Ukusungulwa Kwemithetho KaHulumeni

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zakha umgogodla wokwenza isimiso e-United States, zisungule imithetho ethinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi − kusukela ekusekeleni imfundo nesisekelo sezohambo eziya empilweni yomphakathi nasemkhakheni wentela. Ngokungafani ne-U.S. Congress, isifunda ngasinye samazwe esingu-50 silondoloza indikimba yaso siqu yemithetho, isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene, izimiso, nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda indlela izishayamthetho zikahulumeni ezikhethwa ngayo nokuthi yini ngempela ekufuneka ngayo kunoma ubani ofuna ukuzihlanganisa noma ukuthonya uhulumeni wezwe ngokuphumelelayo.

Lesiqondiso sihlanganisa inqubo yokukhetha izikhulu zikahulumeni ezishaya umthetho, ukungafani kwezakhiwo ezisezindaweni, ubukhulu bemisebenzi yabo yokushaya umthetho, kanye namaqiniso asebenzayo okusebenza eqenjini likahulumeni. Ekugcineni, uyoba nokuqonda okuphelele kokuthi lezi zikhulu ezikhethiwe ziklama kanjani isimiso esisesilinganisweni sikahulumeni nokuthi kungani zisebenza kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili esikhathini sokushintsha kwezifunda zikahulumeni.

Indlela Ababeluleki Bemithetho KaHulumeni Abakhethwa Ngayo: Inqubo Yokukhetha

Izimiso eziningi zikahulumeni zikhethwa izakhamuzi zesifunda esithile esiphakathi kwezwe. Inqubo yokhetho ngokuvamile ilandela indlela efanayo kulo lonke izwe, kodwa kunezinto ezihluke kakhulu ngokwemingcele yesifunda, isikhathi sokukhetha, nezimfuneko zokufaneleka okumelwe zithathwe.

Imibono Eqondile Nomfanekiso Wesigodi

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimelela isifundazwe se-senate (sagumbi eliphezulu) noma isifundazwe sombuso (sakamelo elingezansi). Izifunda ziphinde ziphinde zibuye zibuye zibuye zibuye eminyakeni eyishumi ngemva kwe-U.S. Uqulu lokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-genential cishe iyalingana nenani labantu (-/isimiso esaziwa ngokuthi umuntu oyedwa, ivoti eyodwa [[. Ezimini eziningi, i-senator ngayinye imelela ukulingana okukhulu kune-mmeleli ngamunye, ebonisa injongo engokomlando yegumbi eliphezulu njengendikimba ekhucushiwe kakhulu.

Ama-candidad avame ukuwafaka amafayela amaphepha agunyaziwe uhulumeni ekukhetheni, akhokhela ifaktha (noma aqoqe inani elidingekayo lokusayinwa), abese encintisana kukhetho oluyinhloko uma bengowomkhandlu omkhulu. Ezizweni eziningi, ama-prigoric avuleka kubo bonke abavoti ababhalisiweyo, kuyilapho abanye besebenzisa ama-primerimiries avaliwe avunyelwe amalungu eqembu. Amazwe ambalwa, njengaseCalifornia naseWashington, aqasha isimiso esiyinhloko lapho bonke abavoti bevela khona eqenjini eliyinhloko, futhi abavoti ababili baqhubekela phambili ekukhetheni kokhetho oluvamile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlangene.

Ukhetho oluvamile luba ngoLwesibili lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember eminyakeni ewubala. Uvolo lwezishayamthetho lwezwe lungahluka kakhulu, kusukela ku 70% eminyakeni yokukhetha umongameli kuya kungaphansi kwe-20% kwemijaho yakhona yeminyaka ethile. I-clout ingasandisa ngokuphawulekayo ithonya lamaqembu ahleliwe anesithakazelo nabashisekeli beqembu.

Ukubhikisha Nokuxhasa

Ukufuna isishaya - mthetho sikahulumeni ngokuvamile kudinga imithombo emikhulu. Nakuba imijaho yokuncintisana ezindaweni ezincane ingabiza imali engaphansi kuka-R250 000, izinhlanga ezifunda noma ezikhungweni zempi zingadlula izigidi zamaRandi. Izisebenzi ziphakamisa imali ngezisebenzi ezinikelayo, amakomiti ezombangazwe (ama-PAC), futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngengcebo yazo siqu. Inani elikhulayo lezifunda liye laveza izinhlelo ezihambelanayo zokunciphisa ithonya leminikelo emikhulu.

Imisebenzi yenkampano ihlanganisa ukuvala iminyango yendlu ngendlu, ukukhangisa ngemishini, iposi eliqondile, amahholo edolobha, nezimpikiswano. Ukuvela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana kuye kwenza kwaba lula ngabavoti ngokuqondile, kodwa futhi kwandisa ukuhlasela okungaqondile. Abaningi abafuna ukubhalisa bancike kochwepheshe bezombangazwe noma kumakomiti eqembu ukuze bathole isiqondiso esisemthethweni.

Izinga Elide Nemingcele Yezinombolo

Izifene zezwe zisebenzisa amagama eminyaka emine, kanti abameleli bezwe basebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emibili. Nokho, kunezindawo ezihlukile: ezinye izifundazwe (umzk., Alaba, Arkansas, Louisiana) zinabameleli abakhonza iminyaka emine, kodwa abanye (umz., i-Arizona, i-Connecticut, iFlorida) banemigomo yeminyaka emibili yazo zonke izigebengu. Amazwe acishe abe 15 aphoqesha [[FLD: 0] imikhawulo ezigeqeni zikahulumeni, evimbela inani leminyaka elandelanayo abangayikhonza. Ngokwesibonelo, iMichigan imingcele yemithetho emelela ama-migomo amathathu (iminyaka engu-6) kanye ne-teinsterssss (iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili). Imingcele ehlukene iye yaphikisana ne-'injini yezekwane (iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili) ephikisa, kanti abacuphiniza abasekeli bethi ababhicindeza ababhini, kanti abagxeki abagxeki benzisa abagxeka ababhine bayaqhubeka be

Izinhlelo Ezikhethekile

Uma ummisi-mthetho eshiya, efa, noma esuswa esikhundleni, ukukhetha okukhethekile kuvame ukufakwa ukuze kugcwaliswe indawo. Umbusi wombuso ngokuvamile umisa usuku lokhetho olukhethekile, okumelwe lube phakathi kwesikhathi esithile esichazwa umthetho wombuso. Kwezinye izifundazwe, umbusi angamisa ukubuyiselwa kobuso kuze kube yilapho ukhetho lukhona. Ngokuvamile ukhetho olukhethekile lubona ukuncishiswa kwezindawo futhi lungashintsha kakhulu kunokhetho oluvamile.

Umthetho: I-Bacameral v.

Umbuso ngamunye ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska uphethe isishaya-mthetho sokuphatha ] [isho amagumbi amabili ahlukene: indlu ephezulu (Isifunda Sezigebengu) nendlu ephansi (Indlu yabameleli, umhlangano, noma indlu yabathunywa). Isishaya-mthetho se-Nebraska unicameral (i-kambiza-kayedwa), ebizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi i-Nebraska Legislature, yamiswa ngo-1934343 ngaphansi kobuholi besikhulu sika-Ser George Norris. Amalungu ayo abizwa ngokuthi “i-Inquisiary" futhi akhonza amagama angeyo.

I-Badaralism yazuzwa kakhulu njengefa esimisweni sephalamende laseBrithani futhi yaqiniswa isakhiwo soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Iphuzu liwukuthi amagumbi amabili anikeza ukucubungula okucophelela ngokwengeziwe, indlu engaphezulu isebenza njengesehlo ezinqumweni ezingcono zendlu ephansi noma ezisheshayo. Ngokwenqubo, amagumbi amabili kumelwe avumelane ngezindlela ezifanayo zesivumelwano sokuthumela incwadi yemvume kumbusi. Amakomiti engqungquthela asetshenziselwa ukuxazulula ukungezwani phakathi kwendlu nenguqulo ye-senate.

Ezinye izifundazwe zinamagama akhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, indlu ephansi yaseNew York i-State Assembly; indlu ephansi yeCalifornia yiSishaya - mthetho; indlu ephansi yaseNew Jersey iyiSishaya - mthetho. Ezifundazweni eziningi, ikamelo eliphezulu limane libizwa ngokuthi iSigele, kodwa emadlalweni ambalwa (njengeSouth Carolina neMississippi) ibizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi iSigele samazwe.

Izindima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yabameli BoMbuso

Izishayamthetho zikahulumeni zigqoka izigqoko eziningi: ummisi womthetho, umhloli wezimali, ummeleli wekomiti, ummeleli weqembu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nomphathi wezindaba. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko womthetho-sisekelo uwukushaya imithetho esingatha izidingo zikahulumeni wabo cishe wonke amandla athinta zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi ezingahlolwa umthetho kahulumeni.

Ukwenza Imithetho: Indlela Ibhili Eba Ngayo Umthetho KaHulumeni

Inqubo yokuguqula umqondo ube umthetho ocacile ilandela indlela echazwe, nakuba kukhona ukwehlukahluka kusukela kuhulumeni kuya kuhulumeni. Ummisi wemithetho usekela umthetho, owethulwa egumbini lawo futhi wabelwe ikomiti ephethe indikimba ephethe indaba. Amakomiti alapho umsebenzi omningi wesimiso uyenzeka khona. Amakhabethe akhona lapho kunezimemezelo eziningi zenqubo, anezinkulumo zokuqulwa kwenkulumo, futhi avote ukuthi angayi egumbini eligcwele. Uma umthetho uphuma ekomitini, uya phansi kwalelo gumbi lengxoxo, i-andendment, nevoti yokugcina. Uma nje ivunyelwe, iya kwelinye igumbi, lapho inqubo iphindwa khona. Uma womabili amaqembu ekhipha izinguqulo ezifanayo, umbiko uthunyelwa kumbusi wesimendezo noma kusayinwe. Uma umbusi we-vetoe, angangena nge-votiod - projective (otestrune)

Ngaphezu kwezindleko ezivamile, izishaya-mthetho zicabangela futhi izinqumo ezikhona (ezibonisa umbono wesishayamthetho kodwa ezingenawo amandla omthetho), izinqumo zesinqumo[ (ezisetshenziselwa ukulungisa umthetho-mthethweni), kanye nezinqumo ezilula (ezisetshenziswa ukuguqula imithetho yangaphakathi).

Ukusetshenziswa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nezimpendulo

Enye yemithwalo yemfanelo enamandla kakhulu yabamisi-mthetho bamazwe ukuhlela uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni. Izifunda eziningi zidinga uhlelo olulinganiselwe (ngokungafani nohulumeni), okusho ukuchitha imali okungadlula imali ehleliwe. Imithetho efanelekile yemali yemfundo, ezokuhamba, ezokunakekela impilo, ezomphakathi, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, kanye nezinye izinhlelo. Amakomiti ohlelo lwemali kuzo zombili izindawo azwa ubufakazi kubaphathi bezinhlangano, ihlaziya izibikezelo zemali, futhi enze izindleko ezivamile zokuhweba. Ezizweni eziningi, umbusi unikeza izimali ezihlongoniswayo, kodwa umthetho wendlu yomthetho unikeza izimali ohlongozokugcina.

[ Izindleko zokulungisa [ ngokuvamile ziyizingxenye ezigcwele kakhulu zomthetho isiqephu ngasinye. Abaqondisi-mthetho kumele balinganise izimfuno ezidingwayo, izinto ezingokoqobo zezomnotho, kanye nezingcindezi zezombangazwe, inselele edinga ukuqonda okujulile kwesimiso semithetho.

Ukuphatha Igatsha Eliphethe

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni namagatsha aphethe ngokuqulwa kwecala, ngokuphenywa, nangokuphindwa kwezincwadi. Izihlalo zamakomiti zingabiza abaqondisi bezinhlangano ukuba bafakazele mayelana nokusebenza kwezinhlelo noma ukulahleka kwemali. Ezinye izifunda-zifunda zinekhomishane enikezelwe yokuhlola inqubo yemithetho ethatha izimali nemisebenzi. Le nkonzo iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngendlela ehlosiwe nokuthi imali yokukhokha ikhokhwa isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo.

Ngokwezimo isishaya-mthetho sesikhathi esiyingxenye (umzk., Texas, Montana, Nevada), ukwengamela kungathatha isikhathi eside, okwenzeka ngamakomiti ahlangene phakathi kwezinhlelo ezivamile. Izishaya-mthetho zesikhathi esigcwele (umz., iCalifornia, New York, Pennsylvania), umsebenzi oqhubekayo.

Izinkonzo Eziwusizo

Ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sommisi-mthetho isetshenziselwa ukusiza abantu ngabanye futhi amaqembu aqondise izintambo zikahulumeni. Abameleli bathintana nezinkinga ezihlobene namalayisense okushayela, ukungasebenzi, ukuqashwa kwezempilo, ukukhokha intela yempahla, noma izimpikiswano nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Abaphathi-mthetho noma izisebenzi zabo bangenela abameleli, babhale izincwadi, bashaye izingcingo, noma bahlele imihlangano nezikhulu zezinhlangano. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyisici esibonakalayo kakhulu somsebenzi womphakathi futhi kunganquma amathemba okuthola imvume.

Umsebenzi Wekomiti

AmaKomiti ayimishini yezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Amakomiti azimele (amakomiti aneziqu) ahlanganisa izindawo ezibanzi zezimiso ezinjengemfundo, impilo neNkonzo Yomuntu, iJadiary, iZothutho, ne-Frames kanye ne-Fractal. Ummisi-mthetho ngamunye usebenza okungenani emakomitini amabili, futhi izabelo zekomiti zenziwa ngezabelo zegumbi (Okhuluma iNdlu yendlu, uMphathi weSigele, noma uMholi weSigebe, noma uMholi weQoqo). Unyuko, ubuchwepheshe, nokwethembeka kweqembu kusebenza okungenani emakomitini amabili, futhi kwenziwa ngezabelo zegumbi (Owayisikhulu sabaphathi beSigeqe, uMphathi weNdl, noma umholi).

Izihlalo zamakomiti zinamandla aphawulekayo: zihlela uhlelo, zinqume ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezithola ukuthethwa kwezindlebe, zilawule impikiswano yasesitezi, futhi zingabulala umthetho ngokumane zingahleli ukuvota. Izisebenzi ezingaphansi zivame ukusingatha izindaba ezimngcingo, zivumele ukuhlolwa okukhethekile. Amakomiti engqungquthela (indawo yokuhlela) enziwe ukuze kuhlangane umehluko phakathi kwendlu nezindlela zokubhalisa izindleko (izindawo) lapho kuncishiswa khona iziphazamiso ezibucayi.

Ukuhola Nezinselele Zeqembu

Phakathi kwegumbi ngalinye, amaqembu ezombangazwe akhetha abaholi: uMajority Host, uMholi we-Minority, uWips, no-Caucus Chairs. Laba baholi bamisa ikhalenda lemithetho, imithetho ehleliwe, futhi baxoxa nombusi negumbi elinye. Ezizweni eziningi, uMphikisi weNdlu ungomunye wamadoda anamandla kakhulu kuhulumeni wezwe, ngokuvamile enethonya elikhulu ezabelweni zamakomiti nezikweletulo. Iqembu lihlangana njalo ukuze lixoxe ngezindlela zokuvota futhi likhiphe izijeziso, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziphambili ze-Rhovens.

Ukuhlukahluka ngaphesheya kwezwe: Ingxenye-isikhathi u-v. Imithetho yesikhathi esigcwele

Enye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni sibhekwa njengengxenye yesikhathi, isikhathi esigcwele, noma i-project. I-National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) imisa izishaya-mthetho ezihlelwe ngokwesilinganiso sesikhathi amalungu achitha emisebenzini ye-avistion kanye nezinga lokusekela izisebenzi.

  • Isikhathi esigcwele (iprofesiane) izishaya-mthetho: ezimweni ezinjenge California, New York, Pennsylvania, neMichigan. Abaqondisi bemithetho bakhokhelwa imali enele (ngokuvamile $800,000/$120 000) ukuyenza umsebenzi oyinhloko. Iziqephu zinde (ngokuvamile unyaka noma cishe unyaka jikelele), futhi izisebenzi zinkulu.
  • Izishaya-mthetho ezivunyiweyo: Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Arizona, iColorado, ne-Florida. Ama-grayslator athola iholo nezinzuzo ezilinganiselwe. Iziqephu zivame ukuba izinyanga ezingu-4-6 ubude. i-staffing ilinganiselwe.
  • Ingxenye yesikhathi (isimo) sezishaya-mthetho: Ezimweni ezinjengeMontana, North Dakota, Texas, Nevada, neWyoming. Abameli bathola imbuyiselo encane (ngokuvamile engaphansi kuka $20 000) ngonyaka) futhi izimiso zifinyezwa (ngokuphelele 60-90 izinsuku zonke ezinye unyaka (i-Texas ihlangana izinsuku ezingu-10,000 njalo ngonyaka). Ukusekela kwe-staff kulinganiselwe, futhi eziningi zezishayamthetho zithola eminye imisebenzi ngaphandle kukahulumeni.

Izishaya - mthetho zezikhathi ezithile ngokuvamile ziyatuswa ngokugcina uhulumeni utholakala ezakhamuzini ezivamile futhi unciphise ithonya lezazi zezombangazwe ezingochwepheshe, kodwa abagxeki baphawula ukuthi izigaba ezimfushane zingaholela ekwenzeni izinqumo ngokuxhamazela nokuthembela okukhulu kubagqugquzeli bokwaziswa.

Ukushintsha Kwendlela Umsebenzi Womthetho KaHulumeni Owenziwa Ngayo

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zakhula ngokuhlukana futhi zalwa kakhulu phakathi namashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlule, ukuveza izimo ezisemkhandlwini. Ukuphakama kwezombangazwe ezihlangene nesizwe kusho ukuthi izinhlanga zikahulumeni zithonywa kakhulu yizombangazwe zobumongameli, futhi izishayamthetho zibhekene nokucindezela kokuhambisana nezikhundla zezizwe ngisho nasezindabeni zezwe ezingokwemvelo. Imali echithwayo yomkhankaso ikhuphukile, futhi indima yezindleko ezizimele ezivela emaqenjini angaphandle iye yandisa izinqumo zenkantolo ezifana no- .

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zathatha ukubaluleka okukhulu njengoba uhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe ubophe iziphakamiso eziningi zezimiso. Izindaba ezinjengokukhishwa kwezisu, ukufakwa kwensangu ngokomthetho, ukulawulwa kwezibhamu, ukushintsha isimo sezulu, ukuguqulwa kwemfundo, namalungelo okuvota manje kulwiwa ngokuyinhloko ngokwezinga likahulumeni. Lokhu kuye kwabangela ukwanda kwamaqembu afuna isithakazelo ahlasela izinhloko-kahulumeni, kanye nokwanda kwenani lezindleko eziqala isiqephu ngasinye.

Ubuchwepheshe buye baguqula futhi inqubo yomthetho. Ukuqulwa kwezindaba zekomiti nesitezi esinezitezi ezisezingeni eliphansi kuvumela umphakathi ukuba ubuke uhulumeni usebenza noma kuphi. Izezindaba zomphakathi zinikeza izishayamthetho indlela eqondile yokuxhumana nabameleli, kodwa futhi zibachaya empikiswaneni yamagciwane. Ama-pasworth amaningi manje asebenzisa izimiso zokuvota ze-electal kanye nokulandelela kwemisebe ye-mitamfa, okwenza le nqubo ibe sobala ngokwengeziwe.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingaphezulu kakhulu kunabenzi bomthetho bendawo kuphela, − bangabaklami bezimiso ezimisa impilo, imfundo, umnotho, nendawo ezungezile yezigidi zabantu. Ukukhetha kwabo ngokhetho oluqondile, kanye nezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene ezikuwo wonke amazwe, kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka usabela ekuthandeni izintando zesifunda, noma ungumvoti, ummeli, umlobeli wezindaba, noma umlandeli wesikhathi esizayo, ukuqonda indlela izishayamthetho ezikhethwa ngayo futhi lokho abakwenzayo kudingekile ukuze bahlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekulawuleni idemokrasi yaseMelika.

Ukuhlola isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni wakho siqu ngokuningiliziwe, vakashela i- National Conference of State Legistratures yemithombo eminingi ehlela isimiso somthetho, amalungu, nezinqubo. Ukuze uthole imithetho yokhetho nemithetho ehlelwa yi-accounting, hlola ihhovisi lakho lokukhetha lezwe [[[FLT:]. Futhi ukukhokha izikweletu zendlela nemisebenzi yomthetho, izimemezelo eziningi zinikeza ukungena ngesihle kuyi-inthanethi ye-geocration stals ezingokomthetho.