaniswa kwesikole kubonakala ngokwehlukile ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zase-United States. Nakuba ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngokwezinhlanga kuye kwahlotshaniswa nonyaka ka-Jim Crow South, izindlela zamanje zibonisa ukuthi ubandlululo lukhona kulo lonke izwe. Ngo- 1988, cishe amaphesenti angu-7,4 ezikole zesizwe aye ahlukaniswa kakhulu, kodwa ngo-2021, lelonani lase liqiniswe cishe cishe ngo-20%.

Izikole zase California ezihlukaniswe kakhulu ngokwezinhlanga zanda kakhulu, zithatha kusukela ku-11% kuya ku-44%, kanti uMaryland, New Mexico, Nevada, neTexas zazinenye yesilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu senani elandayo ezikoleni ezidukile kakhulu. Lokhu kushintshashintsha kwezindawo kubonisa izimo ezihlukene, ukuhlelwa kwamanani abantu, kanye nezindlela zomlando zokuhlukaniswa kwabantu.

Izehlukaniso eziningi zesikole zenzeka phakathi kwezifunda kunangaphakathi. Abafundi ababhaliswa ngokungafani ezifundeni ngezinhlanga, ubuzwe, nezomnotho, badala umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemiphakathi engomakhelwane. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifunda zasemadolobheni zikhonza abafundi abanemibala emikhayeni ephansi ekhona, kanti izifunda eziseduze ezikhonza ngokuyinhloko abafundi abamhlophe abanezizinda ezichume kakhulu.

Imfundo Ebalulekile Ithuthukisa Ukuziphatha Okukhuthaza Ukudlondlobala Kohlanga

Izimiso zemfundo ezihlukahlukene ziye zasetshenziswa phakathi namashumi eminyaka ukukhuthaza ukuhlangana kwezinhlanga nokuhlukanisa okuqhubekayo. Lezizimiso zisukela ekungeneleni okugunyaziwe enkantolo kuya ezimisweni zokuzithandela eziklanyelwe ukwandisa izinhlobonhlobo zemfundo nokuthuthukisa ukuhleleka kokufundisa.

Ukuhlukaniswa kweNkantolo

Ukuhlukaniswa kwenkantolo ngokomlando kuye kwaba elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni. Ngemva kwesinqumo sikaBrown, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zayala ukuba kuhlelwe izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa izikole ezisezweni lonke, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinezigigaba zokuhlukanisa. Lezi zikhundla zafuna ukuba izifunda zithathe izinyathelo zokuqeda izimiso ezihlukene ngokohlanga, ngokuvamile ngezimiso zabafundi, izinhlelo zokubhula, nentuthuko yezakhiwo.

Phakathi nenani eliphakeme lezikhulu ezikhucululwayo zenkantolo ngawo-1970 nawo-1980, izifunda eziningi zafinyelela amazinga aphawulekayo okuhlangana. Nokho, kusukela ngo-1991, cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezifunda ezazingaphansi kwemithetho yenkantolo ziye zakhululwa enkantolo. Ukususwa kwecala kuye kwanezela ekubuyiseleni imingcele emiphakathini eminingi, njengoba izifunda ezingasadingeki ukuba zigcine imizamo yokuhlanganisa.

Isenzo Esiqinisayo Nezimemezelo Zohlanga

Izimiso eziqinisayo ziye zahlose ukwandisa amathuba amaqembu ezinhlanga ezihlukene ngokwezemfundo ngokwesiko, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini emfundo ephakeme. Lezizimiso zibheka uhlanga njengesici esisodwa phakathi kwezinqumo eziningi ezithathelwa imvume ukukhuthaza ukwahlukahlukana nokucwasana ngokomlando. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvuma kusiza ekunciphiseni inkundla yokudlala kubafundi abaye babhekana nezithiyo ezingokomlando, kuyilapho abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi izimiso ezinjalo ziguqula ubandlululo.

I-Harvard ebeke imingcele engokomthetho ehlobene nokuvuma inqubo iye yaqala kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Ngo-2023, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha isinqumo kuBafundi be-Fair Adgistracts v. I-Harvard eyakuvimbela kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zokuvuma izinhlanga ezingeni eliphezulu. Lesi sinqumo siye sabangela izinhlangano ukuba zihlole izindlela ezihlukile zokulondoloza izakhiwo zezindawo ezihlukene kuyilapho zihambisana nesimiso esisha somthetho.

Izikole Ze - magnet Nezinhlelo Zokuthutha Ngokuzithandela

Izikole ze-magnet zimelela indlela yokuzithandela yokuthuthukisa ukuhlangana ngokunikeza izifundo ezikhethekile zezifundo zesikole noma izinhlelo eziklanyelwe ukukhanga abafundi abahlukahlukene. Lezi zikole zivame ukuveza izihloko ezikhethekile zemfundo njengesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ukwenza ubuciko, noma izifundo zomhlaba wonke, ukudweba abafundi bevela ngaphesheya kwemingcele yesigodi. Ngokunikeza izindlela zemfundo eziphezulu ezikhanga imikhaya evela ezizindeni ezihlukahlukene, izikole zikazibuthe zingasiza ukuhlangana ngaphandle kwezimiso zezabelo eziphoqelelwe.

Izinhlelo zokuzithandela zokuhlanganisa amaqembu zidlulela ngalé kwezikole zikazibuthe ukuze zihlanganise amalungiselelo okuzikhethela alawulwayo, lapho imikhaya ikhetha ezikoleni eziningana kuyilapho izifunda zifeza izabelo zokulondoloza ukulingana kwezinhlanga nezomnotho.

Ushintsho Lwesikole Nemingcele

Izigodi zesikole nemingcele yesifunda zithonya kakhulu izindlela zokuhlukanisa nokuhlangana. Ushintsho oluhlelekile kulemingcele lungathuthukisa izinhlobonhlobo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izikole zidonsa abafundi ezindaweni ezihlukene ngezinhlanga nangezomnotho. Ezinye izifunda ziye zasebenzisa izimiso eziklama ngamabomu ukuba kube khona ezindaweni eziseduze futhi zidale izindikimba zabafundi ezihlukene kakhulu.

Nokho, izinqumo zomngcele ngokuvamile ziba nezingxabano, njengoba zingathinta inzuzo yempahla, izikhathi zokuhamba kwezindawo, kanye nomphakathi. Ukudlondlobala kwesifunda, lapho izikole zihlukana khona nesifunda esikhona, kuye kwavela njengenye yezizathu zokungathuthuki okukhulu ekuhlanganiseni, futhi izifunda ezintsha ngokuvamile ziba mhlophe futhi zicebe kakhulu kunezifunda ezisele.

Isabelo Sabafundi Esisekelwe Ezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Isabela ekuvinjelweni okungokomthetho kwezimiso zezinhlanga, ezinye izigodi ziye zamukela izimiso zabafundi ezisekelwe kwezezomnotho ezicabangela inzuzo yomkhaya, imfundo yabazali, noma izici zomphakathi. Lezi zinqubo zihlose ukuthuthukisa kokubili ukuhlangana kwezomnotho nohlanga, ziqaphela ukuhlangana okunamandla phakathi kohlanga kanye nesimo sezenhlalo nezenhlalo e-United States.

Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukuhlangana kwezomnotho nezenhlalo kungasiza ekudaleni izikole ezihlukahlukene kuyilapho kugwema izinselele ezingokomthetho ezihlobene nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga okucacile.

Inqubo Ehlanganisayo Nengokwesiko Evumelana Nezici

Izifundo zangemva kwesikole ezibonisa amasiko, izinganekwane, nemibono ehlukahlukene zimelela enye indlela ebucayi yokuthuthukisa ukuhlangana nokulingana.

Imikhuba yokufundisa okuthathelwanayo ngokwesiko idlulela ngalé kokwaziswa okusezifundweni ukuze ihlanganise izindlela zokufundisa eziqaphelayo futhi ezakhele ezizindeni zamasiko nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabafundi. Lezi zinqubo zingasiza ekudaleni indawo yokufunda engcono nephumelelayo kubafundi abanombala, okungathuthukisa kokubili imiphumela yemfundo kanye nokubambisana kwezenhlalo ezikoleni ezihlukahlukene.

Nokho, eminye imizamweni yokusebenzisa izifundo ezihlanganisa isikole iye yabhekana nokuphikiswa kwezombangazwe kweminye imiphakathi, izimpikiswano zokuthi ukufundisa ngezinhlanga, ubuhlanga, neMelika kuzoba nombango oqhubekayo.

Izinhlelo Zokuhamba Nezokubhucunga

Izinqubo zokuhamba, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zokuqondisa, ziye zafeza indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni isikole. Ngokunikeza izinto zokuhamba kubafundi abafunda ezikoleni ezingaphandle kwezindawo eziseduze, izifunda zinganqoba ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu abahlala kuzo futhi zakhe izindawo ezihlukene kakhulu ezifunda kuzo. IBism yasetshenziswa kakhulu phakathi nesikhathi sokuncipha kwenani leminyaka yawo - 1970 nawo - 1980 ukuze ifinyelele ukulingana kwezinhlanga ezikoleni.

Nakuba izinhlelo zokuqondisa zandisa ukuhlangana ngokuphumelelayo emiphakathini eminingi, zabangela futhi impikiswano ephawulekayo nokumelana. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthungatha imithwalo ethwele imikhaya, ukuphazamisa izikole zomphakathi, futhi ukuhluleka ukusingatha izindaba eziyisisekelo zokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zokuhlala. Izinhlelo eziningi zokuqondisa zabuyiselwa emuva noma zaqedwa njengoba ukuqondisa kwenkantolo kwakunengxenye ekubuyiseleni izivumelwano ngokulandelana.

Izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa amagumbi angaphakathi

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezingane eziningi phakathi kwezifunda, izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa izifunda eziphakathi kwezifunda ziyithuluzi elibalulekile.

Izinhlelo zesifunda zibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu zokufeza izinhlelo, kuhlanganise namalungiselelo angokwezimali, imishini yokuhamba nokumelana kwezombangazwe ezibangelwa imiphakathi ekhathazekile ngokulahlekelwa ulawulo noma imithombo yendawo. Noma kunjalo, izinhlelo eziphumelelayo zamaqembu aphakathi zibonisa ukuthi ukubambisana okunganqamuki kungandisa amathuba abafundi futhi kuthuthukise ukuhlangana.

Umphumela Wezimiso Zokukhetha Esikoleni Ekungcoleni

Ukwanda kwezimiso zesikole zokukhetha, kuhlanganise nezikole zomthetho - sisekelo nezinhlelo zokuqinisekisa, ngokuyisisekelo kuye kwalungisa isimo semfundo yaseMelika futhi kwathonya ngokuphawulekayo izindlela zokuhlangana kobuhlanga nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu.

Izikole Ze - Charter Nokuhlukana

Lombiko unikeza ubufakazi obusha ngethonya elibangela ukuthambekela kwamuva kwesigaba sesikole, obubonisa ukuthi ukwanda kwezikole zomthetho - sisekelo kuye kwaba nendima, njengoba ingxenye yomthetho - sisekelo iye yakhula kusukela ngo - 1998. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ukwanda kwesikole somthetho - sisekelo kuye kwanezela ekwandeni kobandlululo emiphakathini eminingi, nakuba lobu buhlobo buyinkimbinkimbi futhi buhlukahluka ngokwezindawo.

Izikole zezincwadi, ezisebenza ngenkululeko enkulu kunalezo ezivamile zesikole somphakathi lapho zithola imali yomphakathi, ziye zanda eUnited States phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule. Nakuba ezinye izikole zomthetho zisiza amanani ahlukahlukene abafundi, ezinye ziye zaba ezezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene, kungaba zikhonza abafundi abanombala abaningi emadolobheni noma abafundi abamhlophe abaningi emiphakathini yasemaphandleni noma emaphandleni.

Imiphumela ehlukanisayo yezikole zomthetho-mthetho isuka ezicini eziningana, kuhlanganise nekhono labo lokudonsa abafundi ezifundeni ezingokwesiko, izinqumo zendawo yabo, amasu abo okuthengisa, nokuzikhethela kwemikhaya ekhetha ukubhalisa. Ngaphandle kwezimiso zokuhlanganisa, izikole zomthetho-mthetho zingaqinisa noma zifake izindlela ezikhona zokwahlukanisa.

Izinhlelo Nesikole Sabodwa

Izincwadi zokuqinisekisa isikole zathunyelwa okokuqala ngemva kukaBrown v. ibhodi yemfundo njengendlela yokulondoloza ukuhlukana ngokohlanga ngemva kokuba izinkantolo ziyale izikole zomphakathi ukuba zihlangane, nezinhlelo zokuqala zokuqinisekisa ezaziklanyelwe ukululaza ukunciphiswa kwesikole ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-1954. Lomlando okhathazayo uyaqhubeka uthonya izimpikiswano zamanje eziphathelene nezinhlelo zokufaka isiqinisekiso kanye nemiphumela yazo ekuhlanganiseni.

Ukwanda kwevoucher kuhlukanisa izikole ngohlanga nangemali futhi kubonisa inkambiso esekelwe ekumelaneni nemfundo yesikole. Izinhlelo zanamuhla ezinikeza abafundi imali yomphakathi yokufunda izikole ezingabodwa, ziye zanda ngokuphawulekayo eminyakeni yamuva. Izifundazwe ezingaphezu kuka-30 manje zisebenzisa izinhlelo zokuqinisekisa noma zescreenter, futhi okungenani ezingu-18 ziye zamukela inzuzo yendawo yonke.

Ezifundazweni eziningi kulo lonke izwe, ukwanda kwe-rekhodenti kuye kwahlukanisa izikole futhi kwandisa ukuhleleka kwezomnotho, kugxilisa ukunakekela komnotho nokweqisa kubafundi abamhlophe ezimisweni zomuntu siqu lapho beshiya izikole zomphakathi ezinesidingo esiphezulu nenani eliphansi. Izikole zomphakathi ezihlanganyela ezimisweni zokufaka imvume ngokuvamile akudingeki ukuba zilandele isivikelo esifanayo samalungelo omphakathi noma izinyathelo zokulandisa njengezikole zomphakathi, zikhulisa ukukhathazeka ngobandlululo nangezimiso.

NgoJuly 2025, uMkhandlu wagunyaza uhlelo lokuqala lwesivumelwano sesikole sangaphakathi sombuso, esakhiwe njengentela kahulumeni "intela" evumela abantu ukuba banikele ngemali efinyelela ku-R2,700 ngonyaka ukuba banikeze izinhlangano futhi bathole imali yokukhokha intela kahulumeni nge-dollar ye-dollar, kanye nohlelo olungase luphambukise phakathi kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-30 nezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-50 zezigidi zemfundo yomphakathi ezweni lonke. Lo hlelo lwamazwe angandisa kakhulu izimo zokukhokha intela ekwandisweni futhi anciphe izimali zezikole ezikhonza abafundi bemibala eminingi.

Izikole Zasezindaweni Zomakhelwane Nokukhetha Kwabazali

Ngoba amaphesenti angu-70 abafundi base-U.S. aya ezikoleni zomphakathi zomphakathi, imiphakathi ehlukene ngokohlanga iye yazisekela ngokomlando izikole ezihlukene ngokohlanga. Ukugcizelela izikole zomphakathi nokukhetha kobuzali, kuyilapho kukhanga izifiso zemikhaya eminingi zokulawula nokusiza, kungaqhubekisela phambili ukucwasana lapho imiphakathi ngokwayo ihlukaniswa ngokohlanga nangesigaba.

Ezifundeni eziningi ezinkulu, ukuhlukaniswa kwesikole kuye kwanda kuyilapho ubandlululo lwezikole nokungalingani kwezomnotho kuye kwehla, futhi okutholiwe kubonisa ukuthi ukukhetha kwezimiso – hhayi izinguquko zenani labantu – kubangela ukwanda. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukusuka ezimisweni zokuhlela izimiso ezisekelwe ekukhetheni kuye kwavumela izikole ukuba zihlukane kakhulu kunasezindaweni ezikhonza kuzo.

Ukuklama Izimiso Zokukhetha Zokuthuthukisa Ukuhlangana

Nakuba izimiso zokukhetha isikole ngokuvamile ziye zaba nengxenye ekwandiseni ubandlululo, akudingeki ukuba zikwenze ngokungenakugwenywa. izigodi zezikole zingasebenzisa izimiso zokubhalisa ukuze zinciphise ukwahlukana, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa ngokuzithandela, izimiso zabafundi ezisekelwe kwezenhlalakahle nezomnotho, kanye nezimiso zokuzikhethela ezikhuthaza ukuhlangana.

Amanye ama-othory aye asungula ama-othory abonisa ukuthi abafundi ababhalisayo bangathuthukisa ukuhlukahluka, babeke izihlalo ezigcinelwe abafundi abavela emaqenjini angakho, noma imikhankaso yokwaziswa ekhuthaza imikhaya ukuba icabangele izindlela zesikole ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zinqubo zibonisa ukuthi ukukhetha nokuhlangana kungaba yimigomo evumelanayo uma izimiso ziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa kokubili ngamabomu.

Izinzuzo Zezikole Ezinezinhlanga Ezihlukahlukene

Ukucwaninga kubonisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi izikole ezihlangene ngokohlanga zinikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu kubafundi ababhekene namaqembu ezinhlanga namaqembu ezinhlanga, kanye nasemphakathini obanzi ngokwengeziwe. Ukuqonda lezinzuzo kubalulekile ekwenzeni isimo sibe semikhankaso yokubambisana.

Imiphumela Nempumelelo

Ukuhlukaniswa kubonakala kuthuthukisa imiphumela yemfundo ngoba kugxilisa abafundi abamnyama nabaseSpaniya ezikoleni eziphezulu ezimpofu, okuphumela ekutholeni amathuba okufunda alinganayo. Abafundi abanemibala ehlukahlukene abafunda ezikoleni ezihlangene nezinabantu abampofu kakhulu bafeza kangcono, ngokwesilinganiso, ekuhlolweni okuvamile kunontanga yabo ezimweni ezihlukene.

Izinzuzo zemfundo zokuhlanganisa zisuka ezicini eziningi, kuhlanganise nokuthola izikole ezineziphetho ezingcono, ukujwayelana nontanga abanezimo zemfundo ezihlukene nezinhloso ezihlukene, kanye nokuncishiswa kwezinselele ezihlobene nobumpofu. Izikole eziphambili zinikeza umsebenzi wemfundo ophambili, othisha abanolwazi, nezindawo ezingcono kunezifundo ezinezibhedlele ezikhonza abafundi abanombala abaningi.

Ukucwaninga kubonisa futhi ukuthi ukusebenza kwemfundo yabafundi abamhlophe akulinyazwa ukuya ezikoleni ezihlangene, ngokuphambene nokwesaba ngezinye izikhathi okuvezwa abaphikisi bokuhlangana. Eqinisweni, bonke abafundi bangazuza emibonweni ehlukene nasekwenzeni okukhona lapho kuhlanganiswa indawo ezungezile efunda kuyo.

Izinzuzo Emphakathini Nasekugcineni

Ngaphandle kwemiphumela yemfundo, izikole ezihlangene zinezinzuzo ezibalulekile emphakathini nasemphakathini.

Izikole eziqanjwe zakha amathuba abafundi abavela ezizindeni ezihlukene okwakha ubungane futhi bathuthukise ukuqonda okungaqeda izinkolelo ezivamile futhi kunciphise ukungezwani kweqembu. Lobu buhlobo obuphakathi kwezizwe nokuhlangenwe nakho kungaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo, kuthonye isimo sengqondo sabafundi, ukukhetha umsebenzi, kanye nokuthembisana komphakathi kukho konke ukuphila kwabo.

Ucwaningo lusikisela ukuthi abafundi abafunda izikole ezihlangene basengozini kakhulu yokuhlala ezindaweni ezihlangene lapho sebebadala, basebenze ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, futhi basekele izimiso ezikhuthaza ukulingana kwezinhlanga. Lemiphumela emide yangemva kwesikole ibonisa indlela ukuhlangana kwesikole okunganezela ngayo ekuhlanganiseni umphakathi futhi kunciphise ukungalingani kwezinhlanga.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nezemisebenzi

Ukuvala izikhala zobuhlanga eziholelayo nokuthola imithombo yezimali nemfundo kuyosiza ekuthuthukiseni umnotho, ngenxa yobandlululo, kusukela ngo 2000 i-United States iye yalahlekelwa imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 1 600 zempahla nezinkonzo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwesikole kunengxenye ekuthuthukeni kwezomnotho ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abafundi bathola amalungiselelo abawadingayo ukuze baphumelele emsebenzini futhi baneqhaza ekukhuleni kwezomnotho.

Abafundi abafunda ezikoleni ezihlangene bakulungele kangcono ukubhekana nemisebenzi ehlukahlukene futhi bayakwazi ukuthola izinqubo ezibanzi ezingasiza ekutholeni amathuba emisebenzi. Ngokunciphisa amathuba emfundo nokuthuthukisa amathuba alinganayo, izimiso zokuhlanganisa izikole zisiza ekuthuthukiseni inhloko - dolobha yabantu kuzo zonke izingxenye zomphakathi, ziqinise umnotho wonke.

Impilo Nenhlalakahle

Imiphumela yokuhlukaniswa kwesikole idlulela ngalé kwemfundo ukuze ithonye impilo nenhlalakahle. Abafundi ezikoleni ezinabantu abahlukene ngokwezinhlanga, ezinobumpofu obukhulu babhekana nokuchayeka kakhulu ekucindezelekeni, ukukhungathekeni, nezimo ezimbi ezingathinta kokubili impilo engokomzimba nengokwengqondo. Ukunqwabelana kokuhlupheka ezikoleni ezihlukene kudala izimo lapho abafundi bengase balwisane nokungalondeki kokudla, ukungahleleki kwezindlu, nokuchayeka ebudloveni.

Izikole eziqeqeshiwe ezinemithombo eyanele zinganikeza izinkonzo zokusekela ezibanzi, kuhlanganise nokweluleka, izinkonzo zezempilo, kanye nokucebisa amathuba athuthukisa ukuchuma komfundi. Ukuncishiswa kokucindezeleka namathuba athuthukisiwe ahlobene nokuya ezindaweni ezingcono, izikole ezihlangene zingaba nemiphumela emihle empilweni yabafundi eqhubekela phambili nasebudaleni.

Izinselele Zokufinyelela Ukudlondlobala Kobuhlanga

Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezisobala zezikole ezihlangene namashumi eminyaka emizamo yezimiso, ukufinyelela ukuhlangana okunenjongo kobuhlanga kuseyinselele eyinkimbinkimbi egcwele izithiyo ezifinyelela ezingeni elihlukahlukene.

Ukucwasana Okuyinqaba

Umthombo wokwahlukaniswa kwesikole ukwahlukaniswa kwabantu abahlala ndawonye, njengoba isabelo sokuhlala nesikole sihlanganiswa nesiko lezikole ezilawulwa indawo. Izindlela zokuhlukaniswa kwabantu, ezibunjwe ukucwasana ngokomlando, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, kanye nezimakethe zezindlu eziqhubekayo, zibangela izithiyo eziphawulekayo ekuhlanganeni kwesikole.

Kunezizathu ezingokomlando ezenza ukuba imiphakathi ibheke indlela ebukeka ngayo, njengoba ingxenye ethile yalokho ingenxa yendlela izwe lakithi elikhetha ngayo ukukhuthaza noma ukulinganisela lapho abantu babengahlala khona, futhi nakuba i - Fair Howard Act ka - 1968 ivimbela ukucwaswa kwezindlu ngesisekelo sohlanga, kwezinye izindawo, umthetho wamanje uqinisa imiphakathi ehlukene ngokohlanga.

Ukusingatha isigaba sesikole ngokuphumelelayo kudinga ukubhekana nemingcele yokuhlala ngezimiso zezindlu ezingakhethi, ukusungulwa kwezindlu ezibizayo, nemizamo yokunciphisa ukungalingani kwezomnotho.

Ukumelana Nezombangazwe Nomphakathi

Imizamo yokuvimbela iye yabhekana nokumelana okuphawulekayo ngokomlando nemiphakathi nabaholi bezombangazwe abamelene nezinguquko ezabelweni zesikole ezikhona, ukwesaba ukuncipha kwezindinganiso zempahla, noma ukufukamela ubandlululo lobuhlanga. Lokhu kwenqaba kungabonakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ezinkingeni ezingokomthetho kuya ekuhlanganiseni izinhlangano kuya ekuhambeni okumhlophe kusukela ezikoleni ezihlangene nezifundayo.

Ukumelana nokuhlanganiswa ngokuvamile kuthatha izindlela ezicashile kakhulu kunokuphikisa okungaqondakali kwenkathi yamalungelo omphakathi, kodwa kuseyisithiyo esinamandla. Abazali bangazwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngezinga lesikole, izindinganiso zemfundo, noma ukuphepha okufihla izinkathazo zobuhlanga. Abaholi bezombangazwe bangase balwele "ukuzithiba kwendawo noma "ukukhetha okungalawuleki kwamazinyo" ngezindlela ezigcina ukuhlukaniswa ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukwakha nokulondoloza intando yezombangazwe yokuhlanganisa kudinga ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo, imfundo yomphakathi, nomholi ozinikele ekulinganiseni. Ngaphandle kokusekelwa okunamandla abenzi bezimiso nabaholi bomphakathi, imizamo yokuhlanganisa ingeke iphumelele noma isekelwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukungalingani Kwengcebo Nokuxhasa Ubulungisa

Izifunda eziphansi kakhulu zitholakala ezindaweni eziyishumi: i-Alabama, i-Arkansas, iFlorida, iGeorgia, iLouisiana, iMississippi, iNevada, i-New Mexico, i-North Carolina, neTexas, ezineziyisishiyagalombili zalezi zifunda ezithathe imithetho eqinisekisayo. Ukuxhasa ngemali ngokulinganayo phakathi kwezifunda zesikole kudala futhi kuqhubekisela phambili imfundo encithayo elimaza imizamo yokuhlanganisa abantu.

Izikole ezinamaqembu amakhulu amaHispanic, amaNdiya amaBlack namaMelika/ama - Alaska Omdabu - amaqembu amancane anamazinga aphakeme obumpofu kunabafundi baseMelika abamhlophe nabase - Asia – nazo zanda, okusho ukuthi izingxenye ezinkulu zezingane ezincane azigcini nje ngokuyisisekelo ngokufunda izikole ezihlukanisiwe, kodwa izikole ezingenayo imithombo etheni ezinayo.

Ukusingatha ukuhluka kwemithombo yemali kudinga izinguquko ezimisweni zezezimali zesikole ezithembele kakhulu ezintelani zendawo, ezikhuthaza ukungalingani phakathi kwemiphakathi yabacebile nabampofu. Izwe kumelwe liqinisekise ukuthi zonke izikole zixhaswa ngemali eyanele neyanele, kanye nemithombo eyengeziwe eqondiswe ezikoleni ezikhonza abafundi abanezidingo ezinkulu.

Iziphazamiso Ezingokomthetho

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo ezingokomthetho ezilawula izikole kuye kwaba yimigoqo eyandayo emashumini eminyaka amuva. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zalinganisela amathuluzi atholakalayo ezifundeni ezifuna ukuthuthukisa ukuhlangana, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kohlanga ezinqumweni zezabelo zomfundi. I-2007 Parents Atter in Community Schools . Seattle District No. 1 isinqumo sacindezela kakhulu ikhono lezifunda zobuhlanga ukusebenzisa izimiso zobuhlanga, ngisho nasemizamweni yokuhlanganisa ngokuzithandela.

Muva nje, abaFundi abangama-2023 be-Fair Adgings v. Isinqumo saseHarvard saphinde salinganisela izimiso zobuhlanga ezingekho mthethweni ezingeni eliphezulu. Nakuba lesi sinqumo sathintana ngokuqondile nezifundo zasekholiji kunokuba i-K-12, siveza isimo esingokomthetho esimelene ngokuqhubekayo nokucatshangelwa okucacile kohlanga emithethweni yemfundo.

Lemikhawulo engokomthetho evimbelayo engokomthetho yokuphishekela ukuhlanganiswa ngezindlela zohlanga ezingekho hlangothi, njengezimiso zezenhlalo nezomnotho, ezingase zingaphumeleli ekufinyeleleni izinhlanga ezihlukahlukene. Ukunquma lendawo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho kudinga ukuhlelwa kwezimiso ezicophelelayo futhi ngokuvamile imithombo engokomthetho engokomthetho ephawulekayo.

Ukugcwalisa Izinselele

Ngisho noma izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa zisungulwa, ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kuletha inselele enkulu. Izindawo zokuthutha, izabelo zabafundi, imingcele yamandla esikole, kanye nokukhulumisana nemikhaya konke kudinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela nemithombo eyanele. Izifunda futhi kumelwe zilungiselele othisha nabaphathi ukuba basebenze ngokuphumelelayo ezimweni ezihlukene futhi babhekane nezingxabano ezingase zivele noma izingxabano ezingase zivele.

Izikole kumelwe zidale izimo ezihlanganisa abantu abazizwa bemukelekile futhi baziswa, zisebenzise imikhuba yokufundisa engokwesiko esabelayo, futhi zikhulume nganoma yikuphi ukuhluka kwemfundo, ukufundiswa, noma ukutholakala kwamathuba ezikoleni ezihlangene.

Imininingwane Nezingqinamba Zokulandisa

Sidinga imiphakathi yezemfundo yembulunga yonke neyezwe lonke ukuba ithathe isinyathelo esiqinile ngokumelene nobandlululo oluphakanyiswe uhulumeni, sihlola futhi sibhekisa phambili ukuthi ubandlululo lobuhlanga luyithinta kanjani ithonya lokuthatha isikole nemiphumela emongweni oqondile. Nokho, noma yimuphi umzamo wokukhuluma ‘ ngokungafanele' emfundweni kumelwe ulwe ngokuqondiswe ngokuqondile – kuzo zonke izimo zesizwe – izimo eziveza futhi zisekele ubuhlanga.

Izimiso zemfundo eziningi azinawo ukwaziswa okubanzi ngezindlela zokwahlukanisa nomphumela wazo, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlukanisa izinkinga, ukungenela okuphumelelayo, noma ukwenza izinhlangano zibe nesibopho sokuthuthukisa ukuhlangana. Abaholi bemfundo ephakeme, izinhlangano, nezimiso zidinga ukwaziswa okunembile, okufinyelelwayo, nokuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga nangezinhlanga ngezindlela ezibonisa ukuhlukahluka okukhulayo kwabafundi banamuhla, njengoba ukwaziswa okunjalo kubalulekile ekuboneni izindawo ezidingayo, ukuqoqa imithombo yemali ngokuphumelelayo, kanye nokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa izinhlelo.

Ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa okuthuthukisiwe nokubikwa kweqembu lesikole, kanye nezimiso ezibangela ukuhlanganiswa, kungasiza ekuqhubeni intuthuko.

Izimpikiswano Nezimpikiswano Ze - Constantical

Izimpikiswano zamanje eziphathelene nenqubo yemfundo nokuhlangana kwezinhlanga zibonisa ukungezwani okukhulu emphakathini waseMelika ngohlanga, ukulingana, nendima kahulumeni ekusingatheni ubandlululo.

Ukuhlukahluka, Ukulingana Nokuhlangana Kwezitho Zomsebenzi

Izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene, ukulingana, nokufakwa kwemfundo (DEI) ziye zabangela impikiswano eyandayo. Umfelandawonye ohlanganisa iNhlangano yaseMelika yothisha wamangalela uMnyango Wemfundo ukuze ubeke inselele ukufaneleka kwencwadi ethandekayo ebhalwe phansi, eyaphawula imizamo emikhulu yokuthuthukisa ukuhlukahluka, ukungalingani, nokufaka imfundo njengezenzo ezingekho emthethweni zokucwasa izimali ezihlanganisa nokugodlela izimali zikahulumeni.

Abasekeli bezehlakalo zeDEI baphikisa ngokuthi badingekile ukubhekana nokungalungi okuqhubekayo futhi badala izindawo ezihlanganisa bonke abafundi abangaphumelela kuzo.

Imibono Yohlanga Olubucayi Nezimpikiswano Zezohwebo

Izimpikiswano ngendlela izikole ezifundisa ngayo ngohlanga, ubuhlanga, nomlando waseMelika ziye zakhula eminyakeni yamuva, ezinye izifunda zimisa umthetho ovimbela izihloko ezithile noma izindlela zokuxoxa. Lezi zimpikiswano zivame ukubiza igama elithi "inkolelo-mbono yohlanga egxekayo," nakuba imfundo yangempela yalelogama ingafundiswa ezikoleni zeK-12.

Lemibango yezifundo inemiphumela ephawulekayo emizamweni yokuhlanganisa, njengoba ithinta ikhono lezikole lokwakha indawo ezungezile futhi zikhulume ngezindaba zohlanga nobandlululo obala. Othisha bangazizwa bebophekile ekuxoxeni ngezihloko ezihlobene nokuhlangana kwezinhlanga, umlando wamalungelo omphakathi, noma izindaba zobuhlanga zamanje, ezingase zinciphise imizamo yokwakha ukuqonda phakathi kwezinhlanga.

Isiyalo Sesikole Nesikole Sokuya EPrison

Iprojekthi 2025 idinga isinyathelo esiphelele sokuqinisekisa ukuthi noma isiphi isiqondiso noma umthetho ochaza iSihlomo VI soMthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi ka - 1964 ulahla ngokuqondile ithonya elihlukanisayo lecala, ethi ukuphamba kukahulumeni kuye kwaphoqelela abaholi besikole ukuba babeke phambili ukufaneleka kwezinhlanga ezikoleni ngenxa yokuphepha kwabafundi, okuyovala amandla kahulumeni okuvikela abafundi ekucwaseni.

Ukwehluka kwezinhlanga ezikhungweni zesikole kumelela impikiswano ebucayi yokungalingani, lapho abafundi abamnyama bethola amazinga angenakulinganiswa okuxoshwa nokuxoshwa. Lokhu kuhlukana kunengxenye kuphayiphi yesikole ukuya emajele futhi kululaza izinzuzo zokuhlangana lapho abafundi bemibala bebhekene nokuphathwa kabi kakhulu kunontanga yabo abamhlophe ezimweni ezihlangene.

Imizamo yokulungisa ukuhlukana kwesiyalo ngemikhuba yokulungisa nezinguquko eziya ezimisweni ezingekho ezivumelanayo iye yabonisa isithembiso, kodwa ibhekene nokumelana nalabo abahlela izindlela ezingokwesiko zokuqondisa nokuphepha esikoleni.

Indima Ekahulumeni Ekumisweni Kwemfundo

Indima efanele kahulumeni kahulumeni ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlanganiswa nokucwaswa kwemfundo kusaphikiswana.

Ukushintsha kwezimiso zikahulumeni kwamuva nje kuye kwabangela ukungaqiniseki ngokuzimisela kukahulumeni ukumisa ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi nokukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa. Ushintsho ekuqikeleleni kwamalungelo angaphambili, izincwadi eziqondisayo, nezinqumo zokuxhasa imali zingayithinta kakhulu imizamo yokuhlanganisa uhulumeni namazwe endawo.

Imikhuba Yokuthuthukisa Nezindlela Zokuxoxa Ezintsha

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, ezinye izikole nemiphakathi ziye zasungula izindlela ezintsha ezithuthukisa ukuhlanganiswa nokuthuthukisa imiphumela yabafundi bemibala.

Imizamo Ephumelelayo Yokuthungatha Isigodi

Abaholi besikole ezifundeni ezine bathuthukisa imiphumela kubafundi abane abane abane imibala ngemizamo yokuguqula izinhlanga ngokulingana, ngokunikeza izinqubo zokuqonda abaholi bemfundo nabenzi bezimiso behlose ukunciphisa umehluko nokuthuthukisa ukuhlukahlukana kwezinhlanga ezikoleni. Ukuthola ezifundeni ezine zesikole zaseningizimu kubonisa indlela abaholi abasebenzisa ngayo uhlelo oluhleliwe, isakhiwo samakhono, ukusetshenziswa kokwaziswa, ukwabiwa kwemicebo okulinganayo, kanye nobuholi obuqhubekayo ukuze banciphise izinhlobonhlobo eziqhubekayo.

Le mizamo ephumelelayo ihlanganisa izindlela ezibanzi zokusingatha izilinganiso eziningi zezabelo zabafundi ngesikhathi esisodwa, kuhlanganise nezimiso zokufundisa, ukwabiwa kwempahla, uhlelo nemfundo, isimo sezulu sesikole, nokubophana komphakathi. Kudinga ukuzibophezela okuqhubekayo okuvela ekuholeni kwesifunda nasekunakekeleni okuqhubekayo ukufezeka nemiphumelo.

Ukudlondlobala Kwabantwana Besebancane

Izimo zemfundo ezithuthukisiwe zingaholela ezinzuzweni zemfundo nezenhlalo ezingabantwana, kodwa izinhlelo eziningi zemfundo zabantwana besebancane zihlukaniswa ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yakho kokubili ukuhlukaniswa komphakathi nezinqumo zezimiso, nakuba ukucwaninga okusha kubonisa indlela abenzi bezimiso zikahulumeni abangaklama ngayo izimiso ezithuthukisa ukuhlangana kunokuba zibangele ukuhlukaniswa.

Izinhlanga, ubuzwe, kanye nezenhlalo ehlukene ngokomnotho kuzuzisa abafundi abasebasha, kodwa izinhlelo zabantwana zokuqala zingahlukaniswa kakhulu kunezifundo eziphansi neziphakeme, ngokucwaninga okunikeza amasu amahlanu ezimiso zokuthuthukisa izimiso zemfundo ezihlukene zasekuqaleni. Ukukhuluma ngesigaba sokuhlangana kwabantwana basekuqaleni kungasiza ekumiseni izindlela zokuhlangana eziqhubeka ngemisebenzi yemfundo yabafundi.

Izindawo Ezihlangene Ne - Metropolitan Approach

Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa okukhulu kwenzeka phakathi kwezigodi, izindlela zesifunda ezisiza ukubambisana emingceleni yesifunda zibonisa isithembiso. Izimiso ze-Metropolitan emhlabeni wonke ezivumela abafundi ukuba baye ezikoleni ezinqamula izifunda, bahlele izinto zokuhamba, futhi bahlanganyele imithombo yemali zingasiza ekunqobeni imingcele ebangelwa izakhiwo zokubusa ezihlukene.

Ezinye izindawo ziye zamisa izinhlelo zokudlulisa ngokuzithandela, izikole zikazibuthe zesifunda, noma izimiso ezihlangene ezisebenza ezifundeni eziningi.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokubuyiselwa

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuluzi amasha okuthuthukisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo kanye nokuhlangana kwe-equite, kuyi-website ye-Internet enikeza ukwaziswa ngezindlela zesikole ezisiza izinkonzo zemishini eziqondisa izigodi nokuhlela izinhlelo zokuhlukanisa. Amathuba okufunda angokoqobo angahlanganisa abafundi ezindaweni ezihlukene, nakuba engeke athathe indawo yazo ngokugcwele izinzuzo zokuhlanganisa indawo yokufunda.

Ukubuyiselwa kwezabelo zabafundi zemithetho-mithetho yezehlakalo, ukuthutha, nezimiso zokuxhumana zingasiza izigodi ukuba zisebenzise izimiso zokuhlanganisa ngokuphumelelayo. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe kumelwe busetshenziswe ngokunokuqonda ukuze buqinisekise ukuthi bufeza imigomo elinganayo kunokuba buqinise ukungafani okukhona.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokuhlela Umphakathi

Imizamo ephumelelayo yokuhlanganisa ihlanganisa ukuhlangana okunenjongo nemikhaya nemiphakathi, ikakhulukazi imiphakathi enemibala evame ukuncishiswa ezinqumweni zezemfundo. Ukuhlelwa kwabazali, ukuhlelwa komphakathi, nokwakha izinhlangano kungakha ukusekela kwezombangazwe ukuze kuhlanganiswe futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi izimiso zibonisa izidingo nezinto eziza kuqala emiphakathini ethintekile.

Izinhlangano ezihlanganisa isikole ziye zanqoba kakhulu kweminye imiphakathi, zibonisa amandla okulawula izikole ezihleliwe. Lemizamo ngokuvamile ihlanganisa imfuneko yokuzihlanganisa nokuhlanganisa izinto eziningi ezifuna imfundo ephelele, ukusekela imali eyanele, nokulawula umphakathi ezikoleni.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Zomthetho Wokuhlanganisa

Ukuze kuhlangane izinhlanga ezihlukene ngemfundo kudingeka ukuzimisela okuvuselelwe nenqubo entsha yokusingatha kokubili izinselele zomlando nezanamuhla.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Ehambisana Nezimiso

Ukufinyelela imfundo ephakeme akufanele kunqunywe kusengaphambili uhlanga, kodwa ukuhluka kwezinhlanga ezifundweni kuyaqhubeka, njengoba i - State Handbook for Readternational Equity inikeza uhlelo abaholi bemfundo nezimiso zikahulumeni abangalusebenzisa ukuze bahlole futhi bathuthukise ukulingana kwezinhlanga ezifundweni ngezindlela zombuso.

Imizamo yokuhlanganisa esikhathini esizayo kufanele ifakwe phakathi kwemiklamo ebanzi ehlanganisa amathuba amaningi okufundisa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu akuhlanganisi kuphela izimiso zesabelo sabafundi kodwa futhi nokusekela imali elinganayo, izifundo eziphezulu nemfundo, izimo zesikole ezisekelanayo, kanye neziteshi zempumelelo yasekholiji nasemsebenzini.

Ukusingatha Izimbangela Eziyinhloko

Intuthuko eqinile ekuhlanganeni idinga ukusingatha izimbangela eziyisisekelo zokwahlukana, kuhlanganise nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngokwezikhungo, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, nobandlululo lwezimiso. Isimiso semfundo sodwa asinakuzixazulula lezizinkinga ezandisiwe zokwakha, kodwa abaholi bemfundo bangasekela futhi bavumelane nemizamo yezindlu, intuthuko yezomnotho, nokugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi.

Ukubambisana phakathi kwemfundo, izindlu, ezokuhamba, nezinhlangano zezentengiselwano zezomnotho kungakha izindlela ezibanzi zokuthuthukisa ukuhlangana nethuba. Ukubambisana okunjalo kudinga ukunqanda izintambo ezivamile nokuthuthukisa imigomo kanye nezinqubo ezihambisanayo zokulandisa.

Ukuqinisa Ukulandisa

Izimiso zikahulumeni nezesizwe kufanele zigcine isimiso semfundo sinecala lokuthuthukisa ukulingana ngokuhlanganisa nokusakaza inzuzo. Izimiso zokulandisa kufanele zihlanganise izinyathelo zokuhlukanisa nokuhlanganisa, kanye nemiphumela yezifunda ezihlulekayo ukwenza intuthuko nokusekela lawo masu aphumelelayo.

Ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni kufanele baqoqe futhi babike imininingwane ebanzi ngokuhlukaniswa kwesikole, bahlole izimo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi basebenzise lokhu kwaziswa ukuqondisa isimiso nezindawo eziqoqiwe. Ukubonana ngezindlela zokuhlukanisa kungabasiza ukwakha ukuqaphela umphakathi nentando yezombangazwe.

Ukutshala Ukudlondlobala

Abenzi bezenqubo kumelwe bafake imali emfundweni yomphakathi ukuze izikole zikhange imikhaya evela kuzo zonke izizinda futhi zithuthukise othisha nomholi wesikole abanekhono lokufundisa izingane ezindaweni ezihlangene. Ukuxhasa izikole zomphakathi ngokwanele kubalulekile ekwenzeni umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa, ngoba imikhaya ngeke ikhethe izikole ezihlukahlukene uma bezibona njengezinga eliphansi.

Izimali kufanele zisekele izinto zokuthutha ezihlela izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa, intuthuko engokobuchwepheshe yabafundisi abasebenza ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, intuthuko yezifundo ezibonisa imibono ehlukahlukene, nezinhlelo ezikhuthaza ukuhlangana okuhle phakathi kwamaqembu. Ohulumeni bombuso kahulumeni kufanele banikeze izisusa ezingokwezimali ezizweni ezithuthukisa ukuhlangana ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukwakha Intando Yezombangazwe

Mhlawumbe inselele enzima kakhulu ukwakha nokusekela ukuhlanganiswa kwezombangazwe enkathini yokwanda kokwehlukana nokumelana nezimiso ezingabonakali zezinhlanga. Lokhu kudinga ukuhola kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe, abaholi bemfundo, nabasekeli bomphakathi abazimisele ukwenza icala lokuhlanganisa nokumelana nokuphikiswa.

Imikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi ingasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda izinzuzo zokuhlanganisa nokumelana nokucubungula. Ukuqokomisa imizamo ephumelelayo yokuhlanganisa i-sociation nemiphumela yayo emihle kungabonisa ukuthi ukuhlangana kuyinto ekhona futhi kuwusizo. Ukwakha iqoqo phakathi kwemigqa yezinhlanga, yezomnotho, neyezombangazwe kungakha ukusekela okukhulu kwezimiso zokuhlanganisa.

Ukubuyiselwa Okungokomthetho Nokungokwesimiso

Kubalulekile ukuqamba izimiso ezingokomthetho ezilawula ukuqashelwa kwezinhlanga, ukusungulwa kwezimiso ezisemthethweni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusungula izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlanganisa izenhlalo nezomnotho, ukwenza izinhlelo zokuzithandela ezenza ukubhalisa okuhlukene, nokuthola izindlela ezivunyelwe ngokomthetho zokubheka uhlanga njengesici esisodwa phakathi kwabaningi ekuthuthukiseni izinhlobonhlobo.

Ukuqapha okungokomthetho ukuze kuvikelwe ukuhlanganiswa kwezimiso nezindlela zokubekela inselele imikhuba ehlukanisayo kusebalulekile. Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi ziyaqhubeka zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni isivikelo samanje nokulwela imithetho enamandla ngokukhipha imvume nezimiso zokubusa.

Ukucwaninga Nobufakazi

Ukucwaninga kumelwe kube yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ukucwaninga okubalulekile" okuklanyelwe ukuba nethonya langempela ekusingatheni nasekuthuthukiseni izikhala zezinkinga, okuhilela ukubuza okuhlelekile okuhlelwe futhi okuhloselwe ukuthuthukisa inqubo yokucwaninga nokuguqula imiphumela esetshenziswayo.

Ukucwaninga okuqhubekayo ngezimiso zokuhlanganisa, ukufezeka kwazo, nemiphumela yazo kubalulekile ekutholeni umkhuba ophumelelayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlola kokubili imizamo ephumelelayo nengaphumeleli yokuhlanganisa ukuqonda ukuthi yini esebenzayo, ngaphansi kwezimo, nokuthi ubani. Ukucwaninga kufanele kuhlole imiphumela emide yokuhlangana komphumela wokuphila kwabafundi kanye nezindlela ezibanzi zomphakathi.

Isiphetho

Isimiso semfundo sifeza indima eyinhloko ekuthuthukiseni noma ekuvimbeleni ukuhlangana kwezinhlanga ezikoleni nasemphakathini. Iminyaka engu - 70 esuswe kuBrown Board of Education v., uhlanga isebalulekile, futhi njengabacwaningi bemfundo, izazi, abakhi bezimiso, nabezokwelapha, umsebenzi ukuhlola izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezinselele ezibhekene nemfundo kanye nokubika okuye kwatholwa, ukwenza lobungcweti ngemikhuba edinga ukuhlanganisa izinkinga ezinkulu ezibhekene nezindawo zemfundo nethuba.

Isimo samanje sokwehlukaniswa kwesikole, esinezehluka ezikhulayo zobuhlanga nezomnotho emiphakathini eminingi, simelela ukuhoxa okukhulu esithembisweni sikaBrown no-Brown Board of Education. Ukwanda kwamuva nje kwezemfundo kubonakala kuwumphumela oqondile wesimiso semfundo nezinqumo ezingokomthetho, sisikisela ukuthi ukukhetha okuhlukile kwezimiso kungalungisa lokhu kuthambekela okukhathazayo.

Ukufinyelela ukuhlanganiswa okunenjongo kudinga ukubhekana namaqiniso anzima ngobandlululo olungapheli nobandlululo lobungani emphakathini waseMelika. Kudinga ukuzinikela okuqinile kubenzi bezimiso, othisha, imikhaya, nemiphakathi ukuhlela ukuhlangana nokulingana ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kuyinselele kwezombangazwe noma kungenakho ukukhululeka ngokomuntu siqu. Kudinga imithombo eyanele, ukuklanywa kwezimiso, ukumiswa okuphumelelayo, nokulandisa okuqhubekayo.

Izinzuzo zokuhlanganiswa kwezemfundo ezithuthukisiwe, ukubambisana kwezenhlalo, ukulungiselela kangcono imisebenzi yemisebenzi nemiphakathi ehlukahlukene, kanye nesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi esiqinile , zenza lo mzamo ube ngcono. Isisekelo sesimiso sentando yeningi esichumayo somphakathi yindawo lapho imfundo ephakeme elinganayo, imisebenzi engcono, nokuhamba kahle kwezomnotho kutholakala kubo bonke, njengoba wonke amaMelika ezuza emisebenzini nasezindaweni zokusebenzelani lapho wonke umuntu eziswa khona, ngekhono lakhe kuyo yonke indawo nangabenzi bezimiso okudinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ithuba likhona, njengokususa imingcele yabantu abamnyama kanye namanye amaqembu ancishisiwe esayensi engokomlando ewandisa amathuba kubo bonke.

Nakuba izinselele zibalulekile, imizamo ephumelelayo yokubambisana emiphakathini ehlukahlukene ibonisa ukuthi intuthuko ingenzeka lapho kunentando yezombangazwe, imithombo eyanele, nesibopho esiqinile.

Njengoba siqhubekela phambili, isimiso semfundo kumelwe sisekelwe ekuqondeni okucacile kokubili izibalo ezingokomlando kanye namaqiniso akhona akhona. Kumelwe saziswe ngobufakazi bokucwaninga ngalokho okusebenzayo nokuqondiswa yizwi lemiphakathi ethinteke kakhulu ngokukhetha nokungalingani. Okubaluleke kakhulu, kumelwe isekelwe ekuzibopheleni esimisweni esiyisisekelo sokuthi zonke izingane zifanelwe ukufinyelela izinga eliphezulu, imfundo ehlangeneyo ezilungiselela impumelelo emphakathini ohlukene.

Indima yenqubo yemfundo ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlangana kwezinhlanga ayikona nje ukusungula noma ukulawula, kodwa ngokuyinhloko iphathelene nohlobo lomphakathi esifuna ukulwenzela namathuba esifuna ukuwanikeza izizukulwane ezizayo. Ngokukhetha izimiso ezikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa, ukulingana, nokuhlanganiswa, singasebenzela ekutholeni umbono wethuba lemfundo nobulungisa bezinhlanga obuye bahlala bunzima kakhulu.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngenqubo yokufundisa nokulingana kwezinhlanga, vakashela i- Ukufunda Policy Institute ne Convil Rights Project e-UCLA[. Imithombo eyengeziwe emayelana namasuntswana okuhlanganisa isikole ingatholakala ku- Centrury Foundation[].