I-Good Wesihlanu Agreement, eyasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998, yaguqula isimo sezombangazwe sase-Northern Ireland futhi yaqeda iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yempi enobudlova eyaziwa ngokuthi iNkingo. Nakuba lesi sivumelwano sivame ukugujwa njengokunqoba ukuxoxisana kwezombangazwe kanye nokubuyisana kotshani, isici esingabonakali kakhulu kodwa esibaluleke ngokufanayo esisekela impumelelo yaso siwukuhlelwa kwemithetho yomhlaba wonke. Kusukela ekutheni sisemthethweni kwayo njengesivumelwano esibhaliswe iZizwe Ezihlangene kuya ekuhlanganisweni kwazo nezakhiwo ze-European Union ezingokomthetho ne-European Convention on Human Rights, umthetho wezizwe zonke wanikeza ilungelo, ukulandisa, nokuzinza okunesikhathi eside okudingekile ukuze kusekele ukuthula. Lesihloko sihlola izindlela eziningi ezingokomthetho nezinhlangano zomhlaba ezisekela i-Findreactal nezinhlangano zezizwe zonke ezisakhelwayo nanamuhla ukumiswa kwazo.

Umlando: Kusukela Empini Kuya Empini

Ukuze siqonde indima yomthetho wezizwe zonke, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukujula kokwehlukana i-Good Wear Agreement eyayifuna ukukuxazulula. Izinkinga, ezaqubuka ekupheleni kwawo-1960, izigebengu ezihlangene (iningi lamaProthestani futhi ezizimisele ukuhlala zisengxenyeni yeUnited Kingdom) nesizwe (iningi lamaKatolika futhi lifuna i-Ireland enobunye). Ubudlova babulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-3 500 futhi bashiya izibazi ezijulile zezenhlalo. Ngawo-1990, ingxube yokukhathala yezinkinga zezombangazwe, ingcindezi yezomnotho, nemizamo yezizwe ngezizwe zakha ifasitela lokuthula. I-United States, i-European Union, neRepublic Republic yakho konke kwazenza izindima eziphawulekayo. Umthetho wezizwe zonke awuzange udale ukuthula kusukela ekushwaneni, kodwa walungiselela isivumelwano esibalulekile esihambisana nokuvuzwayo ukuba kuvumele ukuqina, futhi wonke amalungu ehlonishwayo.

Isivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu Njengesivumelwano Sezizwe Zonke

Ukuma Ngokomthetho Ngaphansi Komthetho Womhlaba Wonke

Esinye seminikelo enamandla kakhulu yomthetho wezizwe zonke kwakuyisinqumo sokuhlela i-Good Wear Agreement njengesivumelwano sezizwe zonke phakathi kwezizwe ezimbili: i-United Kingdom ne-Ireland. Lokhu kukhetha akuzange kwenzeke ngengozi. Ngokufaka isivumelwano phakathi koMthetho we-Treader, njengoba kuhlanganiswe kuyiVienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969), lamaqembu aqinisekisa ukuthi isivumelwano ngeke sishiywe nhlobo. Isivumelwano sabekwa ngokomthetho neZizwe ezihlangene futhi sabhaliswa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso se-UN [10], sinikeza ukuma okuphakeme okungokomthetho ukuthi umthetho wasekhaya wodwa wawungenakunikeza. Lesi senzo sokubhalisa umthetho womthetho wesibopho wamazwe onke, ngaphansi kwemithetho yezizwe zonke yesibopho nokusebenza kahle ([5] spactive [3]]

Isilinganiso sengxenye eziningi kanye nokubopheka kwezibopho

Nakuba ohulumeni baseBrithani nabase-Ireland babeyizinhlangano eziyinhloko zikahulumeni, lesi sivumelwano sahlanganisa nokuvumelana okuvela emabuthweni ezombangazwe amakhulu eNyakatho Ireland. Lesi sivumelwano esixubile (ingxenye yesivumelwano sezwe) sezezombangazwe sasekhaya, ingxenye yomthetho wezwe lonke (ivumelene ukuba kubekwe ohulumeni abanecala kuyilapho besungula isibopho sokuziphatha nesezombangazwe kubadlali bendawo. Isivumelwano saqaphela ngokucacile isimiso sokuvumela: Ukuma komthetho-sisekelo wase-Northern Ireland kungashintsha kuphela ngokuvuma kwabantu bayo, isivikelo esisekelwe esimisweni somthetho wezizwe zonke somuntu siqu. Leli lungiselelo lanika abahlangene ithemba lokuthi ngeke baphoqelelwe ukuba bahlangane eIreland, kuyilapho abashisekelisizwe beboshelwe ukumiswa kwesimiso esiqinisekisiwe uma nje iningi lingasekuvumeleni.

I-European Union's Ezezimali nezezimali

Ukubambisana Kwamalungu EU Nesiphambano

Ngesikhathi se-Good Wear Advement, i-United Kingdom ne-Ireland zazingamalungu e-European Union. Lokhu kwahlanganyela amalungu akha isimo esingokomthetho esasisekela izinhlangano ezisunguliwe kakhulu zalesivumelwano. UMkhandlu weNkonzo waseNingizimu-nyakatho ne-Britishishish Council, ovumela ukubambisana ezindaweni eziningi zezimiso, waklanyelwa ukusebenza phakathi komthetho waseYurophu. Ukuhweba ngesiphambano, umthetho wezolimo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, ngisho nemisebenzi yezempilo yonke yazuza ezindinganisweni ezingokomthetho zeMaketheli enoLiyedwa. Umthetho we-EU wanikeza futhi umongo ongathathi hlangothi lwe-miyamalungu empikiswayo, ngaphandle kokuzwa ukuthi ukuma komthetho wesizwe.

Izinhlelo Zokuthula Nezimali Zokwakha

Umthetho wezizwe zonke wodwa awunakwakha ukuthula; kumelwe usekelwe yimithombo. I-EU yasabela e-Good Wearth Agreement ngokumisa izinhlelo zokuthula [1] uchungechunge lwemifudlana enikezelwe ngokunikeza imali ehlangene nenqubo yokuthula. Lemali, elawulwa yimithetho ye-EU futhi ekwazi ukuhlola nokuqondisa, ibeke izigidi zezigidi zama-yuro ekubuyisaneni komphakathi, intuthuko yezomnotho, kanye nezinyathelo zokuthatha izinyathelo zokunqamula umngcele. Izimali ze-EU ziqinisekisa ukuthi imali yabekwa ngokucace gca futhi ayinakuphambukiswa ezinjongweni zeze emacaleni. Lokhu kusekela kwezimali kwanikeza izinzuzo ezazingabona imiphakathi yabo, kuqinisekisa isibopho sokubambisana okunokuthula.

IBrexit Nokuphakama Okuqhubekayo KoMthetho Wezizwe Zonke

Ukuhamba kwe-United Kingdom e-Irland Union kuye kwavivinya ukuvunywa kwezakhiwo ezingokomthetho ze-EUSight Treasurence ye-Good Wearvent ngendlela abaklami bayo ababengeke bayilindele. I-Protocol e-Ireland/eNorthern Ireland, ingxenye ye-UK-Eafrow Accoractal Advement, iklanyelwe ukuvimbela umngcele onzima esiqhingini sase-Ireland kuyilapho ivikela ukuthembeka kwe-EUScomsbet Market. Lomthetho uncike kakhulu emthethweni emthetho wezwe lonke, kuhlanganise nokuphikisana ngezimiso zesinqumo ngaphansi kwe-Auspicess of European Coust and arvigationstions. Nakuba umthetho usungulike ngokusemthethweni uveza ukuthi iziqondiso zezezimali ze-Expost.

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu kanye nomsebenzi wesivumelwano wesisekelo

Ukumiswa kwe - European Convention on Human Rights

Esinye seminikelo ebanzi kakhulu yomthetho wezizwe ngenkathi yokuthula kwakuyisinqumo sokufaka i-European Rights Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) emthethweni wasekhaya. I-Good Wearth Adver Adver yafuna ukuba i-United Kingdom ihlanganise i-ECHR ingene e-Northern Ireland, isinyathelo esadlula kakhulu eUK ngesikhathi. Lokhu kwafezwa nge-Hulumeni Act ka-1998, eyenza i-Convention iphone ephonqwebe ezinkantolo zasekhaya. Umphakathi owenziwe ngobudlova nempatho yempi, lesi sibopho sathumela uphawu olunamandla lokuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo ayeyovikelwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthembeka kwezombangazwe. I-CHBR yanikeza ulimi oluvamile olwalungahlukanisa ibhulobo lomphakathi, ukunaka isithunzi, ukulunga, nokulingana komthetho.

IKhomishane Yamalungelo Abantu Yasenyakatho Ye - Ireland

Isakhiwo esisemkhakheni wamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, lesi sivumelwano samisa i-Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission njengendikimba ezimele. Yabekwa ezinhlanganweni ezifanayo kweminye imiphakathi yangemva kwesivumelwano, iKhomishane igunyazwe ukuba ilulethe ngezindaba zamalungelo abantu, iqhube imibuzo, ithathe izikhankaso zenkantolo. Umsebenzi wayo awuqondiswanga nje yi-ECHR kodwa futhi nayimishini yamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise ne-International Paravent on Civil and Polistical Rights ne-International Convention on Economic, Social and Culture Rights. IKhomishane ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseniseni izibo zezivumelwano zamalungelo abantu ukuthi akuzona nje izibopho ezisemthethweni kodwa zilawulwa.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo ENyakatho Ireland

I-Good Wear Agreement yangoLwesihlanu yabuye yacabanga ngeBhill of Rights for Northern Ireland eyayizodlula izivikelo ze-ECHR, ibonisa izidingo eziqondile zomphakathi ohlukene. Nakuba lokhu kungakamiswa, lempikiswano ngokwayo iye yasiza ukugcina izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke esikhungweni senkulumo yezombangazwe. Umqondo kanye wamalungelo ungena emasikweni ahlangene emhlabeni wonke, ukudwetshwa kwezifundo ezisekelwe ezinqubweni zokuthula eNingizimu Afrika, eBosnia, nakwezinye izindawo. Ngisho nalapho kungakabikho nesivumelwano sokudalwa kwayo sisalokhu siyisithembiso esisibophelele ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sesivumelwano sezombangazwe, kubonisa indlela umthetho wezizwe zonke oqhubeka ngayo uveza ngayo ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zezombangazwe.

Ukudunyazwa Kwezikhali, Ukulawula Nokusetshenziswa Kwamandla

IKhomishane Yezizwe Zonke Ezimele Ngokuphoqelela

Ayikho inqubo yokuthula engaphumelela ngaphandle kokusingatha indaba yezikhali. I-Good Wear Agreement yamisa i-I Independent International Commission on Decoming (ICD), eyayiphethwe ujenene waseCanada osethathe umhlalaphansi futhi kuhlanganise namalungu ezizwe zonke. I-ICD yasebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho yenqubo yokusetshenziswa kwenqubo yezikhali zezizwe ngezizwe zonke nezindinganiso zezikhali ezisetshenziswa kwezinye izimpi. Umsebenzi wayo wawungowokuzithandela nowesizwe esisemthethweni, kodwa yayenza ukuba ibe nokwethenjelwa. Lapho i-Irish Republican Army (IRA) izikhali zayo zisetshenziswa kakhulu ngaphandle kokwenza inqubo yokulahla izikhali emhlabeni wonke, inqubo ye IICD yamukeleka kakhulu njengezimele nethembekile. Amaqembu ethembekile amabutho athembekile alandela futhi, kanye ne-CD ephethe i-decombiccomsting.

Ukugada Ngenhlangano Yokulondeka Nokubambisana EYurophu

Umbhalo wokuqala we-Good Wear Agreement ukhuluma ngenhlangano ye-OuniverFreement ye-National Security and Cooperation e-Europe (OSCE) njengendikimba ekwaziyo ukuqondisa. Nakuba i-OSCE ingamiswanga ngokuqondile ngendlela eyayisebenza ngayo eBosnia noma eKosovo, uhlelo lwayo lokuvikela nokuvimbela ukubambisana nokuvimbela izivumelwano lwathonya izivumelwano. Isivumelwano se-OSCE's High Commission of National Minoriality setwories siye sathiwa i-Gover Active njengesibonelo sokulawula ukuxabana kwesizwe nesizwe, kanye nezimiso zayo ezithiwasemuva kwezezezempi nezokulwanisa, kanye nezezezezehlakalo zempi.

Ukuthunywa Kokuhlola Okuzimele

Ukuze kuxoxwe ngemisebenzi yezempi eqhubekayo, ohulumeni baseBrithani ne-Irland bamisa i-Implowent Monitoring Commission (IMC) ngo- 2003. I-IMC yakhiwa abamiselwe e-UK, Ireland, e-United States, naseCanada, inikeza i-odoli eyingcacayo yomhlaba wonke. Isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ebhaliwe njengesivumelwano sezizwe zonke, i-IMC yaveza imibiko evamile ngokuyeka ukudubula, izijeziso, nezenzo zobugebengu. Okutholwa kwayo, ngezikhathi ezithile kwanikeza ukuqashelwa okusekelwe ekutheni abaholi bezombangazwe bangasebenzisa ukuthemba noma ukuthethelela. Umsebenzi we-IMC uveza indlela izinqubo zezizwe zonke ezingokomthetho nezomthetho ezinganikeza ngayo icala ekushintsheni kwempi.

Izimiso Zemithetho Zamazwe Ngamazwe Nendaba Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuzinqumela Nokuvuma

I-Good Wearth Agreement ivame ukubizwa njengesibonelo sencwadi yezifundo zendlela isimiso somthetho sezizwe zonke sokuzinquma sobuzwe esingavumelana ngayo nengxabano eyinkimbinkimbi yohlanga. Kunokuba sigcizelele i-pastendium eyodwa, isivumelwano sakha inqubo ehlukene: I-Northern Ireland ihlala iyingxenye ye-UK uma nje iningi liyifisa, kodwa futhi iqaphela futhi inhloso engokomthetho yabashisekeli besizwe e-Ireland ebumbene. Isimiso sokuvuma (nenshrin) esibekwe eMvumelwaneni ka-1998 futhi kamuva safakwa eMthethweni we-Northern Ireland Act 1998 (is) manje iphuzu eliqinile lomthetho wezizwe zonke ophathelenelwane noNyakatho ne-Ireland. Ohulumeni base-British nowayrish baye baqinisekisa lomthetho emivumelweni nasezindabeni, okusho ukuthi noma isiphi isimiso sokuzibophikwakuwuzama ukuwudlulisa izivumelwano emhlabeni wonke.

Isivumelwano SaseBrithani Nesimo Sezivumelwano

Ngapha kwesivumelwano esinengxenye ehlukahlukene, ohulumeni baseBrithani nabase-Ireland basayina isivumelwano esihlukile, i-British-Irish Revention, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-2 Disemba 1999. Lesi sivumelwano sabhaliswa neZizwe Ezihlangene futhi sibopha ngokomthetho ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe zonke. Simisa izinhlangano ze-Good Wesihlanu Aguementment [1] kuhlanganise ne-North - Southern Service Council kanye ne-Irish Communic yaseBrithani-Irish Community (ingqungquthela yamaZwe Ephakathi) enezindikimba ezingasoze zaphelanga ngokulandelana. Isivumelwano sihlanganisa nezinqubo yesinqumo esihlanganisa amaqembu afuna ukuhlangana ngokuxoxa noma ukuhlanganisa amazwe. Lo hlelo olungokomthetho luye lwazibonakalisa luqinile, lusinda kuhulumeni kuzo zombili inhloko-Brberture of Burbut.

Umphumela Wokuthula Nokuqina: Ukuhlolwa Okungokomthetho

Ukulandisa kanye nokwakhiwa kwethemba

Umthetho wezizwe zonke wenza okungaphezu nje kokumisa i-Good Frive Agreement; wasungula uhlelo lokulandisa okusiza ekuthuthukiseni ukwethembana phakathi kwamaqembu ayebulalana. Uma uhulumeni noma iqembu elisempini lasayina isivumelwano, zaziyazi ukuthi izibopho zabo zazingadingeki nje kuphela kodwa zaziphoqelelwe ngenhlanganisela yezinkantolo zasekhaya, izinkantolo zomhlaba, nangamaqembu abaphathi bezombangazwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisisa izisusa zokuvukelwa kwezwe futhi kwanika isiqinisekiso esilinganiselwe kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ukuba ziqhubeke zisekela inqubo yokuthula, ngisho nalapho ubudlova bungavuthangazeki. Iqiniso lokuthi lesi sivumelwano sasingeke sihlukaniswe ngokungenasizathu, njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi sasingaphansi kwelungiselelo lasekhaya eliphelele, futhi izinhlangano zomphakathi ezinamagesakhaza umphakathi ezazidinga ukuqinisekiswa ukuze ziphinde zivuse.

Isinqumo Esingesona Ubudlova

Kusukela ngo-1998, izimpikiswano ngobupolisa, ukushayana kwemifantu, nokushaya amafulege ziye zasongela ngezinye izikhathi ukuphazamisa ukuthula. Ezimweni eziningi, lezingxabano ziye zaxazululwa ngezinqubo zomthetho nezezombangazwe ezimiswe yisivumelwano, kunokuba zibuye ngokubuyela ebudloveni. I-Paten Commission yaseNorthern Ireland kanye nezindikimba ezihlukahlukene zamazwe ngamazwe ziye zanikeza amalungelo abantu ukuze balungise futhi bafake izigwebo. Lapho amaqembu empikiswayo. Izikhulu zamazwe aye afinyelela emaphoyiseni aphezulu kakhulu ngokunciphiswa kwemithetho ye-polist kanye nobulungisa, − [1] U. I-Paten Commission on policromation, ngokwesibonelo, idonselwe kakhulu izindinganiso zezizwe zonke zokulungisa i-Royal Ulster Congtabsculary kwiNkonzo yamaphoyisa aseNyakathoba i-Ireland. Ulland imiphumela i-aphoyisa igcwele ukwethenjwa kakhulu kwemidelename yakhona ngenxa yemithetho yakhona, ngenxa yezindawo ezingokomthetho.

Ukuvimbela Ukubuyela Ezimpini Ezisakazekile

Nakuba ukuthula kungaphelele, futhi ukuhlasela okungahambisani nemingcele yamaRepublic nama-republic ahlukene ngezikhathi ezithile nobudlova obuqotho − i-Good Wear Agreement iye yaphumelela ekuvimbeleni ukubuyela ezimpini ezisakazekile zeNkingo. Umthetho wezizwe zonke uye waba isici esiyinhloko kulokhu mpumelelo. Ukuncishiswa kwezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu, ukusungulwa kwemiyalo yokuzibopha, nokuhlanganiswa kwe-interern Ireland ezindaweni ezingokomthetho ezibanzi ze-EURwanda kanye ne-ECH, konke kuye kwenza kwaba okubizayo futhi kwaba nzima kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umdlali ukuba asungule ubudlova obukhulu kakhulu. Abaholi bezombangazwe bazi ukuthi noma imuphi umzamo wokususa isivumelwano ngeke nje sibhekane nokulahlwa kwezizwe zonke kodwa nokulahlwa kwemithetho engokomthetho. Lokhu kungathi kunzima ukuhlanganisa iminikelo ewuhlwele kakhulu, nakuba kuyiminikelo emikhulu kakhulu yomthetho womthetho wezwe lonke entengantenga i - Ireland.

Izinselele Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ifa Lesikhathi Esidlule Nesivumelwano Sendlu Yeziphepho

Enye yezimpikiswano ezingaxazululwanga ngaphansi kweSivumelwano se-Good Wesihlanu iyindlela yokusingatha ifa lezinkinga : Izenzo zokuhlola ukufa, ukuquliswa, nokubuyiselwa kweqiniso. I-Stormont House Accounting ka-2014 izama ukwakha uhlelo olusha olungokomthetho lwalokhu, kodwa ukumiswa kwayo kuye kwagcinwa. Umthetho wezizwe zonke unikeza isiqondiso sokusingatha izenzo zonya zangaphambili: iNkantolo yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu ikhiphe izibopho ze-UK's Accenserve, futhi i-Northern Ireland Human Rights Commis iye yaqhubela ukuthobela izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke. Inqubo yefa elibanzi elihlangabezana nezimfuneko zomthetho zomhlaba wonke ngeke ihloniphe izisulu kuphela kodwa futhi iqinise yonke izivumelwano ngokuvala isiqephu esibuhlungu ngobulungisa nangobulungisa.

I-Brexit nekusasa lesiphambano soMhlangano wesiphambano

Ubuhlobo be-Brrein yangemva kwesivumelwano buzoqhubeka buhlola izisekelo zomthetho wezizwe zonke ze-Good Wearfreement. I-Windsor Framewor, yavumelana ngo-2023, imelela omunye umthetho wesivumelwano sezizwe zonke oklanyelwe ukuvikela ukufinyelela kwesivumelwano esiyinhloko. Njengoba ukuhweba nemingcele elawulayo kushintsha, izimiso zesinqumo zempikiswano ze-Accorapingment ye-Accoration ziyokwenziwa ukuba zilinganisele izithakazelo eziphikisanayo. Isibopho esiqhubekayo sawo womabili i-UK ne-Ireland sise-Yountry njengesivumelwano esihle somthetho wezizwe zonke esinikeza isisekelo esiyovimbela noma yimuphi uhulumeni wesikhathi esizayo ekulahleni amalungiselelo awo. Abameli nabaqondisi-GwaseNyakatho ne-Australia, i-Ireland ihlala ingundawo ebanzi emhlabeni wonke, i-UN, i-EU.

Isiphetho

I-Good Wearth Reavention ingenye yezindawo zokuthula eziphumelela kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka, futhi umthetho wezizwe zonke wahlanganiswa njengesisekelo sawo. Kusukela esimweni sayo njengesivumelwano esibhaliwe kuya ekuhlanganiseni i-European Convention on Human Rights, kusukela ezinhlelweni ze-EU ezihlangene kuya ekunciphiseni izikhali ezizimele nasekubekeni izivumelwano, izimiso ezingokomthetho zamazwe ngamazwe ezazinikeza ukufaneleka, ukulandisa, nokuphikisana okungasoze kwaletha isivumelwano sekhaya esiphelele. Ukuthula eNyakatho ne-Ireland kuhlala kubuthakathaka ezindaweni ezithile, futhi izinselele ezintsha ezihlobene ngokulandelanamilenze nefa le-Brekitsting, isiqinisekiso esingokomthetho sokuphumelela kwezedlule. Kodwa ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo ezingokomthetho endaweni ka-1998 kuye kwabonakala kuqinile, ngenxa yokuthi akuncikekile kuhulumeni noma kuhulumeni oyedwa. I-Vullandlandton ayiyimpumelelo; futhi iyithuluzi elisha elingokomthetho elingokomthetho elisezweni lonke, futhi liyaqhubeka ukuphumelela kwalo.

Ukuze ufunde, bheka umbhalo [ we-Belfast (Fall Freate) Treaty, i-Uconvention of Human Rights ye-Unian Aty of Human Rights [, ne[[FLT] i-Vaenna Convention yoMthetho we-Provice . Indima ye-OSCOS] Phezulu ye-Nationalties[ inikeza ukuqonda okungafaniyo ekuvimbeleni izingxabano, kuyilapho [[FLT:]] u -E programu ngokomthetho [FLT] ewubonisa indlela yokwakha inzuzo yangempela esemhlabeni esemhlabeni.