Isingeniso: Inqubo Yobumongameli Be - U.S.

Njalo eminyakeni emine, amaMelika aya e-Electoral College ukuze akhethe umongameli wawo. Le nqubo ayisona isenzakalo esisodwa kodwa uchungechunge lwezinyathelo ezithatha cishe iminyaka emibili, ezihlanganisa izipringi, imihlangano, ukhetho oluvamile, nesimiso sokuvota esingaqondile esibizwa ngokuthi iElectoral College. Ukuqonda indlela lezi zinyathelo ezihambelanayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi amavoti azo aguqulela kanjani ehhovisi eliphezulu lesizwe. Lesi sihloko sichaza isigaba ngasinye ngolimi olucacile, kusukela esimemezelweni sokufunga esiya ekugcineni.

Lesimiso sichazwa umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., umthetho kahulumeni, kanye nombuso. Silinganisela amandla emibuso kanye nentando yabantu, sidala inqubo eye yavela phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka. Nakuba uhlaka oluyisisekelo luhlala luqinile, umjikelezo ngamunye wokhetho uletha izinguquko ezintsha, kusukela emacebweni omkhankaso kuya ezinseleleni ezingokomthetho.

Umgwaqo Omude: Imikhumbi Yesibhamu Nemikhumbi - mkhathi

Phambi kokhetho oluvamile, amaqembu ezombangazwe kumelwe akhethe umncintiswano wawo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngochungechunge lwemincintiswano yezinga likahulumeni eyaziwa ngokuthi izigebengu kanye no[FLT]ususes[. Lezizenzakalo zivumela amalungu eqembu ukuba abonise izintando zawo kumfundi. Imiphumela inquma ukuthi bangaki abameleli abamukela umhlangano wesizwe weqembu ngalinye.

I - “pineral v. ”

Izehluleli zilawulwa ohulumeni bakahulumeni bezwe futhi zisebenza njengokhetho oluvamile: abavoti baya ezindaweni zokuvota futhi baphonse i-coucres. Imihlangano yezomthetho ngokwayo iqhutshwa amaqembu ezombangazwe, lapho abakhona bexoxa khona futhi bevota, ngokuvamile ngokukhangisa izandla noma ngokuhlela izingxenye. Ngoba abavoti bathatha isikhathi esengeziwe futhi badinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo, bathambekele ekuheheni abavoti abambalwa, ababoleki ababoleki ababolekiwe.

Amazwe akhetha ukuba nezindawo zokuzisebenzela noma zokuzigcina, futhi imithetho yawo iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ezinye zivumela amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe kuphela ukuba avote (asondelene), kuyilapho amanye evumela ukuba azimele ahlanganyele (amaqembu avulekile). Lenkathi eyinhloko iqala ngoFebruary ngonyaka wokhetho futhi iqhubeke kuze kube ngoJune.

Izimemezelo Ziyabala Neminese

Iqembu ngalinye liklomelisa inani elithile lezihambeli ezizweni ezisekelwe embusweni ngamunye nasemandleni eqembu. Ukuze lizuze ukumiswa kweziqu, umbhalisa kumelwe athole iningi lezihambeli emhlanganweni wesizwe. IRepublican Party iba imiklomelo ngokwesilinganiso ezifundeni eziningi, kuyilapho iDemocratic Party isebenzisa isimiso sohlelo olunesilinganiso esinomnyango olinganayo olinganayo olingana no-15% ukuba abamele izihambeli. Uma kungekho mfundamabhakela ohlwini lwezihambeli kanye nakumakhase, umhlangano uba "umhlangano owenziwe ngomagedevu," lapho izihambeli zixoxa khona zize zifike zifike zifike zisuka.

Imihlangano Yesizwe: Ukuphulula Amaduku

Lapho inkathi yenkathi yokuqala isiphelile, iqembu ngalinye liba nomhlangano wesizwe. Izinkulungwane zezihambeli ezivela kulo lonke izwe zihlangana ukuze zikhethele umongameli nomongameli oyisekela lazo. Lemihlangano futhi yamukela indawo yesikhulu seqembu, incwadi echaza izinto eziza kuqala ezizolandelwayo eminyakeni ezayo.

Phakathi nomhlangano, umnyuneya unikeza inkulumo eyamukelekayo eveza izihloko zomkhankaso kanye nombono. Lesi senzakalo sihlanganiswa kakhulu abezindaba futhi sisebenza ekuhlanganiseni iqembu nabasekeli benhlangano ngaphambi komkhankaso wokhetho. Nakuba imihlangano yanamuhla inemikhosi eminingi, ihlala iyingqophamlando ebalulekile ekhalendeni elikhethiwe.

Umkhankaso Ovamile Wokukhetha

Uma abanyunyana bekhethiwe, umkhankaso wokhetho uqala ngokunamandla. Lesi sigameko sisukela emihlanganweni ekupheleni kwehlobo kuya eSimini Sokhetho ekuqaleni kukaNovember. Isigaba sihamba izwe, sihlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni, sikhangisa, futhi sinxusa izisebenzi zokuzithandela ukuba ziphumele evotini.

Lomkhankaso ugxila ekuwineni izigodi eziyisihluthulelo − ikakhulukazi lezo ezinamavoti amaningi noma lezo ezingasuka kwelinye iqembu ziye kwelinye. Lezi "zifunda" zithola ukunakekela ngenxa yokuthi ishifu elincane lokuziphatha kovoti linganquma umphumela. I-Candidate ilungisa imiyalezo yazo ngokwezinkathazo zendawo, kusukela ekukhiqizeni e-Midwaster kuya ekungeneni eSouthwest.

Imali inendima enkulu emikhankasweni yanamuhla. Ikhangisa ukunyuswa kwezimali ezivela kubantu ngabanye abanikelayo, amakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe (PACs), kanye namakomiti eqembu. I-Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) ilawula izimali zezimali futhi idinga ukudalulwa kweminikelo nezindleko. Njengoba isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sango-2010 isicizen United [.FEC, izinhlangano nezinyunyana zingasebenzisa izinkokhelo ezingenakulinganiswa ezindlekweni ezizimele, kuholele ekunyukeni kwe-PUPCCS.

Phakathi nawo wonke umkhankaso, abazothatha inxaxheba futhi ezimpikiswaneni zomongameli. Lezenzakalo eziqanjiwe kumathelevishini zinikeza abavoti ukuqhathaniswa kolwazi, isimo, neziphakamiso zabazo, kanye neziphakamiso. Izimpikiswano zihlelwa yiKhomishoni engeyayo yesigaba sokuphikisana noPresidential Decations, nakuba imijikelezo yamuva iye yabona izinguquko ekuhlanganyeleni ezimisweni.

Usuku Lokukhetha: Isikhungo Esithandwayo

Usuku lokukhetha luwuLwesibini lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember. Izakhamuzi ezibhaliswe ukuvota ziphonsa amavoti azo kumongameli. Nokho, azivotelanga ngokuqondile ozobhalisa kodwa zivotela ileti [ [i-off] [[FLT: 1] ethembise lowo mvoti. Lena yivoti ethandwayo.

Umbuso ngamunye unikeza iziqondiso zawo siqu zokuvota, kusukela ekubhalisweni kwemithetho yokuvota kuya ekuklanyweni kwe-colot. Amanye amazwe avota ngokuphelele ngeposi (umz., Oregon, Washington), kuyilapho amanye edinga ukuvota ngokukhetha okulinganiselwe okungekho. Ngemva kokuvala, izikhulu zokhetho zibala izivoti futhi zibike imiphumela yesifunda ngasinye nombuso. Lemiphumela ayigunyaziswanga kuze kube yilapho igunyazwa izikhulu zikahulumeni, okungathatha izinsuku noma amasonto ngenxa yokuthumela iposi namabhokisi.

Umnqobi odumile wamavoti esifundazweni ngasinye — ngaphandle kwe-Maine ne-Nebraska − uveza konke amavoti akhethwe yilowo hulumeni. UMaine noNebraska basebenzisa isimiso sesifunda, baklomelisa amavoti amabili akhethweyo kulowo onqobile ezwe lonke futhi omunye kulowo owini wesifunda ngasinye. Cishe kuzo zonke izizwe, othola amavoti athandwa kakhulu uzuza wonke amavoti kahulumeni akhethiwe (winner-all).

I - Electoral College: Ummisi Wangempela

I-Electoral College iyinqubo, hhayi indawo. Ihlanganisa abavoti abangu-520, ilungu ngalinye le-Congress kanye nesithathu se-Washington, D.C. ukuze awine umongameli, umvoti kumelwe aqinisekise amavoti amaningi: okungenani angu-270.

Indlela Abafundi Abakhethwa Ngayo

Phambi kokhetho, iqembu ngalinye lezombangazwe likhetha isileti sabekhetheli kuhulumeni ngamunye. Laba ngokuvamile bangamasekela eqembu athembekile − lelizwe, abashisekeli, noma abasekeli besikhathi eside. Amagama abavoti avela ku-colot, kodwa abavoti bavame ukubona igama lomongameli. Uma umvoti evotela ibhola lomvoti, empeleni bavotela ibhodi lalowo mvoti.

Ukuhlangana Nabanikezeli

NgoDecember, abavoti bahlangana ezinhloko- dolobha zabo zezwe ukuze bavotele umongameli nesekela likamongameli. Basayina izitifiketi eziyisithupha zevoti, ezithunyelwa kuziphathimandla ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise noMongameli weSigele (uMongameli ophethe), iNational Archives and Records Administration, namahhovisi okuvota. UMthetho-sisekelo awudingi abavoti ukuba balandele amavoti athandwayo ezweni labo, kodwa amazwe angu-33 neSithiligidi saseColumbia anemithetho ebopha abavoti izibambiso. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela lemithetho ku-2020 [FLD:0] Cafalo v. [[FLT] Washington[FLD:1], umthetho wokuthi amavoti noma asuse noma ahluliwe.

Abakhethi Abangenalukholo

Ngezikhathi ezithile, amavoti okhetho avotela omunye umuntu ngaphandle komvoti abathembise ukumsekela. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi "ukhetho olungenalukholo," akuvamile futhi akuwushintshi umphumela wokhetho lukamongameli. Nokho, kungenzeka kwenezela isici sokungaqiniseki. Ngo-2016, abavoti abayisikhombisa abaphambukiswa ezivumelwaneni zabo `````ayekukhethweni olulodwa. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme' [FLT: 0] [FLT] Chafalo inikeza igunya lokususa noma ukujezisa abavoti abangathembekile, kunciphisa amathuba okukhiqiza okunjalo enkonzweni yokhetho esikhathini esizayo.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kokugcina: Ukubala Ama - Vote

Amavoti akhethiwe athunyelwa eSishaya - mthetho futhi abalelwa esiqenjini esihlangene esibanjwe ngo-January 6 ngemva kokhetho. UMongameli, njengoMongameli weSigele, uqondisa ukubala. Izitifiketi zokhetho zivulwa ngokwezinombolo zikahulumeni, futhi amavoti amenyezelwa ababikezeli abavela eNdlu neSishayamthetho.

Uma onyulelwayo enezivoti ezingaba ngu-270 zokhetho, uMongameli umemezela ukuthi unqobile. Lesi sinyathelo sokugcina ngokuvamile siwumthetho, kodwa singaba siphikisana uma kuphakanyiswa izimpikiswano. Ngaphansi kwe-Electoral Count Act (njengoba ishintshwa yi-Electoral Reformation Act ka-2022), izimpikiswano kumelwe zenziwe ngokubhala nangokusayina ngamalungu alawo magumbi. Uma kukhishwe impikiswano, iNdluyalo neNkathi yeSigeqe ukuthi imukela amavoti ahti abavoti abahliweyo. Ngemva kwengxoxo, amagumbi amabili avoti; uma evumelana, ukuvota kukhishwe kukhishwa.

Ubalo luka-January 6 luthole ukunakwa okuvuselelwe ngemva kokuhlasela kuka-2021 Capitol. Izinguquko ezingu-2022 zacacisa indima kaMongameli ongumcimbi njengeyokukhonza kuphela, yasusa ukungaqondi ngegunya lombuso wesishaya-mthetho, futhi yaphakamisa umnyango wokuphikisa ukuvimbela izinselele eziyize.

Ukuvulwa Kwezakhiwo: Isifungo Sehhovisi

Uma iSishaya - mthetho sesimisa ukhetho, umongameli uthatha isifungo sehhovisi ngoJanuary 20 (noma ngoJanuwari 21 uma ilama-20 ifika ngeSonto) emkhosini wasobala owaziwa ngokuthi ukunikezelwa. UMahluleli oMcimbi oPhakeme unikeza isifungo: "Ngiyafunga ngokuqinile (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolikhipha ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngiyolifeza ngokusemandleni ami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States.""

Ngalesifungo, lomongameli omusha uthatha yonke imibuso nemithwalo yemfanelo. Ukumiswa kuphawula ukuthutha ngokuthula amandla, uphawu lwentando yeningi yaseMelika. Kukhona ababengabongameli, amalungu eSishaya - mthetho, izikhulu, nezinkulungwane zezakhamuzi eSifundazwe seSizwe eWashington, D.C.

Ukucatshangelwa Okwengeziwe Nezinguquko

Iqoqo Lesizwe Elithandwayo Le - Interstate

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zajoyina isivumelwano esibizwa ngokuthi iNational Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC). Ngaphansi kwalendawo, zivuma ukuvota kwazo zonke izivoti ezivoti ezizivotayo ezithola amavoti athandwayo esizwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani owina umbuso wazo. Lokhu kuhlangene kuzosebenza kuphela lapho amazwe anele ehlangene nengqikithi yamavoti angu-270. Kusukela ngo-2025, amazwe angu-17 ne-Frigidi yaseColumbia aye amisa, emelela amavoti angu-209 akhethiwe. I-ovoti ye-ovoti engokomthetho nomthetho-mthetho, kodwa kuhlala kungumzamo okhuthele wokuzivota.

Imizamo Yokuthuthukisa Ikholiji Lase - Electoral

Kuye kwaba neziphakamiso eziningi zokuthatha indawo ye-Electoral College ngevoti ethandwayo yesizwe. Eziningi zidinga ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo, okudinga abantu abaphindwe kabili-ntathu kuzo zombili izindlu zeSishaya-Mkhandlu nokuhlanjululwa ngezingxenye ezintathu zezifundazwe. Uma kuqalwa ukwahlukana kwezombangazwe nezwe, ukuhlenga okunjalo akunakwenzeka esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Nokho, le mpikiswano iyaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokhetho lapho umnqobi wevoti ethandwayo alahlekelwa khona yivoti (umk. 2000, no - 2016).

Amalungelo Okusebenza Nemvume

Inqubo yokukhetha ixhomeke ekukwazini ukuvota izakhamuzi ezifanele. Impikiswano efana nemithetho ye-ID yovota, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, izikhundla zokuvota, nezikhathi zokubhalisa iposi zithinta ukuthunyelwa kweposi. Imithetho yoMnyango i-Help America Vote ka-2002 kanye nemithetho eyalandelayo iye yahlose ukuthuthukisa ukungenela nokuvota. Izwe liyaqhubeka lilungisa izinqubo zalo zokuvota, futhi izinkantolo zivame ukuphikisana ngezimpikiswano ngokuphathelene namalungelo okuvota.

Ukufingqa Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko

  • Izindawo & i-Caucuses (February-June): amalungu eqembu akhetha izihambeli zemihlangano yesizwe.
  • [ Imihlangano yesizwe[ (July-August): Idili limisa ngokomthetho i-presidenti nesekela le-pinecs.
  • [[UMKHWER.0] Umkhankaso wokhetho jikelele[ (Sepber-November): Ingxoxo ethathayo, ikhangise, futhi iqoqe abavoti.
  • Usuku lokukhetha (ngoLwesine lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember): Izakhamuzi zavota abavoti abathembise ukhetho lwabo.
  • Umhlangano weKoliji (phakathi-Decber): Abaqondisi bahlangana enhloko- dolobha yesifundazwe ukuze bavote amavoti angokomthetho.
  • I-Crectal Crective (January 6): Isikhongozeli sibala amavoti akhethiwe futhi simemezela umnqobi.
  • Ukusungula (January 20): Umongameli-methansi uthatha isifungo sehhovisi futhi athathe amandla.

Inqubo yokukhetha umongameli wase-U.S. iyinkimbinkimbi ngomklamo, ngenhloso ngejubane nangokubekwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akukho senzakalo esisodwa noma ukwehluleka okungaphazamisa ukushintsha okunokuthula kwegunya. Nakuba abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi iElectoral College iphelelwe isikhathi nokuthi isimiso silula ukuxhaphaza, abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi sivikela indima yemibuso futhi siphoqelela ukuba babhikishe kakhulu. Ukuqonda isinyathelo ngasinye (kusukela esigabeni sokuqala kuya esifungweni sokugcina) abavoti bayalazisa ifa kanye nokuqonda okubangelwa isimiso sokukhetha somhlaba esidala kakhulu.

[[Umthetho:0] Imithombo:[[[Umthetho:1]