Isisekelo Sesichibiyelo Sesine

ISichibiyelo sesine kumthetho-sisekelo we-United States sifundeka kanje: " Ilungelo labantu lokuvikelwa kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ngeke kusonakaliswe, futhi akukho abakwaHarrant abazokhipha icebo, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, abasekelwa yi-Oath noma imvume, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okuzophenywa kuyo, futhi abantu noma izinto ezizothathwa. Lamagama angamashumi amane anesishiyagalombili akha isivikelo esikhulu semfihlo ngayinye nenkululeko eMelika. I-Rattitiwe njengengxenye ye-Bill of Rights ngo-179191, iSichimende sasiyindlela yokusetshenziswa kabi kweziphathimandla ze-bonke ne-miyase-Brit.

Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa amalungelo eSichibiyelo sesine kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohlala noma ovakashela e-United States. Lezi zivikelo zisebenza ekuxhumaneni nawo wonke amazinga okugcinwa komthetho, kuhlanganise namaphoyisa endawo, amaphoyisa, amabutho kahulumeni, amanxusa kahulumeni nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni. Ukulungisa akuqinisekisi ukuthi uzimele kodwa kunalokho kuvikela [[FLT:] engenangqondo [ ukugxambukela kukahulumeni. Umbuzo oyinhloko kunoma yiliphi iSiphendulo sesine uwukuthi ukuseshwa noma ukuphazanyiswa kunengqondo ngaphansi kwezimo.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza iSichibiyelo sesine ukuba sifune ukuba ukuphenya nokuquleka kusekelwe entweni okungenzeka futhi, ezimweni eziningi, kugunyazwe ngemvume. Nokho, iNkantolo iye yaqaphela futhi okuhlukile kakhulu edingweni engokomthetho, njengokuhlola isenzakalo sokubopha, imfundiso esobala, izimo ezicacile, nokuhlola.

Izimiso Zezinqumo Zesine Zokuvikelwa

Lokho Okubangela Ukufuna

Akuwona wonke amasuntswana kahulumeni abhekwa njengophenyo lweSichibiyelo Sesine. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi ukuhlola kwenzeka lapho uhulumeni egxambukela endaweni evikelekile ngokomthetho (ukuhlolwa kwe-trespass) noma lapho uhulumeni ephula umthetho we-] ukulindela okungenangqondo kwemfihlo [[. Umuntu ulindele ukuba umuntu abe wedwa uma elindele ukuba asese uma enezinsobo zomuntu siqu. Lendinganiso yamiswa v. United States (1867] futhi uyaqhubeka nokuqondisa iNkampembeleko yesine.

Izibonelo zezindawo lapho abantu ngokuvamile belindele ukuba bodwa ngokunengqondo zihlanganisa indawo engaphakathi yekhaya, iphakethe elivalekile, okuqukethwe umakhalekhukhwini (nemingcele ethile), nepotimende elivaliwe. izindawo lapho izinkantolo ngokuvamile zithola khona ukungalindi okunengqondo kokungamelwe ziqashelwa zihlanganisa amasimu avulekile ngaphandle komuzi, imfucumfucu eshiywa emseleni wempahla, kanye nengaphandle lemoto ebonakala endaweni yomphakathi.

Lokho Okubangela Ukunganeliseki

Ukuthunjwa komuntu kwenzeka lapho umuntu onengqondo engeke azizwe ekhululekile ukuphuma noma ukuqeda ukuphoqelelwa komthetho. Akuwona wonke amaphoyisa asebenza ngokuphazima kweso. Ukuhlangana ngokuzithandela lapho isikhulu sisondela futhi sibuza imibuzo ngaphandle kokuboniswa kwegunya ngokuvamile akubi ukuquleka. Nokho, uma isikhulu sibonisa isikhali, sisebenzisa umsindo owenziwe ngempoqo, i-teatting, noma ngandlela-nye ukudlulisela okudingekayo, ukuphambana kuyenzeka ngenjongo yeSine seNguquko.

Ukuphazanyiswa kwempahla kwenzeka lapho kuphazanyiswa isithakazelo esinengqondo somuntu kuleyompahla. Ngokwesibonelo, uma iphoyisa lithatha into kumuntu noma lithatha imoto, lokho kubangelwa ukuquleka futhi ngokuvamile kumelwe kusekelwe yisizathu noma isiqinisekiso.

Imfuneko Yempi Neyayihlukile

ISichibiyelo sesine ngokuvamile sidinga ukuba ukuphenya nokuquleka kuqhutshwe kunikezwe incwadi ekhishwa imantshi engathathi hlangothi ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka. Imvume kumelwe ichaze ngokukhethekile indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi kuthathwe izinto. Nokho, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuhlukana okuningi okuvumela ukuphenywa okungenamvume ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

Izindawo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuphenya (lapho umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela), ukuhlola isenzakalo esibangela ukuboshwa okungokomthetho, ukukhishwa kwemoto (lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi imoto inobufakazi), izimo ezisobala (izimo ezidinga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha), nemfundiso esobala (lapho isikhulu sibona ubufakazi obusobala busobala busendaweni engokomthetho). Ukuqonda lokhu kugxeka ngoba kuchaza ukuthi umthetho ungenzani ngaphandle kobufakazi.

Ukwazi Amalungelo Akho Phakathi Nokuhlangana Nomthetho

Ukuhlala uzolile futhi uhlonipha phakathi nokuxhumana nomthetho kubalulekile. Isikhulu esizizwa sisongelwa noma singahlonishwa singandisa isimo, sikhulise ingozi yokuba nomphumela omubi. Nokho, inhlonipho ayidingi ukuvuma ukuvikelwa kwakho ngomthetho-sisekelo. Kungenzeka ukuba ube nesizotha kuyilapho uqinisa amalungelo akho.

Ukunquma Ukuthi Ukhululekile Yini Ukuhamba

Uma isikhulu sisondela kuwe, umbuzo wokuqala ongase ubuze ukuthi uyaboshwa yini. Ungabuza ngokuqondile: Ingabe ngiboshiwe, noma ngikhululekile ukuphuma? Uma isikhulu sithi ukhululekile ukuhamba, ungahamba ungaphenduli eminye imibuzo. Uma isikhulu sithi uboshiwe, awukhululekile ukuphuma futhi kumelwe uvumelane nemithetho engokomthetho, kodwa usabambelele elungelweni elithile.

Ngisho noma unomuzwa wokuthi ukuboshwa akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho, ukulalela isigwebo kuleso sikhathi nenselele engokomthetho kamuva ngokuvamile kuyindlela ephephile yokuthatha isinyathelo. Ukwenqaba ngokomzimba, ngisho noma amalungelo akho ephulwe, kungaholela ekumangalelweni okwengeziwe nasengozini engokomzimba.

Ukufanelekela Ukuthula

Isichibiyeli sesihlanu sivikela ilungelo lakho lokuthula kunoma yikuphi ukuxhumana nomthetho, kuhlanganise nalapho umisa izimoto noma uhlangana nomgwaqo. Akudingeki ukuba uphendule imibuzo mayelana nokuthi uyaphi, uphi, ukuthi wenzani, noma uphuzani. Ngemva kokunikeza ukuchaza lapho kudingekile (ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokuma kwezimoto noma ezifundazweni ngemithetho eqinile), ungakwehluleka ukuphendula imibuzo eyengeziwe.

Ukucela ilungelo lakho lokuthula, ungasho ngokucacile: " ngisebenzisa ilungelo lami lokuthula. Angifuni ukuphendula imibuzo. Ukuthula nje kungase kwanele uma inkantolo kamuva inquma ukuthi ukuthula kwakho akuqondakali. Ukusho ngokucacile kususa noma ikuphi ukungaqondi futhi kuqaphelise isikhulu ukuthi uqinise amalungelo akho esinqumo sesihlanu.

Ilungelo Lokwenqaba Ukuvuma Ukufuna

Elinye lamalungelo abaluleke kakhulu ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine yilungelo lokwenqaba ukuvuma ukuseshwa. Ngaphandle kokuba ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kunemvume noma imfuneko engokomthetho iyasebenza, akudingeki ukuba uvumele ukuphenywa komuntu wakho, imoto, ikhaya, noma impahla yakho. Nokho, abantu abaningi abaliqondi lelilungelo futhi bazizwa becindezelwa ukuba bavumelane nalokhu lapho isikhulu sibuza, "Uyacabanga yini uma ngibheka, noma ngingaphenya imoto yakho?”

Ukuze wenqabe ukuvuma, sho ngokucacile: Angivumi ukuphenya. Ngifaka amalungelo ami eNguqulo Yesine. Kubalulekile ukukusho lokhu ngokuzwakalayo, ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi ukuphenya kuzoba khona noma kunjalo. Ukwenqaba ngamazwi kulondoloza ikhono lakho lokubekela inselele ukuphenywa komthetho kamuva enkantolo. Uma isikhulu siphenya, ubufakazi obutholakele bungavinjelwa uma uma uma ijaji linquma ukuthi ukuphenywa akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho.

Qaphela ukuthi isikhulu akudingeki sikutshele ukuthi unelungelo lokwenqaba imvume. Ngokungafani ne- Miranda[ izixwayiso okumelwe zinikezwe ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume, akukho mfuneko yokuba amaphoyisa akutshele ukuthi imvume ingeyokuzithandela. Ngakho, kuwumthwalo wakho ukuqinisa amalungelo akho.

Ongakwenza Uma Uboshwa

Uma uboshwa, qhubeka uqinisa amalungelo akho ngokuthula. Ungaphiki ngokomzimba, ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi ukuboshwa akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho. Cela ummeli ngokushesha: ngifuna ukukhuluma nommeli. Angiphenduli imibuzo kuze kube yilapho ummeli wami ekhona. Uma ucela ummeli, konke ukubuza kumelwe kuphele kuze kufike ummeli.

Ukushayelana izingcingo zasejele kuqopha umlando, futhi kungase kuxoxwe nawe. Lilinganisela izingxoxo zakho nommeli wakho. Uma ungakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, uzomiswa ukuba akumelele noma isiphi isikhala esingaholela ejele.

Ukuqonda Imithetho Yokufuna Neyokungawunaki Umkhuba

Izimoto Ziyama

Ukumiswa kwezimoto kungenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu phakathi kwezakhamuzi nokugcinwa komthetho. Lapho isikhulu simisa, singafuna ukuba unikeze imvume yokushayela, ukubhalisa imoto, nobufakazi bezicelo. Kufanele uvumelane nalezi zicelo. Nokho, isikhulu singangadlulisa isikhathi esidingekile ukuze silungise isizathu sokuqala sokuma ngaphandle kokuba siqale ukusola ngokunengqondo izenzo zobugebengu ezengeziwe.

Uma isikhulu sicela ukusesha imoto yakho, unelungelo lokwenqaba. Isikhulu singase sicele ukusesha, kodwa akudingeki ukuba sikwenze. Uma isikhulu sikhona isizathu esingase sikholwe ukuthi kunobufakazi bobugebengu emotweni (njengephunga lensangu noma i-opadrobox ebonakalayo), singase sifune ngaphandle kwemvume yokufuna imoto. Uma kunjalo, ukwenqaba kwakho ngeke kukuvimbele ukuseshwa, kodwa kulondoloza ilungelo lakho lokubekela inselele engokomthetho ukuphenywa kamuva.

Ngesikhathi sokumisa kwezimoto, ungabuza futhi: " Kungani ngimisiwe? Isikhulu kumelwe sinikeze isizathu sokuma. Uma isizathu sibonakala siwumbhalo wangaphambi noma singasekelwe ngokusola okunengqondo, noma yibuphi ubufakazi obutholayo bungacinywa. Khumbula ukuthi isikhulu singanikeza impendulo eyiqiniso njalo, kodwa sibuze umbuzo odala irekhodi.

Ukuhlola Ikhaya

Ikhaya lithola isivikelo esiphezulu seSichibiyelo sesine. Ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuvamile akunakungena noma kuphenye ikhaya ngaphandle kwemvume, ngaphandle kwemvume noma ngezikhathi ezithile. Uma izikhulu zifika emnyango wakho zicela ukuphenya, unelungelo lokwenqaba. Uma uthi unesiqinisekiso, ungacela ukusibona ngaphambi kokuba uvumele ukungena.

Lapho uhlola incwadi egunyaziwe, hlola ukuthi ihlanganisa ikheli elilungile, igama lomahluleli owayisayina, nencazelo yezinto okumelwe zithathwe. Uma umbhalo ubonakala ukhubazekile noma ikheli lingalungile, ungasho ukuphikisa kwakho: ngikholelwa ukuthi lemvume ayisebenzi, futhi angivumi ukungena. Nokho, uma izikhulu zingena noma kunjalo, ungazivimbeli ngokoqobo. Ummeli wakho makabekele inselele isiqinisekiso kamuva.

Uma izikhulu zingena ekhaya lakho ngaphandle kwemvume futhi ngaphandle kwemvume yakho, futhi kungekho zimo ezicazululiwe, noma yibuphi ubufakazi ezibutholayo bungacindezelwa ngaphansi komthetho wobugqizimbela . Umthetho wokuzihlukanisa uyimfundiso yamajaji evimbela ubufakazi obutholakele ngokwephulwa kweSichibiyelo Sesine ekusetshenzisweni ekuzameni.

Ukucwaninga Ngezisetshenziswa Zobuchwepheshe

INkantolo Ephakeme iqaphele ukuthi ocingo nomakhalekhukhwini banamuhla banemininingwane eminingi kakhulu yomuntu siqu futhi ngenxa yalokho bathola isivikelo esinamandla seSichibiyelo sesine. Riley v. California (2014, iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola izinombolo zocingo oluthathwe umakhalekhukhwini ukuze abanjwe. Lesinqumo sisebenza kumakhalekhukhwini, amaphilisi, ama-praptop, nezinye imishini eziphathwa ngesandla.

Naphezu kwalokhu kuvikelwa, kunezimo lapho ukugcinwa komthetho kungase kuzame khona ukuhlola ucingo lwakho ngaphandle kwemvume, njengasekwephuleni komngcele noma ngaphansi kwezimo ezingekho. Uma isikhulu sicela imvume yakho yokuhlola ucingo lwakho, ungayenqaba: " angivumi ukuphenya ucingo lwami. Ngigcizelela amalungelo ami esihlanu neSichibiyelo sesihlanu. [ ISiphendulo sesihlanu singavikela futhi ekuphoqelelweni kwe-codeccode, nakuba izinkantolo zihlukene kulomagazini.

Ukuze uvikele imfihlo yakho yamanani, sebenzisa ukufihlwa okunamandla ezisetshenziswayo futhi wenze imishini yokuvala imishini. Cabangela ukusebenzisa i-spective kunokuqinisekisa (imvume yezintambo noma ubuso), njengoba izinkantolo ngezinye izikhathi ziye zathi i-biometrics ingaphoqelelwa ngesivikelo esingokomthetho esincane kune-alphanumeric code.

Ukuhlola Imingcele Nezikhombi

ISichibiyelo sesine sisebenza ngokungafani ezikhumulweni zomhlaba wonke nasezikhumulweni zezindiza. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuphenywa komngcele [[FLT: 0] okuvumela ukuphenywa kwabantu okungenayo nempahla engena e-United States. Lokhu kudlulela ezikhumulweni zezindiza zomhlaba wonke, ezikhumulweni zemikhumbi, naseziphangweni zezwe. Ukuhlola komngcele we-Routine akudingi imbangela, kodwa ukuphenya okungagunyaziwe (ngokuhlola i-mxenyana noma ukuphenya) kudinga ukusola okunengqondo.

Ama-cheke e-'Specture' angaphakathi kwe-United States, njengezindawo zokuhlola ukunqanda ukubopha noma izindawo zokuhlola ukufuduka, futhi angaphansi kokuhlola kweSichibiyelo sesine. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ukuhlola kokungalawuleki lapho kuqhutshwa ngokweziqondiso ezingathathi hlangothi futhi yanciphisa ukungenela kwabashayeli. Izikhompo zokuhlola zingasekelwa ngenjongo yokuqinisekisa izinga lezakhamuzi, kodwa ukubuza kwesikhulu kumelwe kulinganiselwe. Kunoma yisiphi isigaba sokuhlola, ngokuvamile kudingeka ukuba ume futhi unikeze izimpawu, kodwa ungazenqaba ukuphendula imibuzo edlula kude kakhulu kwalokho okufunekayo.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuvikela Amalungelo Akho ESichibiyelo Sesine

Ukungenela Kwamadokhumende Nomthetho

Ukubhala ukusebenzelana komthetho kunganikeza ubufakazi obukhulu uma amalungelo akho ephulwa. Ezifundazweni eziningi, unelungelo lokuqopha amaphoyisa enza imisebenzi yawo ezindaweni zomphakathi, uma nje ungaphazanyiswa umsebenzi wawo. Ezinye izifundakazi zinemingcele ekubhaleni amakhasethi ngaphandle kwemvume, ngakho kuwukuhlakanipha ukwazi umthetho ezindaweni zakho.

Uma ukhetha ukuqopha, yenza kanjalo kude kakhulu futhi ungavimbanga izikhulu. Siza ukuthi uqopha uma kuphephile. Gcina ucingo lwakho lusendaweni lapho luthatha khona kokubili umsindo nevidiyo ngokucacile. Uma isikhulu sikuyala ukuba uyeke ukuqopha, ungaqinisa ngenhlonipho ilungelo lakho lokubhala: " ngisebenzisa isiphakamiso sami sokuqala ukuqopha lokhu kuxhumana endaweni yomphakathi. Nokho, linganisela inani lokuqhubeka ubhala ngokumelene nengozi yokuqamba noma ukuboshwa.

Uma uboshiwe, khumbula imininingwane yokuxhumana: amagama abaphathi nezinombolo zamabheji, izinombolo zemoto ezigadayo, isikhathi nendawo, nanoma iziphi ofakazi. Hlanganisa lokhu kwaziswa nommeli wakho ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma usekela ukulimala, funa ukunakekelwa kokwelashwa ngokushesha futhi ubhale amanxeba ngezithombe.

Ukuqonda Imikhawulo Yokuvuma

Imvume yokusesha kufanele kube ngokuzenzekelayo, ukwazi, nokuhlakanipha. Uma isikhulu sithi uvuma ukuseshwa, ukuqulwa kwecala kumelwe kufakazele ukuthi imvume yanikezwa ngokukhululekile futhi ayiphoqelelwanga. Izici ezisindayo ngokumelene nokunqwabelana okuhlanganisa iphoyisa elibonisa isikhali, ngokusebenzisa ulimi olusongelayo, noma ukuveza amandla. Uma uzizwa ucindezelekile, sho ngokucacile ukuthi awuvumi.

Qaphela ukuthi imvume inganqanyulwa noma nini. Uma uvuma ekuqaleni ekufuneni kodwa ushintsheni ingqondo yakho, ungasho: ngichitha imvume yami. Ngicela uyeke ukusesha. Isikhulu kumelwe sivimbele ukuphenya uma nje imvume iqediwe, ngaphandle kokuba sibe negunya elingokomthetho elizimele ukuze siqhubeke (njengemvume noma njengesizathu esifanele).

Yazi Umthetho Ezweni Lakho

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine sinikeza isivikelo sikahulumeni, imibuso ngaminye inganikeza isivikelo esiqinile ngemithetho yayo siqu nezimiso. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ukuqashelwa komthetho ukuze zithole imvume ngaphambi kokuhlola igumbi lemoto noma ibhuthi, ngisho noma imoto engekho kuhulumeni ingavumela ukuseshwa okungenamvume. Ezinye zifuna amaphoyisa ukuba azise abantu ngelungelo labo lokwenqaba ukusesha ngaphambi kokuba bacele imvume.

Kubalulekile ukuba ujwayelane nemithetho ezweni lakho. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) namahhovisi omphakathi avikela umphakathi ngokuvamile zinikeza ulwazi ngamalungelo akho aqondene nezwe lakho. Ungathintana nommeli wezephulamthetho wendawo oqonda ukuhluka komthetho weSiphendu sesine endaweni yakini.

Okumelwe Ukwenze Uma Amalungelo Akho Ephulwa

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kuye kwephula amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo Sesine, thatha izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

  • Ubufakazi obugciniwe. Gcina noma yikuphi ukuqopha, izithombe, amabhukwana, nobufakazi obungokoqobo obuhlobene nesenzakalo. Bhala inkumbulo yakho yezehlakalo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, kuhlanganise nosuku, isikhathi, indawo, namagama ezikhulu ezihilelekile.
  • Umbombo wesikhalo.[ Iminyango eminingi yamaphoyisa ihlukanisa izindaba zangaphakathi ezivumela ukukhononda kwezakhamuzi. Ungafaka isikhalo nebhodi yongameleli wezomphakathi yendawo, uma kukhona, noma nehhovisi lommeli jikelele.
  • Ummeli. Uma ubekwe icala lobugebengu, ummeli wakho angafaka inyathelo lokucindezela ubufakazi obutholakele ngokwephula iSichibiyelo Sesine. Uma ubufakazi bucishiwe, ukuquliswa kungaphoqelelwa ukuba ulahle amacala. Uma uphenywa noma uphathwe ngokungekho emthethweni, ungathola isisekelo sokumangalelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi ngaphansi kuka-42.S.C. 1983.
  • Funa ukusekela komphakathi. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-ACLU ne-National Lawers Guild zinikeza imithombo engokomthetho futhi zinganikeza ummelelo emacaleni ahilela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa.

Ubuchwepheshe Nesichibiyelo Sesine

Ukulandelela i-GPS kanye nemininingwane yendawo

INkantolo Ephakeme ithi ukunamathisela i-GPS umshini wokulandelela imoto nokuhlola ukuhamba kwayo kuhlanganisa ukuseshwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine. United States v. Jones (202]), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukufaka kukahulumeni umshini weGPS emotweni esodwa ngaphandle kwemvume ephulwe iSichibiyelo Sesine. Inkantolo yasebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwesiphambeko, ithola ukuthi ukungena ngemoto kwakuwuphendlo ngokwayo.

Nokho, ikhono likahulumeni lokuthola ukwaziswa kwendawo kumacala amathathu, njengamapalifoni kamakhalekhukhwini, libuswa uhlelo oluhlukile olungokomthetho. Ngaphansi kwemfundiso yesithathu-ngxenye , ulwazi oluhlanganyelwe ngokuzithandela nowesithathu weqembu lungase lungavikelwa yiSichibiyelo sesithathu. INkantolo Ephakeme ibeke imingcele ebanzi yalemfundiso eminyakeni yamuva, ephethe Carmeter v. United States (20:8) ukuthi uhulumeni ngokuvamile udinga isiqinisekiso sokuthola ukwaziswa okungokomlando okuvela ebhokisini lenkonzo. Lokhu kwaqaphela ukuthi indawo enkulu yemininingwane yemininingwane yesithathu eyimfihlo eyimfihlo engxenyeni yemfundiso yesithathu.

Ubufakazi Bezokuzijabulisa Nezobuchwepheshe

Ukugcinwa komthetho kuya ngokuya kufuna ubufakazi kuma-akhawunti ezokuxhumana, abagcini be-imeyili, nezinkonzo zokugcina amafu. ISichibiyelo Sesine sale mininingwane sixhomeke ekutheni lowo oyisebenzisayo ulindele yini ukuba abe wedwa. Imiyalezo yomuntu ngamunye nama-akhawunti avikelwe ngezwi eliyimfihlo ngokuvamile kuthola isivikelo esikhuselwa kakhulu kunezindawo zomphakathi noma ukwaziswa okuhlanganyelwa izilaleli eziningi.

Uma ukugcinwa komthetho kucela ukwaziswa kwakho kwezenhlalo yezokuxhumana ngokuqondile epulatifomu, inkampani ingase ikutshele ngaphambi kokuba uvumelane, ikunike ithuba lokubekela isicelo inselele enkantolo. Nokho, izinkampani akudingeki ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuba zinikeze isixwayiso, futhi ezinye zingavumelani nezicelo zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokwazisa abasebenzisi. Ungazinciphisa lezi zingozi ngokusebenzisa ukufingqa okungena ekupheleni komthetho lapho ukhona futhi ucabangela ngokucophelela ukwaziswa enikuhlanganyela nabo kuyi-inthanethi.

Imininingwane Nemininingwane

Izinhlelo zikahulumeni zokuhlola, kuhlanganise nalezo eziqhutshwa yiNSA nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ziphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yeSichibiyelo sesine. I-Exprondificial Surveillance Act (FIS) kanye ne-USA PATRIOTT Act iqhube uhulumeni wandisa igunya lokuqoqa ukuxhumana ngemishini, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwemvume ezimele.

Ukuze uvikele imfihlo yakho ye-apps eyimfihlo, cabangela ukusebenzisa izinhlelo eziyimfihlo zothunyelelwe njenge-Signal noma i-AwasApp, i-nethinethi eyimfihlo (VPN) ukuze ufihle ikheli lakho le-IP, kanye nokuqinisekisa okunezici ezimbili zama-akhawunti akho. Nakuba lezi zinyathelo zingevimbele konke ukuqapha kukahulumeni, ziphakamisa izindleko nomzamo odingekayo kuhulumeni ukuze ahlole imisebenzi yakho.

Imininingwane Yesayensi Yezakhi Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ukusetshenziswa kwemininingwane ye-biometric, kuhlanganise neminwe, ukuqashelwa kobuso, namasampula eDNA, kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu kweSichibiyelo sesine. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi ukuthatha isampula leDNA kumuntu oboshelwe ubugebengu obungathi sína akukona okwephula iSichibiyelo Sesine, kodwa ukuqoqwa kwe-DNA ukuze ifakwe engosini yokuhlola idinga isiqinisekiso noma imbangela okungenzeka ukuthi ibangelwa yizimo eziningi. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa ubuso ngokugcinwa komthetho kudinga ukuhlelwa kwezindinganiso ezingokomthetho, kanye neminye imingcele evimbela ukusetshenziswa kwayo.

Uma ukugcinwa komthetho kucela ukwaziswa kwakho okuphathelene nesayensi yesayensi yokwakheka komzimba, unelungelo lokuxhumana nommeli ngaphambi kokukunikeza. Ezimweni eziningi, ukunikeza ukwaziswa okuphathelene nesayensi yesayensi yezobuchwepheshe kungawachitha ngokuzithandela amalungelo akho eNguquko Yesine futhi uvumele uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise leyo mininingwane ekuhloleni kwesikhathi esizayo. Ngaso sonke isikhathi funa iseluleko esingokomthetho ngaphambi kokuqoqa ukwaziswa okuphathelene isayensi yezinto eziphilayo.

Imithombo Yengcebo Eyengeziwe Nokusekelwa Ngokomthetho

Ukuvikela amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo Sesine kudinga ulwazi, ukuqapha, nokuthola imithombo yezomthetho.

  • Isibonelelo somphakathi sase-American Liberties Union (ACLU)[#811]; i-ACLU inikeza ulwazi olubanzi lwezokuqondisa Amalungelo akho emboze amazwana amaphoyisa, ukuphenya, kanye nemfihlo yemisebe. Hamba uvakashele [ www.aclu.org/ ulwazi-azisa-amalungelo akho [ ukuze uthole ulwazi oluningiliziwe.
  • Electronic Foundation (EFF) & #811; i-EFF igxila ekusithekeni kwamanani nasekukhulumeni kwangaphandle, kuhlanganise nokwaziswa kweSichibiyeli sesine okuhlobene nobuchwepheshe nokuhlola. Imithombo yabo ikhona ku www.eff.org/issues/ages-aks-akhiwo sakho[.
  • [[NTL:0] Cornell Legal Information Institute (LII)[#811]; LII inikeza ukucubungula okubanzi komthetho weSichibiyelo sesine, kuhlanganise nezinqumo eziyinhloko zeNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu nezincazelo ze-statory. Ngena nesiqondiso sazo ku-' www.law.corell.edu/wex/forth_andendiment[.
  • Imithetho yesizwe Guild (NLG) ̫ NLG inikeza ukusekela okungokomthetho kwabashisekeli nabashisekeli bempi, kuhlanganise nokuphulwa kweSine seSichibiyelo. Thola isiqephu se-NLG ku-' www.lg.org[
  • Amahhovisi omphakathi avikela umphakathi asendaweni ezungezile ̵ Abavikeli bomphakathi banokuhlangenwe nakho kwezesiGcijimi sesine futhi bangakululeka uma umangalelwa ngobugebengu. Uma ungenakukwazi ukukhokhela iseluleko sangasese, cela ukumiswa komlweli womphakathi.

Ikusasa LeziNguquko Zesine Liyisivikelo

ISichibiyelo sesine siyaqhubeka siguquka njengoba kuvela intuthuko yobuchwepheshe nezindlela ezintsha zokuhlola. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yabonisa ukuzimisela ukuvumelanisa izimiso zesine Sezigwegwe, njengoba kubonakala ezimweni ezinjenge Riley kanye [[FLT]] ne[FLT] [FLT] COM Iqophelo []. Nokho, ijubane loshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe livame ukudlula ijubane lokwenza isinqumo somthetho, kushiye izikhala ekuvikelweni okungokomthetho.

Umthetho emazingeni kahulumeni nombuso unganezela ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo sesine. [Actronic Communications Infic Act (ECPA) noMthetho Waretap] Act [[ unikeza izivikelo zokuvikela ukuxhumana kogesi, kuyilapho imithetho kahulumeni ingadinga izimpawu zezinhlobo ezithile zokuhlola noma ukubeka imingcele ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola. Ukungalawuleki nokuqaphela umphakathi kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isivikelo somuntu siqu sihambisana nemisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe.

Izakhamuzi eziqonda futhi zisebenzise amalungelo azo eSichibiyelo sesine azizivikeli nje kuphela kodwa futhi zisiza ekulondolozeni lezisivikelo kubo bonke abantu. umphakathi okwazi amalungelo abo futhi uwasebenzise umphakathi lapho iSichibiyelo Sesine sigcwalisa injongo yawo: ukuqapha ukugxambukela kohulumeni okungenangqondo nokuvikela inkululeko eqinisekiswa uMthetho - sisekelo.

Hlala waziwa ngoshintsho lomthetho, uhlanganyele ezingxoxweni zomphakathi eziphathelene nokungafihliwe namaphoyisa, futhi usekele izinhlangano ezivikela inkululeko yomphakathi. ISichibiyelo sesine asisona isidala sekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili kodwa isivikelo esiphilayo esidinga ukuthembisana ngokuzikhandla kubantu. Uma izakhamuzi ziqinisa amalungelo azo ngenhlonipho nangolwazi, ziqinisa isimiso somthetho - sisekelo esisivikela sonke.