Ukuqonda indlela amacala obugebengu ahamba ngayo ezinkantolo kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofunda umthetho, umlando, noma ukusebenza okubanzi kwesimiso sobulungisa. Lenqubo ayisona isenzakalo esisodwa kodwa isehlakalo esilandelanayo sendlela ehleliwe, ngasinye siklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo ommangalelwa kuyilapho siqinisekisa ukulondeka komphakathi nokulandisa. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuningi, okuthatha isinyathelo, kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala kuya enqubweni yokudlulisa, ngezincazelo zezimiso ezingokomthetho kanye nokucabangela okuwusizo eqophelweni ngalinye.

Ucwaningo: Ukwakha Isisekelo

Inqubo yobugebengu iqala ngaphambi kokuba kuhileleke inkantolo. Izinhlangano zezemthetho ezinakekela amaphoyisa zokwenza umthetho zokwenza izinto. .__Indawo, iminyango yezenkantolo, iminyango yomthetho kahulumeni enjenge-FBI(iiniteate uphenyo lapho bethola ukukhononda, beqaphela umsebenzi osolekayo, noma beqondiswa yigunya eliququzelelayo. Injongo iwukuqoqa ubufakazi obanele bokuthola ukuthi ubugebengu buyenziwa futhi bubone ukuthi ukhona yini osolwayo. Le ngxenye ilawulwa yimithetho esemthethweni, kuhlanganise nesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sesine sokuphendulo ekuphenyezweni okungenangqondo nokuqubuka (bona ] Inhlangano yokwaziswa esemthethweni ye-COrnell Information ]]

Imisebenzi Eyisihluthulelo Yokuhlola

  • [ Iqoqo lobufakazi obubonakalayo: Izinto ezinjengezikhali, iminwe, amasampula e-DNA, nobufakazi bobuchwepheshe be-mini bulondolozwa, bubhalwe phansi, futhi buthunyelwe ukuhlaziywa kwe-ocensic.
  • Izingxoxo zoFakazi: ukugcinwa komthetho kukhuluma nezisulu, izibukeli, nabanye abantu abangase babe nokwaziswa okubalulekile. Izinkulumo zilotshiwe futhi zisetshenziselwa ukusekela noma ukubekela ubufakazi obungokoqobo inselele.
  • [[NT.:0] Ukuqapha nokugada:[[FT:1] Ama-actering angaphatha ukuqapha okungokomzimba noma kogesi (ngokuvamile okudinga isiqinisekiso) ukuze aqaphele imiklamo, aqoqe ukuhlakanipha, noma athathe umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni.
  • Imvume yokuhlola: Uma abacwaningi bedinga ukungena endaweni eyimfihlo noma ukuthatha izinto ezithile, kumelwe bathole isiqinisekiso kumahluleli ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka. Ngezinye izikhathi izimo eziphehlwayo zivumela ukuphenyiswa okungenasiqinisekiso, kodwa lokhu kufanelwe ukubukezwa okuqinile kokwahlulela.

Uphengululo lungathatha izinsuku, izinyanga, noma ngisho neminyaka. Ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi − njengobugebengu obuhleliwe, ukukhwabanisa okumhlophe kwelanga, noma ubuphekula − izinhlangano ezingahlanganisa ukusebenzisa amabutho emisebenzi kanye nemisebenzi ehlangene. Izinga lokuphenya lithinta ngokuqondile amandla ecala elidlula ezinkantolo.

Ukuboshwa: Ukukhohliswa Ejele

Uma ukugcinwa komthetho kunokwenzeka kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi umuntu wenze ubugebengu, kungase kukhishwe. Ukuboshwa kuwukuncishwa kwenkululeko okukhulu futhi kumelwe uphile ngezindinganiso zomthetho. Ukuboshwa kungavela ngemvume (eboshwe umahluleli) noma ngaphandle komuntu uma isikhulu sibona ubugebengu noma sinobufakazi obulindelekile obukhona. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. inqume ukuthi ukuboshwa okungagunyaziyo emphakathini kuvunyelwe, kodwa ukuboshwa ngaphakathi ekhaya ngokuvamile kudinga imvume ngaphandle kokuba isetshenziswe (bona i-Pay:0] v.[FLT]

Izenzakalo Zokuboshwa

  • Amaphoyisa avela phambi komahluleli, akhona afunga ukuthi u-Applicat ebonisa imbangela okungenzeka, futhi athole isiqinisekiso esisayinwe esigunyaza ukuboshwa.
  • Ukuboshwa ngaphandle kokwephulwa obala: Isikhulu esibona ihlazo noma i-dimoneor, noma esingase sibangele ukuba kwenziwe ishwa, singabopha ngokushesha osolwayo.
  • Ukuboshwa ngasese okungenaluvalo: Ngokuvamile kubeke imingcele eyengeziwe; iphoyisa lingangena endlini yangasese ngaphandle kwemvume kuphela uma kungenzeka kunesizathu kanye nesimo esingathandeki, njengokufuna kakhulu noma ingozi yobufakazi obungabhubha.

Lapho eboshwa, isikhulu sifunda ukuthi usolwayo unelungelo (ilungelo lokuthula nommeli) uma kuhlelwa ukuphenywa kwelungelo lokuthola imvume. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi noma iziphi izimemezelo ezenziwe kamuva zingezokuzithandela futhi ziyasebenziseka.

Ukubhala: Umlando Wezokuphathwa Kwabantu

Ukubhala izincwadi kuyisinyathelo sokuqondisa esingokomthetho esibonisa ukuthi uboshwe futhi ungazi ukuthi unecala noma umsulwa.

Izindlela Ezivamile Zokufunda

  • Ukunyathelisa: Imiqulu e-10 ithathwa ngocingo noma kumakhadi kayinki. Lemidwebo ihlanganyelwa nemininingwane yezwe neyobuzwe (umz., AFIS, I-IFIS).
  • Ukuthwebula izithombe ze-Photograph (umquot): Umphambili nezithombe zeprofile kuthathwa ukuze kuboniswe futhi kugcinwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ulwazi lweyodwa: Igama, ikheli, usuku lokuzalwa, nomsebenzi kuqoshiwe.
  • Isehlo sesizinda somthetho: iphethe igama losolwayo ngemininingwane yomlando wobugebengu ukuze ibone ukuboshwa kwangaphambi, izimvume, noma izinkolelo.
  • Uhlu lwezinto ezibhaliwe: impahla yomuntu siqu iyahlelwa futhi igcinwe; okusolwayo kungakhishwa izingubo zasejele.
  • [ Ukuhlola ukushisa: Imibuzo eyisisekelo yempilo yengqondo neyezokwelapha ibuzwa ukuthi i-patroli idinga ukunakekelwa okusheshayo noma i-washi lokuzibulala.

Inqubo yokubhala incwadi ithatha amahora amaningana. Khona - ke umcabango ubekwa esitokisini kuze kube yilapho uqala ukuvela phambi komahluleli, okuvame ukuthatha amahora angu - 24 kuya kwangu - 48, kuye ngokuthi uphethe ngakuphi.

4. Ukubonakala Kokuqala: Ukuhlangana Kwenkantolo Yokuqala

Ukuvela kokuqala (okubizwa nangokuthi ukumangalelwa ngesikhalo kwezinye izindawo) usuku lokuqala lomsoli osolwayo enkantolo. umahluleli wazisa ummangalelwa ngamacala, uqinisekisa ukuthi bayawaqonda amalungelo abo, futhi ukhuluma ngendaba yokukhululwa kwangaphambi kokuqulwa kwezincwadi.

Izingxenye Zokuqala Ukubonakala

  • Ukufunda amacala:[ Umahluleli ufunda isikhalo noma ukwaziswa okuchaza amacala amangalelwe. Ezinkantolo eziningi, ikhophi inikezwa ummangalelwa.
  • Ijaji liqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa unommeli. Uma ummangalelwa eqashelwa, inkantolo izocabangela ukumisa umlweli womphakathi noma omunye omisiwe ngezindleko zikahulumeni.
  • Ukuzimisela okungakhi: Umahluleli uhlela izimo zokukhululwa, ezingahlanganisa ibheyili yemali, ukuqashelwa komuntu, noma izimo ezinjengokuhlola imishini, imingcele yokuhamba, noma ukungathintani nezisulu. ISichibiyelo seSigqi se-8 seSigqi senqabela ukuqiniswa kwemali, kodwa inkantolo ingaphika ibheyili ngokuphelele ngenxa yezenzo ezithile ezimbi noma uma ummangalelwa efaka ingozi noma ingozi emphakathini.

Ezindabeni eziningi, ukuvela kokuqala kufushane, cishe kungaphansi kwemizuzu eyishumi (ngaphandle kokuba kube nezimpikiswano ngebheyili noma ukumelelwa kwe-apply. Lokhu kuzwa kubangela iwashi ukuba lithathe isikhathi, njengokuzwa kokwandulela.

5. Ukulalela Kwangaphambi Kokuqala: Ukuhlola Ubufakazi

Ukuqulwa kwecala lokuqala kuyisivikelo esibucayi. Akulona icala elibucayi kodwa ukuhlolwa okuqhubekela phambili ukubheka ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kungenxa yokukholelwa ummangalelwa wenze ubugebengu obumangalelwe. Icala libekwa phambi komahluleli, hhayi ijaji, futhi abamangaleli kumelwe banikeze ubufakazi obanele ukuze bahlangabezane nendinganiso engakholeki.

Injongo Nenqubo

  • Ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla obufakazi: Umshushisi uletha ofakazi, amaphepha, nobufakazi obungokoqobo. Ukuzivikela kungaqamba ufakazi we-examine futhi kuphikise ukugculisa ubufakazi.
  • Imbangela efanelekile etholayo: Uma umahluleli ethola imbangela engakhona, icala liyaqhubekela phambili. Uma kungenjalo, amacala angapheliswa, nakuba umshushisi ngezinye izikhathi engabuye alungise uma kuvela ubufakazi obusha.
  • Ithuba lokuthola ukuthi: Ukuzwa kokuqala kusebenza njengethuluzi lokuthola isivikelo, kubavumela ukuba babone indaba kahulumeni nobufakazi bobufakazi.

Akuzona zonke izikhulu eziqulwa kuqala, kwezinye izifundazwe, icala liqhubeka ngokuqondile libekwa icala ijaji elikhulu. Uma icala lokuqala liqulwa futhi kungenzeka litholakale, icala liboshelwe enkantolo equlwayo.

6. Isigwebo noma ulwazi: Ukumangalelwa okusemthethweni

Ngemva kwesizathu esingabangela ukuzimisela, insimbi ekhokhisayo ikhishiwe. Kunemizila emibili emikhulu: i-dict [ [umbuso omkhulu wokwahlulela] noma i-information[ (ifakelwe umshushisi).

Ukuhluka kanye nomtapo

  • Icala: Indikimba enkulu yabasizi bejaji ``indikimba' yezakhamuzi' yahlangana ngokukhethekile ngenxa yalenjongo", izwa ubufakazi ngasese futhi inqume ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kunikezwe amacala angokomthetho. Amacala ahlangeneyo adinga ukumangalelwa okukhulu kwabahluleli ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Cishe ingxenye yezwe isebenzisa izigijimi ezinkulu zamacala athile noma zonke iziphakamiso zecala.
  • Ulwazi: Ezinhlelweni eziningi zenkantolo yombuso, umshushisi ufaka incwadi ekhomba icala ebizwa ngokuthi ulwazi ngemva kwembangela yokuzwa kokwandulela kufakazele. Umahluleli ubesesayina ukuthi “umthetho wangempela” wokumangalela kwezinye izifunda, kuyilapho kwezinye ulwazi ngokwalo luyicala.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhamba kanjani, icala linikeza uhlu lobugebengu obuqondile ummangalelwa amangalelwa ngabo, kuhlanganise nezici okumelwe umbuso ubonise ukuthi unecala.

7. Ukubekwa Icala: Ukungena E - Plea

Icala liyindlela yokuveza obala ummangalelwa enkantolo ukuze alalele amacala angokomthetho futhi afake isikhalo. ngokuvamile lihlanganiswa nokubonakala kokuqala kwezinye izizwe, kodwa kwezinye kuyicala elihlukile ngemva kokumangalelwa noma ukwaziswa.

Ukhetho

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Guilty:[ Ummangalelwa uvuma icala futhi uvala ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala. Umahluleli kumelwe aqinisekise ukunxusa ngokuzithandela futhi kuhlakaniphile, nokuthi kunesisekelo esiyiqiniso secala.
  • Akanacala: Ummangalelwa uphika amacala futhi icala liqhubekela ekuthatheni icala nasemacaleni.
  • Akukho mncintiswano (nolo imantinere): [ Ummangalelwa akavumi ukuthi unecala kodwa wamukela isijeziso njengokungathi unecala. Lokhu kunxusa kugwema ukuvuma okungasetshenziswa enkantolo yomphakathi. Ezinye izikhulu zivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwayo.
  • ungabi necala ngenxa yokusangana (kwezinye izifunda): Ukunxusa okukhethekile okubangela ukuhlola ingqondo kanye nomthetho wesibopho.

Uma ummangalelwa enxusa engenacala, ijaji limisa isimiso sokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala nosuku lokuqulwa kwecala.

8. Izinyathelo Zangaphambi Kwempi: Ukuqeda Inkundla Yempi

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, zombili lezi zinhlangothi zigcina icala ziphethe inkantolo ukuze zixazulule izindaba ezingokomthetho.

Ukuhamba Okuvamile Kwangaphambi Kokuqala

  • Ukuqunga ubufakazi: Ama-Argues ukuthi ubufakazi obuthile butholakele ngokungemthetho (umzk., ukusesha okungavumelani nomthetho, ukuvuma izono okuphoqelelwe) futhi kufanele kukhishwe ecaleni.
  • Ukuguqula indawo: Izicelo ezisusa icala ukuya kwenye indawo ukuze kugwenywe ukusakazwa kokwaziswa kobucukubhede noma ubandlululo lomphakathi.
  • Umjovo wokulahla izikhalo: uveza ukushiyeka okubulalayo ecaleni lomshushisi, njengokungagunyazi, ukwephulwa kwamalungelo okuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo, noma ubufakazi obunganele.
  • [[QUT: 0] Ukuhlobanisa ukutholwa: kufaka umshushisi ikhombandlela ukuze kunikeze ubufakazi obuvumelana nokuzivikela (izinto zokuhlukanisa ngaphansi ] Brady v. Maryland[) kanye nezinhlu zofakazi.
  • [Motion in limine: ifuna umthetho wokuthi ubufakazi obuthile bungangeniswa yini uma kuqulwa icala, ukugwema ubandlululo ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli bezwe.

Imiphumela ivame ukuchaza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano ezizonikezwa abahluleli.

9. Ukuqulwa Kwamacala: Ukulahlwa Okuphakathi

Icala liyinhlolo - mbono engokomthetho yamacala phambi kwamajaji noma amajaji. Liyi-ajerversaria eqhubeka lapho umshushisi ethwele umthwalo wokuveza zonke izici zobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Isivikelo sinelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ofakazi be-expane, futhi siphikisa ukuxolelwa.

Opapa Abaquliswayo

  • Ukukhetha i-jury (i-voir jad): nama-Attorney namajaji angabuza abamele ukukhombisa ubandlululo nokukhetha indawo engakhethi. Izinhlangothi ngazinye zingasebenzisa izinselele nezinselele ngenxa yesizathu.
  • Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ Ukushushisa nokuzivikela kuveza amacala abo. Abukho ubufakazi obunikezwayo; lamazwi afushanisa lokho uhlangothi ngalunye olufuna ukukufakazela.
  • Ukunikezwa kobufakazi: Umshushisi ubiza ofakazi futhi ethula imiboniso. Ingxubevange yesiphambano i-examine ufakazi ngamunye. Ngemva kokuthula, ulwelo lunganikeza ubufakazi balo siqu, kuhlanganise nokubiza ofakazi nobufakazi bommangalelwa. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokungafakazeli.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izimpikiswano ezichazayo: Ama-Attorney afingqa ubufakazi futhi anxuse abasizi bejaji ukuba bafinyelele iziphetho eziqondile. Ukushushiswa kuyaqala, bese kulandela ulwelo, futhi abashushisi banganikeza ukuphikisa.
  • Imiyalo enzima: Umahluleli ufunda izindinganiso zomthetho eziqondisa ukucubungula, kuhlanganise nencazelo yobugebengu, umthwalo wobufakazi, nezinqumo ezingase zenzeke.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ingxoxo ehlangene:[[FLT: 1] Ijaji lithatha umhlalaphansi ekamelweni langasese ukuze lixoxe futhi livote. Izimvume zingathatha imizuzu, amahora, noma izinsuku. Uma abahluleli bengenakukwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo, bayijaji elilengiswe, futhi inkantolo ingakhipha icala elingafanele.

I - Bench amacala (ngaphandle kweqembu labasizi bejaji) alandelana ngendlela efanayo, kodwa umahluleli kuphela onqumayo. ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lamacala amakhulu liqinisekiswa iSichibiyelo Sesithupha.

Isiqalekiso: Isiphetho

Ngemva kokuxoxa, abahluleli (noma amajaji enkantolo yesihlalo) bamemezela isinqumo enkantolo esobala. Imiphumela engaba yile:

  • Guilty:[ Ijaji lithola ukuthi abamangaleli baye bafaka zonke izici ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ummangalelwa uboshelwe.
  • Awunacala: Ijaji linquma ukuthi umshushisi wecala wehluleka ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe. Ummangalelwa ukhululiwe futhi akanakubuyiselwa ngecala elifanayo (isivikelo esiphindwe kabili esiyingozi).

Kwezinye izindawo, abahluleli bangase baphendule isinqumo esikhethekile (ukuphendula imibuzo eyiqiniso) noma isinqumo esiqondiswe uma ijaji liphetha ubufakazi akwanele ngokomthetho.

11. Ukugwetshwa: Isijeziso Esinqumayo

Isigwebo siyicala elihlukile ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala. Umahluleli ubeka isigwebo esisekelwe eziqondisweni zomthetho, uhlobo lobugebengu, isizinda sommangalelwa, nethonya ezisulwini. Izigodlo eziningi zisebenzisa iziqondiso zokugweba ezikhuthaza ukuhlukahluka okusekelwe ekuphathweni kwecala nomlando wobugebengu.

Izici Ezacatshangelwa UMahluleli

  • [ Ububi bobugebengu:[ i Homicide, amaphutha anobudlova, kanye namacala obulili avame ukuphatha imisho emide. Izigwebo ezingalungile ziholela ekuncipheni kwesijeziso.
  • [ Irekhodi lobugebengu elivamile: Izaphula-mthetho eziphindaphindwayo zibhekene nezijeziso ezikhuliswe ngaphansi kwemithetho yokuphambuka engokwesiko noma imithetho emithathu.
  • [ izisho eziqinile: izisulu noma imikhaya yabo ingakhuluma noma ithumele izitatimende ezilotshiwe ezichaza umonakalo owenziwe.
  • Izimo eziphazamisayo: Isivikelo singanikeza ubufakazi bokuzisola, ukugula ngengqondo, ukubambisana neziphathimandla, noma isizinda esinzima. Ukushushiswa kungaqokomisa unya lwalobugebengu, ukuhlelwa, noma ukukhohliswa kokwethembana.
  • [ Iziqondiso zokuqondisa: Izimo eziningi zinemigqa ebotshelelwe noma isibopho ehlanganisa umehluko wezinyanga noma iminyaka. Umahluleli angasuka eziqondisweni ngokulunga.

Izinketho zokugweba zihlanganisa ukuboshwa, ukugcinwa isigwebo, amafa, umsebenzi womphakathi, ukugada ngemishini, noma inhlanganisela. Ezimweni ezibulalayo, isigaba esihlukile sesigwebo sinquma ukuthi ukubulawa kuyafaneleka yini. Isigwebo sikhishwa obala, futhi imibandela yokukhishwa nokubuyiselwa ingayalwa.

12. Ukudlulisa Amacala: Hlolani Inkantolo Ephakeme

Icala lobugebengu aligcini lapho zonke izikhalo ziphela. Ummangalelwa (manje ongummangalelwa) unelungelo lokudlulisa isigwebo noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakathi nendawo. Ezizweni eziningi, kunesikhalo esisodwa esingokomthetho; kuphinde kuhlolwe inkantolo ephakeme yezwe noma iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S.

Izisekelo Zokukhanga

  • Amaphutha asenkantolo: ukuvuma okungafanelekile kobufakazi, iziyalezo zejaji ezinganembile, ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi, noma usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko.
  • Ubufakazi obunganele: Ummangalelwa uphikisa ngokuthi akukho mqambi - sisekelo onengqondo weqiniso ongathola icala ngaphezu kokungabaza okunengqondo okusekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwayo.
  • [ Amaphutha okufaka: Umusho wawungekho emthethweni (Ngaphandle kwemithetho) noma ungenangqondo ngokusobala.
  • Ubufakazi obusanda kutholwa: Ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, ubufakazi obusha obungashintsha umphumela bungaphakanyiswa ngokudluliswa kwesicelo noma ukunyakaziswa kwangemva kokuhlinzwa.

Inkantolo ethatha imvume ibukeza amarekhodi ("amarekhodi omthetho, ama-screen, ama-screen, ubufakazi ) futhi ingase izwe impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo. Ingaqinisekisa ukuqiniseka, ukubuyiselwa nokubuyiselwa kwecala elisha, ukushintsha umusho, noma ukuxoshwa. Umshushisi ngokuvamile akanakudlulisa ukunxenxwa, kodwa angadlulisa izinqumo ezithile noma isigwebo lapho kugunyazwe umthetho. Ukudlulisa kungathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka, futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi ummangalelwa angaboshwa khona ngaphandle kokuba kuvunyelwe ukuhlala.

Ngalé Kokukhanga: Ukubukeza Okuvamile

Ngemva kokuba ukudlulisa izicelo kuphelile, abamangalelwa bangase bafune ukukhululeka enkantolo kahulumeni uma bephikisa ngokuthi ukuvunyelwa kwabo noma isigwebo kuphula amalungelo omthetho-mthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuyisenzo somphakathi esibekela inselele ukuvalelwa kwejele. Iziboshwa zoMbuso kumelwe zikhiphe amakhambi okuqala. Izicelo ngokuvamile ziyisigaba sokugcina ngaphambi kokuba isigwebo sikhishwe, futhi bafanelwe imithetho eqinile nemithetho yokulinganisela. I-aschementing (i-habeas corpus) egunyaziwe, bheka [i-.S.

Isiphetho: Isimiso Sawo Wonke Umuntu

Inqubo yecala lobugebengu iklanyelwe ukulinganisela isithakazelo somphakathi sokujezisa ububi ngelungelo lomuntu nenqubo efanele. Isigaba ngasinye (kusukela ekuhlolweni) ngokudluliswa kwesicelo ) siye savela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka esingokwesiko esingokomthetho nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda lezi zinyathelo kunikeza ifasitela endleleni ukwahlulela okuphathwa ngayo namalungelo avikelwe ngayo. Ukuze kufundwe ngokuqhubekayo ngenqubo yobugebengu, [[FLT:] U.S. Umnyango wokwahlulela ngokucubungula kwenqubo yomthetho wezephulamthetho unikeza isifushaniso esicacile, futhi I-SCregist Reference Servery Services [[[FLT]]] Inters [FLT]] Inikeza imininingwane nezimiso zomthetho. Lesiqondiso sisebenza njengomcebo wabafundisi, abafundi, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda okujulile imishini.