IRaje Sabba, eyaziwa ngokomthetho njengoMkhandlu wase-United States, iyindlu ephezulu yePhalamende laseNdiya. Isebenza njengenhlangano ebalulekile yokumelela amazwe nezindawo ezihlangeneyo ngokwezinga lesizwe, iqinisekisa ukuthi inzuzo yesifunda ithathwa emthethweni kahulumeni. Ngokungafani neLok Sabba, amalungu ayo akhethwe ngokuqondile abantu, uRaje Sabbah ukhethwa ngenqubo engaqondile encintiswayo esekelwe ezindaweni zikahulumeni nezindawo zomthetho- sisekelo wezwe ngalinye. Lesimiso siklanyelwe ukunikeza ukuqhubekela phambili kwesakhiwo semithetho yemithetho, njengoba uRajiya Sabhaha eyindikimba ehlala njalo engahlolwanga, kanye namalungu ayo ashiya wonke amalungu ayo iminyaka emibili. Ukuqonda i-Syyabraha ikhethwa kanjani amalungu ezindaweni ezihlukene ze-Ndiya, idinga ukunyuselwa kwesilinganiso esiqinile somthetho wemithetho yemithetho ye-ographicicic, futhi idlalwa ngokuphuma kwe-omgale.

Ifulegi Yomthetho - sisekelo Yokukhetha URaje Sabha

Ukukhethwa kwamalungu eRajiya Sabba kusekelwe ku- Article 80 woMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya, osho ukuqanjwa koMkhandlu wase-States. Amandla aphelele kaRajiya Sabha abekwe emalungwini angu-25, angu-238 angabameleli bamazwe namasimu e-stuni, futhi angu-12 amiswa uMongameli ngenxa yobungcweti bawo emasimini njengezincwadi, isayensi, ubuciko, nenkonzo yezenhlalo. Amandla amanje asebenzayo angamalungu angu-245 ngenxa yokuthatha izikhala nokulungiswa.

Ukwabiwa kwezihlalo phakathi kwezizwe kunqunywa uShedyuli we-Constitution, obeka izihlalo ezisekelwe kubantu bombuso ngamunye njengakuwo wonke amanani amuva. Lokhu kwabiwa akuyona indawo ekhona; kubukezwa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kuboniswe izinguquko zenani labantu. Isibonelo, kubekwa abantu abaningi kakhulu njengo-Uttar Pradesh babamba izihlalo eziyi 31, kanti amazwe amancane afana no-Sikkim anesihlalo esisodwa kuphela. Inqubo yokhetho ngokwayo iqhutshwa ngaphansi kokulinganisa i-Act, 1951, futhi yengamele i-Ecostation Com of India.

Imishini Esetshenziswa E - Electoral: Isimiso Somsebe Wezinsimbi Esihambayo Sisodwa

Raje Sabra ukhetho lusebenzisa uhlelo oludluliswayo olulodwa lwendlela yokumela ukuhlelwa. Lolu hlelo luqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakheka kweRajiya Sabha kuveza amandla alinganiselwe ezinhlangano zezombangazwe emhlanganweni wesizwe. Nansi indlela esebenza ngayo:

Indlela I - ML Edla Ngayo Imisindo Yayo

Ilungu ngalinye lomhlangano wesishaya-mthetho (MLA) wesifundazwe linelungelo lokuvota kukhetho lweRaje Sabha. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi lesi isimiso esilinganayo, i-MLA ayimane nje ithathe umvoti oyedwa. Kunalokho, bahlela abazobhapathizwa ngokulandelana: 1, 2, 3, njalonjalo. I-colot ihlanganisa bonke abazovota bancintisana, futhi umvoti kumelwe abonise ukuthanda kokuqala, okulandelayo, nokunye. Uma kungekho mvoti ofinyelela isilinganiso esidingekayo ezintweni ezithandwayo zokuqala, ivoti eqedi eqediwe, futhi amavoti abo ambalwa adluliselwa ekukhetheni okulandelayo. Lenqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kugcwaliswe zonke izihlalo ezivulekileyo.

Ukubalwa Kwengoma

Isilinganiso yinani lamavoti okudingeka akhethwe. Ibaliwa ngokusebenzisa indlela:

Quota = (Amavoti asemthethweni asetotali) / (Inani lezihlalo + 1) + 1

Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhulumeni una-403 MMS futhi ukhetha amalungu ayi-10 Raje Sabha, isibalo kungaba (403 / 11) + 1 = 37.6, iqoqwe uma kudingekile. Noma imuphi odlula inani ekukhetheni kokuqala ukhishwa ngokushesha. Inkokhelo esele kulawo mavoti adlule ngalé kwesilinganiso) iphinde ithunyelwe kwezinye izintando zawo emaphepheni ebholathi. Lenqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kugcwaliswe zonke izihlalo.

Izinkinga Zomshoshaphansi Nezomnyobo

Nakuba uRajiya Sabba eqhutshwa ngokhetho oluyimfihlo, umthetho omelene nobandlululo awusebenzi kulolukhetho ngendlela efanayo nangaphandle kokungakholeki. Nokho, amaqembu ezombangazwe avame ukubeka iziswebhu ngaphakathi ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi i-MLS As for avhotifice abavunyiwe abavoti beqembu. Isiphambano se-ML-av. /a lapho i-MMLS As av ngokumelene nomugqa weqembu ```Ivota'''''''', kuholela ekuthatheni isinyathelo sokujezisa, kuhlanganise nokuxoshwa kweqembu, nakuba kungakhisi i-MLAMAS engqungqutheleni ye-mmuni yomthetho we-mthetho we-avhoti yokhetho olukhethekile. Lokhu bekuyiphuzu lempikiswano, ikakhulukazi encintiswa kakhulu enkabeni yokhetho.

Izindawo Ezikude Ngaphesheya Kwezwe Nezindawo Zobumbano

Inani lezihlalo zeRajiya Sabba isifundazwe ngasinye esizitholayo lilingana ngokuqondile nenani labantu baso, kodwa ukusakazwa kwangempela kumiswe ngeShedyna yeSine futhi kushintshwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Nakuba ukubalwa kwabantu kwango-1971 kusetshenziselwa ukulawulwa, indawo ka-Rajiya Sabha ayikabukezi kusukela ekuhlelweni kabusha kwezifundazwe ngo- 2000. Nakhu indlela amazwe ahlukene namazwe ahlangene amelelwa ngayo:

Amazwe anomfanekiso ophakeme kunayo yonke

Imibuso enabantu abaningi ibusa iRaje Sabha uma kubhekwa izinombolo zezihlalo:

  • Uttar Pradesh: izihlalo ezingu-31 (eziphezulu kakhulu), ezibonisa inani elikhulu labantu elingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu 200.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amaharashtra: izihlalo eziyi 19, ezimelela isisindo sazo sezomnotho nesokuba khona kwabantu.
  • [[FLT:]: izihlalo eziyi 16, nakuba inani labantu likhulu kunezindawo ezithile ezinamanani afanayo, isilinganiso sabekwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe inani ngo 2011.
  • West Bengal: izihlalo eziyi 16, futhi ezisekelwe emananini abantu.
  • Tamil Nadu: izihlalo eziyi 18, zibonisa inani lazo elibalulekile.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amadhya Pradesh: izihlalo eziyi 11, nakuba inani labantu likhula, indawo ebekwayo ayikaguquki.
  • Rajastann: izihlalo eziyishumi, ezinendawo enkulu kodwa ebanzi.

Kulezi zindawo, okhetho bayizingxenye eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma u-Uttar Pradesh ekhetha amalungu akhe angu-31, konke lokhu kusebenza kungahlanganisa ukuphatha amavoti okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamaqembu, njengoba kungase kudingeke ukuba izivumelwano zivumelanise izintandokazi ukuze kuwinwe izihlalo eziningi.

Izwe eline - Seats eyodwa noma ezimbalwa

Izifundana ezincane namasimu ezinhlangano zezinhlangano ze-operation zinezihlalo ezimbalwa, ngokuvamile eyodwa. Lokhu kuzinikeza izwi elilodwa eMkhandlwini wase-States, kodwa inqubo yokukhetha ihlala ifana ne-(propotigal memode mest ku-STV. Nokho, njengoba isihlalo esisodwa kuphela esisephangweni, isimiso sifana ngokusebenza kanye nokuvota kokuqala kweposi phakathi kwe-MLAA, njengoba inani lilingana nenani elikhulu lamavoti.

  • SIKkim: isihlalo esisodwa. Nge 32 MLS, isilinganiso singu (32 / 2) + 1 = 17 amavoti. Umfundi ovikela iningi lezithandwa zokuqala uyaphumelela, kodwa okuthandayo akunandaba uma kungekho muntu ofinyelela isilinganiso ekuqaleni.
  • Goa: isihlalo esisodwa. Nge 40 MLS, isilinganiso singu-21.
  • Uttankand: izihlalo ezintathu. Ngisho nangezihlalo ezintathu, uhlelo lusebenza ngesilinganiso esiphansi, nikeza amaphathi amancane ithuba.
  • [[UMTH:0] HIMAL Pradesh: izihlalo ezintathu.
  • MEghalaya: isihlalo esisodwa. Ezifundazweni zasenyakatho mpumalanga, inani elincane leML' yenza amavoti onke abe yinkulu.
  • Manipur, Tritura, Nagaland, Mizoram, Runachal Pradesh: Ngasinye sinesihlalo esisodwa, ngaphandle kweManipur eno-1 kanye. Lezi zifunda zivame ukubona ukulawula okukhulu kwezombangazwe phakathi nokhetho lweRajiya Sabbah ngenxa yemigqa emincane.

Amasimu E - Union

Phakathi kwamasimu e- iDelhi kuphela kanye ne-Puducherry inezingqungquthela zesivumelwano futhi ikhetha iRajiya Sabbaha amalungu ayo. i-Delhi inezihlalo ezintathu, nePuducherry inesihlalo esisodwa. Ezinye izindawo (IziQhingi (I-Chanigarh, i-Andaman ne-Nicobar, uPatherra no Nagar Hali no-Dagan, Ladakh, Lahadve, ne-Jamusmu (manje eyi-UT) azinabamelekiswe amalungu e-Rajayab. Kunalokho, izithakazelo zazo azimelelwangamelelwe yi-12 noma i-gorim, noma i-dim, nakuba lokhu kumelelwe ukubekwa nge-parthme.

Imisebenzi Ekhethekile Kahulumeni Yokulawula

Nakuba inqubo ye - STV ifana, imishini esebenzayo iyahlukahluka kakhulu ezifundazweni ngenxa yamandla eqembu, ukubambisana kwezombangazwe, nenani lezihlalo ezihilelekile.

Amakhonsathi Anemizimba Eminingi E - United States Enkulu

Ezifundeni ezifana no-Uttar Pradesh, iqembu elibusayo noma umfelandawonye ngokuvamile une-MLA uwina izihlalo eziningi ngaphandle kobunzima obukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uma iqembu linamakhulu amathathu e-ML Ase endlini eyisigaba sama-403 futhi lidinga ukukhetha amalungu angu-31, lingase likwazi ukufinyelela isilinganiso samalungu alo. Nokho, i-methonialism ingaholela ekunqamuleni i-ontal, njengoba kuboniswa kukhetho lwamuva lwase-Rapya Sabhaha lapho abanye abaphikisi be-MLSwah bevotela khona abameleneyo naphezu kwezintambo zeqembu. Izindawo ezisemasimu engeziwe abafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izintandono zisetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo.

Amakhonsathi Ahamba Nge - meteber E - United States

Ezifundeni ngosihlalo esisodwa kuphela iRajiya Sabba, ukhetho luba ukuhlolwa kwamandla eqembu engqungqutheleni yemithetho. Njengoba lesi silinganiso siyivoti elula, iqembu eliyala iningi phakathi kwe-ML Angokwalokhu linqoba. Nokho, uma kungekho qembu elinenani eliqondile, i-amen, liyakha, futhi ukushintshela kwe-STV ethandayo kungenza imiphumela emangalisayo. Isibonelo, esizweni esinjengeSikkim, lapho i-Rajiya Sabha ingukhetho oluqinile khona. Kodwa ezizweni ezinjengoManipuur, nohulumeni abahlangene, uMLML kungaholela ekukhetheni okuthandayo kweze kubonakale kuqondane.

Amalungu Angenawo Amalungu KaRaje Sabha

Ngaphansi Article 80(3), uMongameli waseNdiya uveza amalungu ayi-12 eRaje Sabhaha. Lawa awakhethwa yiyo noma yimuphi umhlangano wezwe kodwa akhethelwa iminikelo yawo ekhethekile emasimini athile: izincwadi, isayensi, ubuciko, nenkonzo yezenhlalo. Lelilungiselelo lisho ukuvunyelelwa yi-British House of Lords futhi lihlose ukuletha amakhono namazwi angewona ayingxenye ye-ractic enqubweni yemithetho. Amalungu ahlukene awenziwa esikhathini esidlule ahlanganisa isazi sezomnotho uDkt. UMan Singh (ngaphambi kokuba abe nguNdunankulu), ifilimu uHemani, kanye nomdali wokudansiba i-Ruk Abin. Ukukhetha okungakhethwayo kwezimiso zezenkolo, nokungakhethwa ngeminyaka ehlukene, futhi angongongomiswa amalungu angomthetho angowodwa, amalungu angoye angoyengaboleki, amalungu agunyaziwe, kodwa avumela ukuba avume, amalungu ehhhhwwww Pusime

Indima Yezigigaba Zezombangazwe Nokuncintisana

Raje Sabra ukhetho luvame ukuxoxwa ngezindlela zezombangazwe njengoba zinjalo ngenqubo engokomthetho. Amaqembu ezombangazwe asesifundazweni ahlola amandla e-ML-A kanti futhi ngokuvamile afunda inani labazobhapathizwa abalingana nenani lezihlalo abangawina kuzo ngokwesilinganiso. Kohulumeni abahlangene, kuhlelwa isihlalo esiqinileyo, kuxoxwe phambi kokukhetha. Isiphambano-vota. /ahh_a lapho amavoti amelene ne-MLAN nomgnol(impikiswano ephikelelayo. i-MLY ikhona, kuyilapho isimiso se-speat sikhona, umthetho olwa ne-defefeaction awenzi ngokucacile eRapya Sabbah ngoba umthetho uklanyelwe ukunqanda ukuchezuka eqeni lomphakathi ophansi wendlu, hhayi phakathi nokuvota. Inkantolo ephakeme isekela ukuthi i-AMLka ingenakukhonzwa ngokuncitshiswa yi-ska eqedio ezindaweni zokuvota, nakuba izigaba eziningi zeqembu lezokuvota eziphambili zingaholwa.

Imikhuba Yamuva Nokugxeka

Eminyakeni yamuva, inqubo yokukhetha i-Raje Sabha iye yabhekana nokugxekwa ezindaweni eziningana. Okokuqala, ukumelelwa kwabantu [[FLT: 0] ngokulinganayo kwenani labantu kuyinto ekhathaza kakhulu. Ngoba isilinganiso sesihlalo sisekelwe ekubaleni kwabantu ngo-1971, isho ukuthi siye sakhula ngokushesha (njengeBahar ne-Utar Pradesh), kuyilapho amanye amazwe amancane anezihlalo eziningi ngonyaka. Lokhu kwephula isimiso sokumelela ngokwesilinganiso. Okwesibili, i-inlue yamandla emali [[FLT]] ehlawulo, ikakhulukazi ngokuhamba ngesiphambano, iholelwa ekumangaleni amahhashi ahambayo. Njengoba imibiko ye-Media ivame iveza ukuvotela i-MLMLC. I-PUMLT ifaka imvume yokuvotela imvume yokukhotholwa. I-EFFFFFFG. Imponethiwe iyaqhubeka, kodwa iyaqhubeka ngokusetshenziswa imishini, kodwa isebenza kakhulu.

Okwesithathu, kunento engekho emelelwa ngokuqondile [ kubemi. Kusukela ku-MLS Act Rabya Sabba amalungu esimiso samanje, umvoti ovamile akasho ngokuqondile ukuthi ubani ohlala endlini ephezulu. Abanye abahlaziyi bezombangazwe baye baphikisana ngokhetho oluqondile kuRajya Sabba, olufana ne-US Camp, ukuthuthukisa ukulandisa. Nokho, abasekeli besimiso samanje baveza ukuthi ivikela izithakazelo zezifundazwe futhi banikeza isixwayiso ezindinganisweni ze-populist. Ekugcineni, amalungu awenziwa agxekwe ngokuba yizigebezo zezombangazwe kunokuba abe yizazi ze-Admist. Uguquko luye lwasikiselwa, njengoba abantu abadunyiswe kakhulu, njengoba bengenakunikezwa i-PUmedia.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela KweRaje Sabha

Ukukhethwa kweRajiya Sabba emazweni ahlukene aseNdiya kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi wokusebenza ngomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, icebo lezombangazwe, kanye nezinto ezingokoqobo zamanani abantu. Isimiso esisodwa sokuvota esidluliselwayo siqinisekisa ukuthi indlu ephezulu iveza amandla alinganiselwe ezinhlangano zezombangazwe engqungqutheleni ngayinye, kuyilapho ukubekwa kwezihlalo ezisekelwe kubantu kunika amalungu aphakeme kakhulu. Nokho, ukubekwa kwezindawo zomthetho wesifunda kusukela ngo-1971, kanye nezinselele zokuhamba kwesiphambano kuye kwaholela ekufuneni ukuguqulwa kwesimanje. Isakhiwo sezwe laseNdiya siyaqhubeka siyinhlangano yesifundazwe, i-Rajiya Sabba ihlala iyisikhungo esiyinhloko sokumelela isifunda, futhi iqonda ukuthi amalungu ayo akhethwe kanjani ibaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani onesithakazelo entando yentando yeningi yamaNdiya. Imininingwane ethembekile, ibhekisela ku-[FLC:[1] [FFF] [2] [3]