Isingeniso: Usizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe Luyithuluzi Lokunciphisa Ubumpofu

Usizo lwangaphandle sekuyisikhathi eside luyithuluzi eliyinhloko emzamweni womhlaba wonke wokunciphisa ubumpofu. Emashumini eminyaka, ohulumeni, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, nezinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni baye bathumela imithombo evela emazweni acebile ukuya ezindaweni ezisathuthuka ngenjongo yokuthuthukisa intuthuko yezomnotho, ukuthuthukisa impilo nemfundo, nokuthuthukisa ukuqina kwezombangazwe. Umqondo ucacile: ngokudlulisela imali, izimpahla, ubuchwepheshe, noma ukusekela kwezimiso, amazwe anikelayo angasiza ekuphakamiseni yonke imiphakathi ekunciphekeni okukhulu. Nokho iqiniso liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukuphumelela kosizo lwakwamanye amazwe kuyaqhubeka kuphikisana kakhulu phakathi kwezazi zezomnotho, abakhankampane, abakhi bezimiso, nabaqondisi bezobuchwepheshe, ngokukhomba ubufakazi kokubili impumelelo ephawulekayo nokuhluleka okukhulu. Ukuqonda indima yosizo ekulweni kwezizwe ekulweni kobumpofu emhlabeni wonke kudinga ukubukeka ngendlela elula kakhulu, futhi kunikezwe ngayo.

Isilinganiso sosizo lwakwamanye amazwe sikhulu. Ngokwenhlangano yezentengiselwano zeCooperation and Development (OECD), usizo olungokomthetho lokuthuthukisa (ODA) oluvela emazweni anikelayo lwafinyelela cishe ku-R22 000 000 000 ngonyaka ka-2022, inhloko nyaka ephakeme. Lenhlokodolobha ingena ezinhlabeni eziningi zezinhlelo, kusukela ekutholeni ukudla okuphuthumayo phakathi nendlala kuya ekungeni kwemisebenzi emide yezezisekelo zezemisebenzi ekhona kanye nokulawula. Abaxhasi baphikisana ngokuthi usizo luye lwabangela ukwehla okuphawulekayo kobumpofu, okwancipha ku 36% womphakathi wembulunga yonke ngo-19902 kuya ngaphansi kwe-10% ye-201. Nokho, abagxeki abakhomba ukunciphindwa okuqhubekayo kwezehlakalo enkulu ukuze kushiciswe ushintsho oluhlala njalo. Lesi sihloko sihlola zombili, izinzuzo, izinselele, izinselele zemali zakwamanye amazwe angaphandle, izindleko zemali.

Ukuqonda Usizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe: Incazelo Nokuphakama Kwawo

Usizo lwangaphandle, olwaziwa futhi njengosizo lwentuthuko, luhlanganisa noma yikuphi ukudluliswa kwezimpahla okuhloselwe ukuzuzisa ukuthuthuka kwezwe noma izidingo zokusiza abalamkeli. Kunganikezwa usizo lwe-biladal (kusuka kwelinye izwe ukuya kwelinye) noma ngezindlela eziningi (lusetshenziswa ngezinhlangano ezinjengeZizwe Ezihlangene, World Bank, noma i-European Union). Iminikelo yangasese evela ezisekelweni zesisekelo kanye nase-NGOs yenza ingxenye enkulu yosizo. Isihluthulelo sithi usizo lunikezwa ngemibandela evumelwaneni, okusho ukuthi ihlanganisa iminikelo noma izimali zenkokheli ezingaphansi kwamazinga emalini emalini emali yezentengo.

Usizo lwamazwe angaphandle luye lwakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Enkathini yangemva kweMpi Yezwe II, usizo lwaluboshelwe kakhulu ekwakheni iYurophu futhi luqukethe ubukhomanisi. Ngo-1970 nango-1980, ukugxila ekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho emazweni asanda kuzibusa. Namuhla, kubhekiselwa ekuthuthukiseni izimali emazweni asanda kuvela. Naphezu kwale njongo ebanzi: ukuncipha kobumpofu, ukulingana kwabobulili, ukuqina kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokubusa okuhle. INhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene Ezimo zentuthuko (SDGs), eyamukelwa ngo-2015, yacela usizo olucacile lwezemali ukuze ithole inzuzo engokwemali, imfundo, nesisekelo emazweni ampofu kakhulu. Naphezu kwalokhu, iminikelo eminingi iye yahluleka ukuhlangabezana nezisulu ezinde ezimile zemali ezisezweni ezikhona ezikhona ngo-OD.7% yemali enkulu kakhulu ngo-19707.

Ukuze umuntu aqonde ithonya losizo, kumelwe aqonde izakhiwo zalo. Usizo aluyona into esetshenziswayo. Lusukela ekungeneleni okusindisa ukuphila okusheshayo kuya ezinguqulweni ezithathe amashumi eminyaka ezingokwenhlangano. Ukuxubanisa kwezinhlobo zosizo ezisetshenziswa emongweni onikeziwe kuthonya kakhulu ukuphumelela kwalo ekunciphiseni ubumpofu.

Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko Zosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe

Usizo Oluwusizo

Usizo lwabasebenzi luyindlela yosizo olubonakalayo kakhulu noluphuthumayo lwakwamanye amazwe. Lunikeza usizo oluphuthumayo phakathi nezinhlekelele zemvelo, izimpi, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, nendlala. Umgomo oyinhloko ukusindisa ukuphila, ukudambisa ukuhlupheka, nokugcina isithunzi sobuntu. Usizo olusiza abahlala ezindaweni zokusiza abantu zihlanganisa ukudla kanye nokusakaza amanzi, ukunakekelwa okuphuthumayo, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nokusekela. Izinhlangano ezinjenge United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) neKomiti yezizwe Zonke yeRed Cross (ICRC) zihamba phambili kule mizamo.

Nakuba usizo lwezenhlalakahle lunzima ezinkingeni, ubuhlobo bayo nokwehla kobumpofu isikhathi eside abuqondile. Ukushaqeka okukhulu njengokuzamazama komhlaba noma izimpi kungamisa iminyaka yamuva yentuthuko. Ukusabela kokusiza umphakathi okuphumelelayo kusiza imiphakathi ukuba izinze ngokushesha, kunciphise amathuba okuthi izinkinga zesikhashana zibangele imikhaya ukuba ibe nobumpofu obungapheli. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuncishiswa ngokweqile kosizo oluphuthumayo kungasusa imithombo yentuthuko eqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhleleka okungahlelekile kungadala ukuhlanekezelwa kwezomnotho zendawo, njengokukhucunuliswa kwentengo yokudla noma ukululaza abenzi bendawo.

Usizo Lwentuthuko

Usizo lwentuthuko lugxile ekwakheni, ekuthuthukiseni isikhathi eside. Lemisebenzi yezezimali ephakathini njengemigwaqo, amabhuloho, nezindawo zamandla; izinhlelo zezenhlalo ezinjengezikole, izibhedlela, nezimiso zamanzi ahlanzekile; nosizo lobuchwepheshe lokuthuthukisa ukubusa, imisebenzi yezolimo, noma yezezimali. Usizo lwentuthuko luklanyelwe ukwakha amandla amazwe athola imali ukuze athuthukise ukukhula kwawo futhi anciphise ukusekela kwawo ngaphandle.

Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zosizo lwentuthuko ephumelelayo zihlanganisa iGreen Revolution e-Asia, eyathola ukusekelwa okukhulu ezisekeni nasezingeni ezinikeza iminikelo ye-biodal, isivuno esikhula kakhulu nokuncishiswa kwendlala. Muva nje, iGlobal Fund yokulwa nengculaza, isifo sofuba nomalaleveva iye yasindisa ukuphila kwezigidi zabantu ngokungenela kwempilo okuhloselwe. I-Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), inhlangano yosizo yase-U.S. isebenza emboninion Challenges Praces enikeza imivuzo engcono ebusayo ngemisebenzi emikhulu, ibonisa imiphumela enamandla ekunciphekweni kobumpofu.

Usizo Lezempi

Usizo lwamabutho luyimpikiswano enkulu. Luhlanganisa ukuxhasa ngemali, ukuqeqesha, imishini, nokusekela ngokuqondile amabutho empi noma amaphoyisa azweni elamukelayo. Nakuba kungenjongo eyinhloko yokunciphisa ubumpofu, usizo lwempi lunganikela ekuzinzeni, okuyimfuneko yokuthuthukisa izomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, imisebenzi yokugcina ukuthula esekelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene esiza ekuvimbeleni ukubuya kwempi emazweni angenamandla. Nokho, usizo lwempi luvame ukuqhutshwa yizithakazelo ezisemqoka zomnikeli kunokuba kukhuliswe intuthuko yomamukeliswano. Inganyusa imibuso yempoqo, izinhlanga zezikhali, noma iholele ekuxhaphazweni amalungelo abantu. Intuthuko eminingi yezempi iveza ukuthi usizo olucacile lwe OD lungahlukaniswa ne-oA ukuze kugcinwe usizo lobumpofu.

Izinzuzo Zosizo Ebumpofwini

Uma luklanywa futhi lusetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo, usizo lwangaphandle luye lwathuthukisa ukunciphisa ubumpofu. Ubufakazi bunamandla kakhulu kwezempilo nasemfundweni, lapho izinhlelo ezikhokhelwayo ziye zasindisa khona ukuphila namathuba anwetshiwe.

Iziyalezo Nokukhula Kwezomnotho

Izakhiwo ziyisisekelo somsebenzi wezentengiselwano. Imigwaqo egcwele usizo ixhuma abalimi nezimakethe, inciphisa izindleko zezokuthutha nokulahlekelwa ngemva kokuvuna. Imishini yogesi inika amandla amabhizinisi amancane futhi yenza izinkonzo zamanani. Iziteshi nezikhumulo zezindiza zivumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezokuhwebelana. Ukuhlola okungokonyaka okunikezwa yiWorld Bank kwathola ukuthi usizo olwabiwe ezinhlanganweni zezemisebenzi lunezinzuzo, ikakhulukazi uma luhlangene nokulawula okuhle. Ngokwesibonelo, usizo lwaseChina emazweni ase-Afrika lukhokhele imisebenzi emikhulu yezokuthutha ngesilinganiso semali, kanti ngezinye izikhathi igxekwa ngezikweleze, luye lwandisa amaphasi okuhweba kwezifunda.

Ukwanda kwezomnotho okubangelwa ukutshala izakhiwo kungasusa izigidi ebumpofwini. IKhomishoni eMfuleni we-Growth ne-Development yaphetha ngokuthi ukukhula okuqhubekayo kudinga izakhiwo ezisemqoka, futhi usizo lungagcwalisa amagebe anzima kakhulu ngokwezimali emazweni angenamali. Nokho, umphumela awuzenzeki; imisebenzi ehleliwe engafanele noma leyo engasizi ngezindleko zokuyinakekela ingaba izindlovu ezimhlophe.

Impilo Nemfundo Kuyazuza

Impumelelo ecacile yosizo lwakwamanye amazwe isempilweni. IGlobal Fund, Gavi (i-Vaccine Alliance), kanye ne-Emergency Plan yengculaza (PEFAR) iye yaguqula igagasi elilwa ne-HIV/AIDS, umalaleveva, nesifo sofuba. Kusukela ngo 2000, lezinhlelo ziye zasindisa ukuphila kwabantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-50. Ukufa kwabantwana kuye kwancipha kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, futhi ukufa kukamama kuye kwancipha kakhulu. I-Aid ibuye isekele imikhankampane yokugoma eqeda ingxibongo futhi yacishe yaqeda uvendle.

Emfundoni, usizo luye lwasiza ukwandisa ukubhalisa izikole zasesikoleni esiphansi e-Afrika kusukela ku- 58% ngo-Saharan ngo-2000 kuya ku- 78% ngo-2020. Izinhlelo ezifana ne-Global Partivary for producess for produces, ukwakhiwa kwesikole, nokukhokhelwa kwezifundo zamantombazane. Imfundo ingumqedi wezentengiselwano ezinamandla: unyaka ngamunye owengeziwe wemfundo ungandisa iholo lomuntu nge-10% futhi unciphise amathuba okushada kwasekuqaleni nokusebenza kwabantwana.

Lempumelelo ibonisa lolosizo, lapho luqondiswa ngezinhlelo ezisekelwe ebufakazini futhi luhambisana namasu empilo nemfundo yesizwe, lungabangela ushintsho olushintshayo.

Izinselele Nezinkinga Eziqhubekayo

Naphezu kwalezi mpumelelo, usizo lwangaphandle luye lwagxekwa kakhulu.

Ukuncika Nokuzinza

Ukukhathazeka okuphindaphindiwe yilokho kusiza ukuncika. Uma ohulumeni bethembele ekuxhaseni imali engaphandle ukuze bakhokhele imali yabo, bangase bangabe nasibopho ezakhamuzini zabo. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, usizo lungaminyanisa ukuqoqwa kwemali ekhokhwayo yasekhaya futhi lunciphise idolo lokuguqula inguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amazwe ase-Afrika engaphansi kwe-Saharan athola imali engaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-50 enkonzo yabo yezempilo kubantu abanikelayo, ibashiye besengozini yokuxhasa imali. Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kudinga lokho kushintsha kancane kancane kancane ekusekeleni imali ekhaya, kodwa umnotho wezombangazwe ngokuvamile usebenzela ekulweni nalokhu.

Ukonakala Nokungaqondisiwi

Inkohlakalo iyinkinga engapheli. Izimali ezihloselwe ukuncishiswa kwendlala zingakhishwa yizicukuthwane, kungaba kuhulumeni noma eketabeni lokunikeza usizo. Ukuphatha imisebenzi yosizo kungaba yize, ngokuqondisa okulinganiselwe. Isibonelo esikhonjiwe kakhulu ukusebenzisa kabi imali eMthethweni ka-Oyili we-Food e-Iraq, noma muva nje, amahlazo ahilela imali yosizo e-Afghanistan. Ngaphandle kwezimiso eziqinile zokulandisa, usizo lungaqinisa izimiso ezonakele. Nokho, imfuneko yokususa imali ngokushesha ibaluleke kakhulu ukukhuthala, ikakhulukazi ezinkingeni zokusiza abantu.

Izisusa Zezombangazwe Nosizo Oluhlotshisiwe

Usizo alunakukhetha nje kuphela. Ohulumeni abanikelayo basebenzisa usizo olusuka emazweni anikelayo embusweni wezentengiselwano nakwezentengiselwano. Usizo lwe-tid, lapho umniniyo edinga ukuthenga izinto noma izinkonzo ezivela ezweni elinikelayo, lunciphisa inani losizo ngezindawo ezilinganiselwa ku-15-30%. Lubuye luphazamise izimakethe zendawo futhi lululaze ubunikazi. Ngokwesibonelo, usizo lokudla luvame ukuthunyelwa luvela emazweni anikelayo kunokuba lususwe indawo, okungaphazamisa ezolimo zendawo. Izinto eziza kuqala zezombangazwe zingaholela ekusizeni ukugxiliswe ezindaweni ezibalulekile kunalapho ubumpofu bujule kakhulu khona. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ukwanda kwezindawo ze-UN Councilty Council noma lezo zempi eziphethe izikhungo zeze, kunokuba kuphakele ngokwesidingo.

Izinqubo Zokwandisa Ukuphumelela Kosizo

Izazi zalezi zinselele, odokotela abathuthukisa ukuthuthuka baye basebenzela ukulungisa izindlela zokusiza. ISimemezelo seParis esiphathelene ne-Aid Effectiveness (2005) nezivumelwano ezalandela ze-Accra noBusan ezimisiwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe imiphumela.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezinto Eziza Kuqala Endaweni

Izinhlelo zosizo ziphumelela kakhulu uma ziqhutshwa amasu okuthuthukisa amazwe ezamukelayo, hhayi izihlongozo zokusiza abaphiweyo. Lesi simiso sokuba umnini sidinga abanikazi ukuba balalele abafaka izimali bendawo, kuhlanganise nomphakathi wezakhamuzi nezindawo ezihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lokusebenzisa uhlelo lokusekela .

Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa

Ukubona ngaphandle kubalulekile ekunqandeni ukonakala futhi kwakhe ukuthembana. I-International Aid Transparency Initiatiatiative (IATA) ikhipha ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe okuhamba ngosizo, kusiza izakhamuzi nezinja ukuba zikwazi ukuthatha indlela yokusebenzisa imali. Abanikazi futhi kufanele bahlole ithonya eliqinile ukuze baqonde ukuthi iziphi izinto ezisebenzayo. Ukuvivinywa okungalawuleki, kwaphangwa izazi zezomnotho ezithuthukisiwe njengoEsther Duflo no-Abhit Banerjee, kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukungenela okuphansi okunjengezibhebhethki ezicwe zicwenga, noma iyunifomu yesikole ekhululekileyo ingaba nemiphumela engcono.

Isakhiwo Nemikhumbi Ekahle

Usizo kufanele lujolise ekwakheni amandla esikhathi eside emazweni amukelayo. Lokhu kusho ukutshala imali ekuqeqesheni izisebenzi zomphakathi, ekuqiniseni izimiso zezempilo, nasekusekeleni izinhlangano zokucwaninga zendawo. Izinhlangano zomphakathi phakathi kwabanikeleyo, ohulumeni, i-NGO, kanye ne-omkhakha womuntu zingahlanganisa ubuchwepheshe nemithombo. Ngokwesibonelo, isibonelo se-Global Fund sezwe elinezikhungo eziningi ezihlobanayo siqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo azihlelwanga kuphela ngabanikeli. Ngokufanayo, izivumelwano zomphakathi zomphakathi zingaba nemisebenzi yezezezezenzwe ngokuphumelelayo kunezindlela zosizo ezingokwesiko.

Ikusasa Losizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe

Izwe losizo lwakwamanye amazwe liyashintsha. Abathekelisayo njengeChina, iNdiya, iBrazil, namazwe aseMpumalanga Ephakathi baye baba abadlali abaphawulekayo, banikeza ezinye izithombe ezivame ukugcizelela ukungathathi hlangothi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezakhi zemvelo. Ukuphakama kwezimali zesimo sezulu nesidingo sokuxazulula izinselele zembulunga yonke njengezifo eziwumqedazwe nokufuduka kubuye kunciphe izinto eziza kuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqedazwe weCOVOVID-19 waqokomisa isidingo sokushesha nokuthunyelwa kosizo olusha, kuhlanganise nokuthutha ngemali okunika abamukela izindleko zokuzikhethela.

Ubuchwepheshe bufeza indima eyandayo. Izindawo zemali ezihambayo zenza ukudluliswa kwemali okuqondile, ukudlula ezingeni lokungena nokunciphisa. I-metacity ingasiza imikhaya esengozini kakhulu. Nokho, lamathuluzi kumelwe asetshenziswe ngokwezimiso, ngokuqondene nokungafihliwe futhi kugwenywe ukuvinjelwa kwamanani.

Ekugcineni, usizo lwangaphandle alukwazi ukuqeda ubumpofu ngokwalo. Kumelwe kube yingxenye yecebo elikhulu elihlanganisa imithetho elungile yezohwebo, ukunikeza usizo ngezikweletu, ukubuyisela imali, ukutshala imali, nokuqoqa izinto zasekhaya. Ukwehla kwezindaba zobumpofu okuphumelela kakhulu (eChina, eVietnam, e-Indonesia, nakwezinye izindawo) kwaqhutshwa izinguquko zasekhaya, hhayi usizo. Kodwa kumazwe ampofu kakhulu emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi lawo abambeke kakhulu ekusebenziseni inzuzo, usizo lusaqhubeka.

Isiphetho

Usizo lwangaphandle luyithuluzi eliyinkimbinkimbi nelingaphelele ekulweni nobumpofu bembulunga yonke. Liye labonisa impumelelo esobala ekusindiseni ukuphila, ekwakheni izakhiwo, nasemfundweni onwetshiwe, kodwa futhi liye labhekana nokungalungi, inkohlakalo, nokusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe. Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi amandla osizo ancike kakhulu esilinganisweni esinikezwayo esisendleleni esisetshenziswayo, esisetshenziswayo, esiqondiswe ngokukhanyayo, futhi esigxile ekwakheni amandla aqinile. Uma lezi zimo zihlangani zihlanganiswa, usizo lwangaphandle lungaba yisicilongo olunamandla lokushintsha. Njengoba izwe libhekene izinselele ezintsha zokwenza izibhakela, kodwa indima yosizo ibalulekile: ukusiza abantu abasengozini kakhulu ukuba bathuthukise ukuphila.

Funda okwengeziwe mayelana nokuphumelela kosizo: CD e-Aid Evenective Xana Ibhange lomhlaba liveza umsebenzi wesakhelo [ short short short [] UN Development Profection Migomo [ . . .