I-Political Action Committee (PACs). Ngokungafaniyo, i-PACs, engahlangene nenhlangano, inyunyana yezisebenzi, noma inhlangano yezohwebo (‘ihlala endaweni ekhethekile nenamandla kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Baphakamisa futhi basebenzise imali yabo ukuthonya okhethweni, basekele izinhlelo ezithile, futhi bathuthukise amazwi angathi angaqondakali. Kodwa lawo mandla aletha isimemezelo esiphikelelayo sokuba sobala. Ngokungafani namakomiti ezombangazwe noma amakomiti asebenzelayo, ama-PAC avame ukusebenza ngaphandle kokuhlola komphakathi okwakhiwa, okungaholela ekungathembini iminikelo, ukungathembani, ukungabaza, ukuvuma, nokufaka izingozi ezingokomthetho. Ukuthuthukisa ukubonakala kokukhanya yizenzo; ukuqamba i-&817; ukuqamba i-&817; ukuvikela okufanelekile okungasetshenziswayo, nokuvikela i-demodemose, ukuvikela isimiso somthetho, nokuqinisa ukumelana nokulawula okufanele ukulawulwa kwabo.

Kulesi sihloko, sihlola ukuthi kungani izindaba zokubona ngaphandle kwe-PACs, zinikeza amasu asebenzayo ukuze zifinyelelwe, hlola izimfuneko zomthetho nemikhuba engcono kakhulu, futhi silungise izithiyo ezivamile. Ngokwamukela indlela ekhanyayo, ama-PAC angaguqula umthwalo ohambisanayo ube yinzuzo yokuncintisana eqinisa umsebenzi wawo futhi wakhe ukwethembana okuhlala njalo.

Okwenza Ukubona Okucace Kakhulu Kube Nzima Kuma - pac angaxhunyiwe

Ukubona ngale kudlulela ngalé kokuhlola ibhokisi elisebhokisini likahulumeni. Kuyi-PAC engaxhunyiwe, ukuvuleka ngemithombo yezimali, ukusebenzisa izinqumo, kanye nesimiso kuthinta ikhono layo lokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo endaweni ehlukene kakhulu. Cabangela izizathu ezilandelayo:

Ukwakha Ithemba Kubenzi Bemali Nakubantu Bonke

Abanikazi bafuna ukwazi iminikelo yabo isetshenziswa ngokunenzuzo nangezizathu abakholelwa kuzo. Uma ama-PAC ehlanganyela ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe, okufike ngesikhathi ngezimali nangemisebenzi yawo, abasekeli bazizwa beqiniseka kakhulu ekubekeni imali yabo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungaboni kahle kungabhebhethekisa izinsolo zokuzicabangela, ukuphakama kwekhanda, noma izinto ezifihliwe, ukuxosha kokubili abanikeli abancane nonosizo abaphambili.

Ukwethemba umphakathi kulula ngokufanayo. Abalindi bafuna ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izithakazelo zezindaba zezombangazwe. Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aveza uhlu lwawo oluphakeleyo futhi achaze indlela abahlela ngayo imali cishe abonakala njengamazwi athembekile, ngisho nangalabo abangavumelani nezikhundla zabo. Lokhu kuthulula amasu kunganciphisa amathuba ezindaba eziphambene noma imikhankaso yomphakathi ebuza ukuthembeka kwe-PAC̱.

Ukunciphisa Ingozi Engokomthetho Neyokunquma

Izwe elingokomthetho lamakomiti ezombangazwe liyinkimbinkimbi. Imithetho ye-Federal ne-overal inikeza imvume yokuthola izinto ezithile, kodwa imiphumela yokungahambisani nenkokhelo ingaba mikhulu kakhulu, kodwa ingozi engokwedumela ingaba nkulu kakhulu. Indaba eyodwa engaziwa yemali emnyama noma izindleko ezisolekayo ingangcolisa i-PAC’, idumela eliyiminyaka eminingi. Ngokusungula imikhuba yokubona kahle kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni, abaholi be-PAC bangadala impucuko yokulandisa okulula ukudambisa kokubili ukuchayeka okungokomthetho nokungathandekiyo.

Ukuqinisa Ukulandisa Kwentando Yeningi

Ekujuleni kwayo, ukubonakala kungenza abavoti bakwazi ukwenza izinqumo zolwazi. Uma ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe efihla imithombo yabo yezimali, alulaza isimiso sokuthi izakhamuzi kufanele zazi ukuthi ubani ozama ukuthonya amavoti azo. Ngokuzenza zidlulele ngalé kwesilinganiso esingokomthetho, i-PACs isiza ekubuyiseleni ukholo esimisweni sokhetho. Ibonisa ukuthi imali yezombangazwe akudingeki ibe yisisho noma yonakele, ingaba ingxenye ebonakalayo, enecala yokuphila komphakathi.

Izinqubo Zokuthuthukisa Ukubona Ingaphandle

Ukusuka kwi-octal evaliwe kudinga umzamo wangamabomu. Ngezansi kunezinqubo eziqinisekisiwe ezingasetshenziswa ama-PAC, ezihlelwe ngokwezigaba ezingasebenza.

1. Shicilela Izimfihlo Zezezimali Ezivamile Neziningi

Isisekelo sanoma yimuphi umzamo wokubona ngale ukwenza ukuba ukwaziswa okungokwezimali kutholakale. Nakuba i-PACs kumele imibiko yamafayela ne-Federal Ecomficition Commission (FEC), leyomibiko ingaba miningi futhi kube nzima ngomphakathi ukuyihlula. Indlela engcono ukunyathelisa isifushaniso noma i-mesethi yokuhlola e-PAC’ ingosi ye-website. Ifaka kanye kanye nalokhu:

  • Uhlu lwabo bonke abanikelayo abanikela ngaphezu komnyango othile (ngisho noma kungesiwo umthetho ocelayo), ngenani lomnikelo.
  • Izindleko ezicitshwayo: okwakusetshenziswa, ukuthi kusetshenziswe kuphi (isib., izikhangiso, ochwepheshe, izenzakalo), nokuthi ubani.
  • Ngokuqhubekayo noma ngenyanga ukwaziswa kuthuthukiswa ngesikhathi.
  • Indaba echaza izinqumo ezinkulu zemali ngolimi olucacile.

ICenter for Responsive Politics (Opensets) inikeza izibonelo zama-PAC enza lokhu kahle, ihlanganisa ama-FEC adwetshwayo e-FEC namabhodi angenabangane. Ama-PAC angalingisa lokho ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi okubona noma ngisho namatafula alula. Isihluthulelo siwukwenza ukwaziswa kutholakale futhi kuqondakale.

2. Ukuthunywa Okusobala, Izinto Eziza Kuqala, Nohulumeni

I-PACS eningi ihlushwa ukungaqondi kahle ngalokho eqondene ngakho. I-PAC esobala ichaza injongo yayo, ishaya indinganiso yayo, nezimiso ezisetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuthi obani abazokusekela. Lokhu kwaziswa kufanele kugxile kuyi-PAC̱ ingosi futhi iqiniswe ngokuxhumana okuvamile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-PAC ibusa izindaba. Ubani owenza izinqumo ngokusebenzisa imali? Likhona ibhodi noma umgcini wengcebo oyedwa? Ukukhipha amagama nezizinda zabantu abaphethe i-PAC(nezici eziphikisanayo ezingase zibe khona, zenza enye i-pacce yesibopho sokulandisa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe egxile ezindabeni zendawo ezungezile kufanele ichaze ukuthi iziphi izithakazelo zemivubukulo ngaphandle kokuba leyo ngxenye yemisebenzi yayo eshiwo.

3. Hlanganyela Ngokuneqhaza Nababambi Bomjaho

Ukubona ngale kuyindlela ezimbili. I-PACs esakaza ulwazi kuphela kodwa engalokothi ilalele iphuthelwa ithuba lokwakha ukwethembana. Cabangela ukumenywa:

  • Ngonyaka kunezindlwana noma amahholo edolobha lapho i - PAC’ iphendula khona imibuzo yabanikeleyo, izintatheli, nomphakathi.
  • “ Sibuze noma yini” izinhlelo zezokuxhumana noma nge-imeyili enikezelwe.
  • Ukuhlola okwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kuqonde ukuthi yini ababhebhethekisayo abafuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngayo.

Lapho i - Campaign Legal Center isekela ukubonakala, igcizelela ukuthi ukuthembisana kufanele kube yinqubo, hhayi nje ukusabela kwenhlekelele.

4. Ubuchwepheshe Bezembe Namathuluzi Emishini

Ubuchwepheshe bunganciphisa kakhulu isithiyo ukuze kube lula. Isimiso sokuphatha okusemqoka (CMS) singasebenza njengesikhungo esiyinhloko sokuthola konke ukudalulwa, amabhukwana ezimiso, nemizuzu yomhlangano. Izethulo zezokuxhumana zinikeza izindlela zangempela zokulungisa, ukuphendula imibuzo, nokungaqondi kahle.

Ngaphandle kokubekwa okuyisisekelo, amaPaC angasetshenziswa:

  • Izindawo zokwaziswa ezivulekile ezifuna ukunyathelisa ukwaziswa okungakhanyisiwe kwezezimali kumafomethi afundeka ngomshini (isib. CSV, JSON) ukuze amaqembu enja nabacwaningi bakwazi ukukuhlaziya.
  • Imishini enikeza amathuluzi avumelana nesimiso se - computer sokubala ukuze ibangele imibiko ye - FEC-complitant ngaphandle komzamo wezandla.
  • Izincwadi eziyimfihlo ezinikeza abasekeli ukuba babone umlando wabo womnikelo futhi babone ukuthi imali yabo isetshenziswa kanjani — ngaphandle kokuyekethisa lapho kudingeka khona ukuba babe bodwa.

Ku-PAC engaxhunyiwe enemali elinganiselwe, amathuluzi amahhala njenge-Google Comment quats, WordPress, kanye nezimiso zezokuxhumana zomphakathi kwanele. Isimiso siwukusebenzisa noma iliphi ithuluzi elikhona ukwenza ukwaziswa kutholakale futhi kufike ngesikhathi.

5. Yakha Izimiso Zokuziphatha Zangaphakathi Futhi Ziziqhubele Phambili

Ukubona gcaluza kumele kufakwe enhlanganweni i’ i-DNA. Lokhu kusho ukubhala izimiso zangaphakathi ezicacile ngokuziphatha, izingxabano zesithakazelo, ukugcina amarekhodi, nokuxhumana. Izimiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Isimiso somnik ’ umnikelo esichaza ukuthi imiphi imithombo yemali eyamukelekayo nendlela yokugcina iminikelo emikhulu.
  • Inqubo yokusebenzisa imali edinga ukuvunyelwa okugciniwe kwanoma iziphi izindleko ezizosetshenziswa ngomsuka othile.
  • Isimiso sokushaya ikhwela esikhuthaza izisebenzi nezisebenzi zokuzithandela ukuba zibike ukukhathazeka ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela.
  • Isimiso sokuhlola njalo − esingaphakathi noma esizimele somuntu wesithathu — ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba kwamarekhodi emali.

Lezizimiso kufanele zinyatheliswe engosini ye-PAC’ (noma okungenani ifingqwa) ukuze kuboniswe umphakathi ukuthi i-PAC inamathela ezindinganisweni eziphakeme. futhi isebenza njengesiqondiso sezisebenzi namalungu ebhodi, inciphisa ingozi yokuphulwa ngamabomu.

Izimfuneko Ezingokomthetho Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu

Imikhuba yokubona kahle ifanele ivumelane nomthetho ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa imikhuba emihle kakhulu ivame ukwedlula okudingekayo ngokomthetho. Ukuqonda isisekelo socingo kubalulekile kunoma yimuphi i-PAC engaxhunyiwe.

Imithetho Yama - FEC Nemithetho

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe asebenza kukhetho lukahulumeni kumelwe abhalise imibiko ye-FEC kanye namafayela ngezikhathi ezithile (ngenyanga noma ngekota kuxhomeke emsebenzini). Lemibiko yembula:

  • Yonke iminikelo eyamukelwa (ebhalwe phansi ukuze inikelwe abanikelayo inikela ngo - R250 ngonyaka).
  • Konke okusetshenziswayo kwenziwa (okuhlelwe njengenkokhelo engaphezu kuka - R250).
  • Imali ekhona nezikweletu.

I-FEC inikeza isiqondiso semininingwane yama-PAC engosini yayo ( Imibiko ye-PAC). Kodwa ama-PAC amaningi akhetha ukuveza abanikeli abanikeza imali engaphansi kuka-R3, ngisho noma bengadingeki, ukuze babonise ukuzimisela ukuba sobala. Ngokufanayo, kuhlanganise nezindleko ezizimele efomeni ephenyelwayo e-PAC kusiza umphakathi ukuba ubone ukuthi yimiphi ngempela izinhlanga ezithonyelwayo.

Imithetho KaHulumeni Nokubhalisa

Imithetho kahulumeni iyahlukahluka. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ama-PAC ukuze abhalise futhi afake imibiko yamafayela ngisho noma esebenza kuleso sifunda; ezinye zinemikhawulo ebophekile yokunikeza ephansi kunesilinganiso sikahulumeni. Ama-PAC angangeniwayo kumelwe ahlole isifunda ngasinye lapho ephakamisa noma echitha khona imali. I-Campaign Legal Center inikeza imithombo yemithetho kazwe. Ukungazi ngalezi zimfuneko akuyona isivikelo, futhi izijeziso zingaba zinhlobo.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Engalinganiswa Neyokuzikhandla

Abaholi bamaPaC bathatha izinyathelo ezidlulela ngalé kwesilinganiso esingokomthetho:

  • Iminikelo enikezayo yembuyiselo [ kubo bonke abanikeli, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangakanani, ngaphandle kokuba ukungaziwa ngokuqondile kuyadingeka (umz., ukuvikela abanikezeli ekuhlukunyezweni).
  • [[UMTL:0] Isikhathi sangempela noma cishe isikhathi esingokoqobo sokubika [ kweminikelo emikhulu nezindleko ezizimele, hhayi nje amafacemu.
  • [ Ama-ast azimele aqhutshwa umbhali wemali womphakathi ogunyaziwe (CPA) enemiphumela eyenzeka obala.
  • Ifushanisa-wodwa yolimi yomsebenzi wezimali ochaza umongo ngemuva kwezinombolo.

Le mikhuba ibonisa ukuthi i - PAC ayiyona into ewumthwalo wokulandisa, futhi yenza kube nzima ngabagxeki ukubeka i - PAC icala lokucasha ezigwegweni ezingokomthetho.

Izinselele Ezivamile Nendlela Yokuzinqoba

Ngisho noma kunezinhloso ezingcono kakhulu, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe abhekene nezithiyo zangempela zokuba sobala. Ukuvuma nokulungisa le zinselele kuyingxenye yenqubo.

Ukwesaba Imali Engakhokhwa

Abanye abanikelayo bakhetha ukuba bangaziwa ukuze bagweme ukuhlolwa umphakathi noma ukuziphindiselela.

  • Nika abanikelayo ithuba lokungangaziwa uma kuvunyelwa ngokomthetho (kodwa yazi ukuvinjelwa kweminikelo engaziwa emalini engaphezu kuka - R750 okhethweni lukahulumeni; emisebenzini engeyona eyezomthetho, imithetho iyahlukahluka).
  • Sebenzisa indlela “eyinkulungwane” yokubika lapho izimpawu zomuntu onikelayo zihlukaniswa khona ukuze kuvikelwe izindaba zomuntu siqu kuyilapho zisabonisa imithombo ephelele.
  • Gxila ekwakheni isisekelo esibonisa ukuthi umuntu ubonakala kanjani futhi uzimisele ukubizwa ngegama.

Ekugcineni, izinzuzo zokubona zivame ukudlula ingozi ethatha isikhathi esifushane. I-PAC evulekile ngokuxhasa kwayo imali ingakhanga abanikeli abafuna ukuhlanganiswa nenhlangano enedumela elihle.

Imithombo Yengcebo Nemali Elinganiselwe

Ama-PAC amancane angase alwe nomthwalo wokuqondisa wokubika ngamagama afiphele. Avame ukungabi nazisebenzi ezinikezelwe noma ama-software. Amakhambi ahlanganisa:

  • Ukusebenzisa i - FEC e-filfir kanye nama - copyration angaphakathi e - Internet ukuze kufushaniswe izimali.
  • Ukubambisana namaqembu abonisa ukuthi unezinga elingcono kakhulu lokubona.
  • Kuqala kancane: qala unyathelise uhlu olulula lwabantu abanikelayo abaphakeme nokulahlekelwa imali, bese kancane kancane wenezela imininingwane eyengeziwe.

Ngisho noPaC oyedwa angakha ingosi esobala enengosi eyisisekelo nokuzimisela ukuyenza njalo ithuthuke.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwemisebenzi yezimo eziningi

I-PAC engaxhunyaniswanga emisebenzi ezifundazweni eziningi ibhekene nemithetho exutshiwe. Indlela yokusebenza iwukunika othile `ilungu lezisebenzi' noma umeluleki olalelayo(ukulandela izimfuneko zikahulumeni-mkhondo. Ukusebenzisa i-mepu eqinile edwetshwe ngamabalazwe izibopho zikahulumeni zingagobhoza izigxivizo.

Ukumelana Nangaphakathi

Amalungu ebhodi noma abasunguli bangamelana nokubona kahle ngoba bakubona njengokulawula noma ukudalula izimpikiswano zangaphakathi. Ukunqoba lokhu kudinga imfundo: babonise ukuthi ukukhanya kuvimbela amahlazo, kudonsa abanikeli abangcono, futhi kuqinisa ukushelela kwe-PAC esikhathini eside. Ukuhola kumelwe kuveze ukuvuleka kwecala kusuka phezulu.

Izibonelo zezwe langempela ze-PACs ezibonisa ngale

Nakuba ama-PAC amaningi esebenza ngokuphazima kweso, inani elikhulayo lamakomiti angaxhunyiwe liye lenza ukuba libonakale liyitshe eliyitshe eliyikho. Ngokwesibonelo, i- Izakhamuzi Ezigcwele PAC] ikhipha uhlu oluningiliziwe lonikezelo futhi ichitha imibiko kuwebhusayithi yayo, kuhlanganise nokuwohloka kwezwe nohlanga. [[FLT]] Des Fubery [[ PAC [igxile ekulungiseni i-FEC amafacess kanye ne-page echaza ngenyanga ukuthi iminikelo isetshenziswa kanjani. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi ukubonakala kuyenzeka ngisho nasekomitini entsha.

Esinye isibonelo yi- Club ye-Growth Action enkulu, eye yanikeza i-PC ebanzi esekelelwayo yezindleko zayo ezizimele. Nakuba ingaphelele, imizamo enjalo yenza uphawu lwebhentshi olunye i-PAC ingalingana noma idlulise.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekusebenziseni Ukubona Ngokugqamile

Ubuchwepheshe bungumsizi wokubona ngapha nangapha. I-PACs engaxhunyiwe kufanele icabangele ukusebenzisa isimiso sokulawula okuqukethwe njenge-Draiceus, WordPress, noma ikhambi elakhiwe ngokwesiko lokuphatha amakhasi omphakathi. Izici eziyinhloko zokuzifuna

  • Ukungenisa kalula/ukudluliswa kokwaziswa okungokwezimali ku-/kusuka kuhlelo lokubhala izimali.
  • Izimvume zomsebenzisi ukuze izisebenzi zikwazi ukuhlaziya okuqukethwe ngaphandle kosizo.
  • UKUZIBANGA okufanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe imibiko yembukwane kutholakala ezinjini zokufuna.
  • Ukuxhumana ne - FEC AP Kuzozenzakalela ukudonsa nokubeka ukwaziswa okugciniwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lwamathuluzi ezokuxhumana (umzk., Isigcini Sethutyana, Hootsuite) lungasiza ekulondolozeni inqubo yokulungisa. Ngisho nepheshana elivamile le-imeyili elithunyelwa kubantu abanezikhokhelo nyanga zonke ukufingqa imisebenzi yamuva kungaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokubona.

Isiphetho: Ukuguqula Ukubona Okucace Kakhulu kube Inzuzo Encintisanayo

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe asebenza endaweni egcwele futhi evame ukungathembani. Awemukelayo amathuba okubona awavumelani nomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi azenza zihluke njengezinhlangano ezithembekile, ezithunyelelwayo. Ngokunyathelisa imininingwane yezimali, ukuxhumana ngokucacile, abafaki bemigoqo, ubuchwepheshe obunamasu, nokumisa izimiso zangaphakathi, ama-PAC angakha ubuhlobo obuhlala njalo nabanikeli nomphakathi.

Umsebenzi awulula, ikakhulukazi kumakomiti amancane anemali elinganiselwe. Kodwa zonke izinyathelo zokuthola inkululeko enkulu (* noma into elula njengokunezela u- “Imali Yakho Yemali” ikhasi", yenza umehluko. Enkathini yokuncipha kokuthembana ezinhlanganweni, ama-PAC abonakala njengezimpawu zokulandisa. Abonisa ukuthi imali yezombangazwe akunakwenzeka ukuba ibe yimali enzima. Futhi ngokwenza kanjalo, baqinisa yona kanye idemokrati abafuna ukuthonya kuyo.

Ukuze uthole imithombo eminingi, vakashela i- opensets iziqondiso ze-PAC ukubonakala ne-Campaign Grigin Center ekhasini le-opendifica[. Lezinhlangano zinikeza izinqubo zesibonelo, amathuluzi okwaziswa, kanye ne-advocact yemithetho engcono kakhulu yokubona.