Indlela Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Avikela Ngayo Izakhamuzi Ezikhathini Zenhlekelele

Isivikelo samalungelo omthetho ngokomthetho sakha isisekelo sombuso wentando yeningi, kodwa lezi ziqinisekiso zivivinywa kakhulu ezikhathini eziphuthumayo zesizwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi babhekene nempi, umqedazwe, inhlekelele yemvelo, noma ukuwa kwezomnotho, ohulumeni ngokuvamile bafuna ukwandisa amandla abo egameni lokuphepha komphakathi. UMthetho-sisekelo we-U., kanye neBill of Rights kanye nokulungisa kwayo okulandelayo, unikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho oluthi izakhamuzi zikahulumeni zihlasele ngisho nalapho ukwesaba nokungaqiniseki kubusa ukuphila komphakathi. Ukuqonda indlela lamalungelo asebenza ngayo phakathi nezinhlekelele okubalulekile kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezifisa ukulondoloza inkululeko kuyilapho zisekela ukulondeka komphakathi.

Ukuguquka Kwamalungelo Ngokomlando Kungaphansi Kokucindezela

Kusukela ekusungulweni kweNkathi kuya osukwini lwamanje, umlando waseMelika wembula ukungezwani okuphindaphindiwe phakathi kwenokulondeka kwesizwe nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Phakathi neMpi Yombango, uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wabekela inqaba ye-habeas corpus, evumela ukuboshwa kwempi kwezakhamuzi. [ [INkantolo]] yeNkantolo yamuva ebusa [iNkathi]] i - Ex Parte Millian[[[FLY] [1866][FL][3]] iqinise kabusha ukuthi inkantolo yezempi ayinakuzama izakhamuzi lapho izinkantolo zezenziwa, ibeka isiboniso sakuqala sokuthi amalungelo omthetho wesizwe ahlala esempini. Ngokufanayo, phakathi neMpi yeMpi yeZwe I-Epgaation i-191717 yenkulumo yobugebengu, [FFoct:] eholela enkantolo yomthetho engokomthetho wesizwe, [4] futhi i - R.[19]

IMpi Yezwe II yaletha ukuvalelwa kwesizwe samaJapana ngokudume kakhulu ngaphansi koMthetho oPhakeme 906. Korimatsu v. eUnited States (1944]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela imvume, isinqumo esilahlwe kabanzi namuhla njengokuhluleka komthetho-sisekelo. Lelicala libonisa ukuthi ngisho nenkantolo ephakeme ingaphambuka ngaphansi kokucindezelwa. Izinhlekelele zamuva, kuhlanganise neMpi ye-Terrojikist nemqedazwelo weCHOVAID, ziye zabangela ukuphikisana okuvusemthethweni, ijele, nemithetho yempilo yomphakathi. Isenzakalo ngasinye siqinisa isidingo sokufunda umlando futhi sakha izigwebo ezingokomthetho ezingamelana nokukhukhuleka kwenkululeko.

Izifundo Ezitholakala EMzabalazweni Wamalungelo Omphakathi

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s no 1960s inikeza isibonelo esinamandla. Phakathi naleyonkathi, uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa indlela yokukhuluma enzima ukuze bacindezele ukubhikisha nokuhlela. Nokho izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kukaMahluleli Omkhulu u-Earl Warren, zawasekela ngokungaguquki amalungelo eSichibiyelo sobushisekeli. Ukubusa kokuqala PLACP v. Alaba [1988] [1988]) zavikela ilungelo lokuhlangana ngaphandle kolwazi, futhi amagwadi ezwe eNingizimu Koloni.[[FLT] [[FLT] [193] [193]) yaqinisekisa ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula ezinkundleni. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa ukuthi amalungelo ombuso uhulumeni angasebenza ngokumelene nokucindezelwa okukhulu kwezombangazwe.

Amalungelo Ayinhloko Omthetho - sisekelo Nezikhungo Zawo Ezibucayi

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nokucindezela

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqinisekisa ukuthi “Iziphakamiso azinakwenza mthetho ovimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yokunyathelisa.” Ezimweni eziphuthumayo, lelilungelo livame ukubekwa kuqala ngaphansi kokuhlaselwa. Ohulumeni bangabiza ukungavumelani ngokuthi akunamdlandla noma kuyingozi, futhi izimemezelo zezokuxhumana zingabhekana nokucindezela kokuzilawula. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yabambelela ngokuphindaphindiwe kulokhu, inkulumo ayinakuvinjelwa ngaphandle kokuba ibangele usongo oluseduze lwengozi enkulu. [[FLT:] Lendlela yokukhuluma idinga ukuhlolelwa okungathi sína. ] Ingozi yamanje” futhi ingenza ukuvinjelwa okungathandeki kakhulu kwezinga lokungalungi kwezenziswa kwezemthetho. [FL:1] [FL:] kumele ukuvikela okungakazeki kakhulu kwezombangazwe futhi kuvikelele inqubo yezombangazwe.[FL:]

Izibonelo eziwusizo zihlanganisa ilungelo lokugxeka ukusabela kukahulumeni okuwumqedazwe, ukukhipha izincwadi ezivuzayo eziphathelene nezinhlelo zokuhlola, noma ukuhlela ukubhikisha phakathi nokuvala izigwegwe. Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asivikeli amagama akhulunywa kuphela kodwa futhi sisho amazwi angokomfanekiso, njengokugqoka isifihlabuso noma ukubonisa uphawu. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, izinkantolo eziningi zawisa imingcele ebanzi emibuthanweni yenkolo nasemibhikisweni yomphakathi, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nenhlekelele yezempilo yomphakathi ayinikezi amandla angenamkhawulo okuthula ingxabano.

Inkululeko Yomhlangano Neyokuzihlanganisa Nabanye

Ilungelo “lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo” kubaluleke ngokufanayo phakathi nezinkinga. Uma ohulumeni bekhipha iziyalezo zasekhaya noma bevimbela imibuthano emikhulu, ilungelo lenhlangano lingaphikisana nezidingo zempilo yomphakathi. Izinkantolo zisekela isikhathi esinengqondo, indawo, nezimiso zemithetho, kodwa ziye zanquma ukuthi ohulumeni abanakukwazi ukuhlukanisa amaqembu athile noma imibono ecindezelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nezikhathi zomthetho wobuhlanga ka-202020, amanye amadolobha azama ukuvimbela yonke imibuthano, kodwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni zamisa ngokushesha iziqondiso ezinjalo ezibophelekile. Isimiso esiyinhloko siwukuthi noma imiphi imigoqo evimbelayo kumelwe ibe nezindlela zokuxhumana ezivulekileyo, njengendlela yokuxhumana ye-ielem noma yemihlangano engaphandle.

Ilungelo Lenqubo Efanele Ne - Habeas Corpus

IziNguqulo zesihlanu nezeshumi nane ziqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa “ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nasenkingeni, uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze isaziso nokuzwa kahle ngaphambi kokuba enze izenzo ezimbi kubantu ngabanye. I-writ of habeas corpus /akpus, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme iwuvikelwe eSiphakathini I, iSiqeshana 9((evikeli se-'ekubekela isigwebo inselele ngokungemthetho.''''''''''''''ebush'i-FTBYPFLP] i-200 (iBush Trigrount, i-Bush system', i-Bush'ebush'ebugnorvement (200) yasekela i-Putesticialgatement (indeas) ukuthi i-Pricialgation yayiving) yayiphethe noma isiphi isigaba se-United States.

Kunezimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, kuphakama inqubo efanelekile lapho ohulumeni behlukanisa abantu ngabanye, begunyaza imijovo yokugoma, noma bebeka imingcele yokuhamba. Izinkantolo ziye zasekela ngokomlando izinyathelo ezinjalo ngaphansi kwamandla amaphoyisa (bona ] Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 1905]), kodwa futhi baye badinga ukuba izinyathelo zibe ezinengqondo, ezidingekile, futhi zingabekeki imingcele. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nomqedazwe we-COVOVID-19, amanye amazwe abhekene nezikhangiso ezingokomthetho zezisebenzi ezinakekela impilo, nezinkantolo ezihlola ukuthi imiyalelo ihlanganisa ukukhulula ngenxa yezizathu zokwelapha noma ezenkolo. Isifundo siwukuthi inqubo ayibekeki nje indiswa esimweni esiphuthumayo.

Isivikelo Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ukugxambukela kohulumeni ngokungena ezingeni lokuphila kwabantu ngaphandle kwesizathu esilindelekile. Ezinkingeni, lelilungelo lingaqedwa ngokuqapha okukhulu, ukuqoqa nge-odoli okungenamthetho, nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa. I-Patriot Act, egunyazwe amandla amakhulu okuhlola, kuhlanganise “izimpawu kanye nokuhlola” i-metameta-mult. [[FL:0] United States v. [20], iNkakhulu leNkantolo iphethe ukuthi i-GPS i-alling scercer ikhampat i-trapy i-track i-tecssssssss shond shond i-iphecsssssssssss shond projective projectivestingstingstingstingss offiedededed, ikakhulukazi ifuna ukuviciselwa yizeleleka, ikakhulukazi ngenxa ye-ion ewudiyolimu ewudiyo.

Izinselele Zamalungelo Esikhathi Sobubi

Naphezu kwalezi sivikelo zomthetho - sisekelo, izinhlekelele zibangela ukucindezela okungaholela ekugugulekeni kwamalungelo.

Izimiso Zokuqondisa Namandla Aphuthumayo

Abameli nababusi bavame ukunxusa amandla aphuthumayo ukuba enze ngokushesha ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwemithetho. Umthetho wesizwe we-National Emertitution Act (1976] kanye Stafford Act [ unikeza igunya elibanzi lokulawula phakathi nezinhlekelele. Nokho, la mandla angasetshenziswa ukunqanda ukuhlola okusemthethweni. Isibonelo, isimemezelo sesimo sikaMongameli uTrump sokuqongezela udonga ngo-2019 [umthetho] nomthetho owephula amandla osetshenziswa yiSishayamthetho. Izinkantolo ziye zanquma ukuthi amandla aphuthumayo kumelwe asetshenziswe phakathi kwemingcele emithetho futhi angakwazi ukuqeda amalungelo esimiso sombuso phakathi nempilo yezombuso phakathi nempilo, futhi angeke angakwazi ukumelana nenqubo engokomthetho engokomthetho noma engokomthetho welungelo lokuqala.

Ukungavumelani Nokwahlulela Nengozi ‘ Yanoma Iyiphi Impoqo ’?

Ngokwezomlando, izinkantolo ziye zavumela igatsha eliphethe phakathi nezinkinga, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zokhuseleko lwesizwe. [umbuzo wezezombangazwe] imfundiso nomqondo we-“izidingo ezikhethekile” eziye zavumela izinhlangano zeSine zezokuhlakanipha ukuba zibe nenkululeko ebanzi. Kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaxwayisa ukuthi ukuhoxa akumelwe kube yi-brecudication. umbuzo we-Trump v. Hawaii[FLT [2017], iNkanto edinga ukubukiswa okufanelekile, iNkantolo isekela ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba okuzingezela amazwe amaSulumane kodwa yenza ngokusekelwe ekuchazeni igunya lomthetho kunokuba kubangele lonke igunya. Impikiswano eqhubekayo, i-Stocksethiwe promotence ifuna ukuqondwa kweze-Stocktivementalties.

Ukucindezela Komphakathi Nenganekwane Yokulondeka

Phakathi nezinhlekelele, umbono womphakathi uvame ukuguquguquka ekusekeleni isenzo esinamandla sikahulumeni. Lokhu kungadala “umphumela owehlisa ukungavumelani nemingcele yamalungelo. Ukusekela kwaseJapane kwasekelwa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba kwakunjalo nge- McCArth-era zifungo zokwethembeka. Namuhla, inselele iwukugcina umbono ogxekayo ngisho nalapho ukwesaba kusakazeke kakhulu. I-Media, izivumelwano zomphakathi, nomphakathi oqinile waseMelika zibalulekile. [[FLT: 0] Amalungelo okuziphatha okuzimele awabalulekile. [FLT:]

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Engokomthetho Evikela Amalungelo

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

I-Attic III yezikhulu zikahulumeni eziphethe izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezinamandla okuchaza umthetho, kuhlanganise noMthetho-sisekelo. Ngawo ukuhlolwa kweze-cadenti. , izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho, iziyalezo, nezimiso eziphula amalungelo ayisisekelo. Icala lokuphawula njenge i-FLT] I-Stown Comment à & Lamp; Tube Co. v. Sayer[ [1952] [ii-Calm] i-presemmagement ye-ssssssss mey mey yensimbi phakathi neMpi ye-Korea, iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nemibuso yempi inemingcele engokomthetho. Izikhululiwe kakhulu, futhi idinga ukuvalwa kwe-cellption elawula indawo elandela indawo ezungezile.

Isithakazelo Somphakathi Nokukhohlisa

Izinhlangano ezinjenge- IsiVumo soMsebenzi waseMelika [[FLT] i-Union [ACLU], Electronic Foundation , kanye [[FLT] ne-Brennan Center yeJaji [[[FLT] Brenan Center ye- Justice [] insela insela ngokungehlela amalungelo okuphulwa phakathi kwezinkinga. Lamaqembu ancikenekile ekumeni, izenzo zesigaba, nama-anus amafushane okuletha izimpikiswano eziminyangweni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ACLUU yahlukanisa inqubo yomkhaya ye-TRUmp, ne-EFFFF ibeke insectal ebeke insectal elungele ukuviniza impumelelo ngenxa yemisebenzi yaleminyaka eminingi.

Ukuhlola Icala Lokuzivikela Kwamalungelo Abantu

Impindela YeNkantolo Ephakeme YaseKorematsu

Ngo-2018, iNkantolo Ephakeme yalahla ngokuqondile Korimatsu v. United States ku [FLT]Trump v. Hawaii. IJaji eliyinhloko uRoberts labhala ukuthi “Korematsu wayephambuke kakhulu ngosuku olwanqunywa,” ebonisa ukuthi iNkantolo ingafunda kumaphutha ayo. Lesi sibonelo esinamandla samalungelo omthetho-mthetho-sisekelo asebenza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. IRetion ayikuhlehlisi ukulimala kwe-internation, kodwa ibeka isibonelo esisha sokuthi isigaba sesizwe nokunyuswa kweqembu akunakelelwa ngokomthetho, ngisho nasebunzimeni.

Ukukhuluma Ngokukhululeka Phakathi Ne - COVID - 19 Pandemic

Kuyo yonke i-COVID-19 ewubhadane, izinkantolo zabhekana nezinselele eziningi zezempilo yomphakathi. Kuyi-Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo [20], iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yavala imingcele yemibuthano engokwenkolo yaseNew York, ibusa ukuthi imingcele ehlukaniswa ngenkolo. Ngokufanayo, Tandson v. Newsom [201], iNkanto ephethe ukuthi noma isiphi isilinganiso sempilo yomphakathi esivimbela imibuthano yenkolo kumelwe sisetshenziswe ngokungathathiwe hlangothi emibuthanweni yezwe. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa ukuthi ngisho naphakathi komlingo ebulalayo, uhulumeni awuna ukunyakaza konyakaza okukhethekile. Izikhulu zenkantolo ezisenkantolo.

Ukwehla Kwezentengiselwano Nomthetho Wokuzitika

Ngemva kuka-9/11, i-USA PATRIOTT Act yandisa amandla okuhlola ngaphansi komthetho we-Freige Surveillance Act (FISA). Ngo-2013, ukuvuza kuka-Edward Snowden kwembula iqoqo elikhulu le-metadata yocingo ngaphansi kwe-Fort 215 ye-Act. Ukuhlanganisa i-ligita, kuhlanganise ACLU v. I-Clapper [ [20], yahola isekelo yeSifunda sesibili seNSA ukuze ithole ukuthi uhlelo lwalungagunyaziwe yi-RCTYPT. ISivumelo somthetho (URG.) ekugcineni lesi sifundo sibonisa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho, nakuba ngokuvamile enziwasezinziwa phakathi nobunzima, angavuse ngokuphindwayo ngenselelwa ngokucindezela okungokomthetho.

Isiphetho: Isidingo Esiqhubekayo Sokuqapha

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo awaziqalisi; adinga isiqinisekiso esizivelelayo, siphinde sichazwe. Izinhlekelele zezesikhathi esidlule ziye zawahlola lamalungelo, ngezinye izikhathi ezinemiphumela ebuhlungu, kodwa isimiso somthetho siye sabonisa ukuqina. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwokulondeka nenkululeko akupheli, kumele kuphinde kuphele ("ikufanele kuhlanganiswe nesimo esiphuthumayo ngasinye esisha. Izakhamuzi zinomthwalo wokuqonda amalungelo azo, ukwenza abaholi babhekane nokulandisa, nokusekela izinhlangano ezivikela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Njengoba abahleli beqonda, “ukuqapha kwaphakade kuyintengo yenkululeko." Enkathini yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, imibhakela yembulunga yonke, futhi ukuphepha okungalawuleki, ukuthi ukuqapha kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola ikhasi i-Constitution ethathwe eMtatsheni we-Congress, ’SCLU’s Crisis & i-volutions transfers perfectives percentives [, kanye [[FLT]] SCOTBlog ka-S] ukuhlaziya kwamandla aphuthumayo [[[[FLTLT:5]]. Ukwazi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho womthetho uhlala eyisivikelo esiphilayo kubo bonke abantu.