AmaPhepha eFederalist angaphezulu kakhulu kweqoqo lamapheshana ezombangazwe eshumi elinesishiyagalombili nekhulu leminyaka. Ayipulani ephilayo yendlela isimiso somthetho-sisekelo saseMelika esasiklanyelwe ngayo ukuhlala silungile, sinecala, futhi siboshelwe emakhulwini eminyaka. Ibhalwe ngaphansi kwegama-phinthi-m "Publius," lezincwadi eziyisihlanu zanyatheliswa phakathi no-October 1787 no-August 1788 ukuze zakhe ukusekela komphakathi ukusekela umthetho we-United States osanda kumiswa. Impikiswano yazo ngokuphathelene ngendawo, imfuno yenkululeko yokwakha, nesivikelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye eyaqhubeka nokuhlela indlela abakhiqinisi bemithetho, abahluleli, nezakhamuzi ezichaza ngayo incwadi yesisekelo ye-America ebusayo.

Ukuphuthuma Okungokomlando Okubangelwa Amaphepha

Ukubekwa kwemithetho-mthetho kwakukukhulu kakhulu. Izihloko zeConfederation, ibhukwana lokuqala elibusayo lesizwe, zaziye zabonakala zibuthakathaka kakhulu ukuba zilondoloze ukuhleleka, zilawule ezentengiselwano, noma zivikele izwe. Uchungechunge lwezenzakalo [1] ukusukela kuShays’s Regiverning ukulwa nezigwegwe zamazwe ahlukene . Kwacaca ukuthi kwakudingeka isimiso sikahulumeni esiqinile. Nokho amaMelika amaningi, asanda kuphuma ngokuphulwa kwenkosi, ayesaba ukuthi uhulumeni onamandla wawuzoholela ekubuseni ngonya.

Kulokhu kudilika kwaphazamisa u-Alexander Hamilton, uJames Madison noJohn Jay. Hamilton bathatha iprojekthi futhi babhala iningi lezindaba (eziphakeme-kabili), bebhala amaMadison ama-inine noJay amahlanu. Ukubambisana kwabo kwakuphawuleka: lamadoda amathathu ayemelela amazwe ahlukene futhi enamafilosofi ezombangazwe ahlukahlukene, kodwa ahlanganisa umgomo owodwa: bachaza ukuthi kungani uMthetho-sisekelo ohlongoziwe uzoba nenkululeko kunokuba uyibhubhise.

Lezi zindaba zanyatheliswa emaphephandabeni aseNew York ngaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu kwesikhathi, ngokuvamile ngesilinganiso sesithathu noma ezine ngesonto. Zazingadingi izigijimi zemfundo kodwa zazingadidanga kakhulu, zikholisa umphakathi ongabazanga. Lokhu kuphuthuma kunikeza amaphepha amandla awo akhethekile. Indaba ngayinye inikeza ukwenqaba okuthile okukhethekile noma ichaze isici esithile soMthetho-sisekelo, kusukela esidingweni sokuba kube isikhulu esisodwa kuya ekwakhekeni kweSigele nendima yeSigele.

Impi Yokuhloba Nokuphumelela Kwamaphepha

INew York yayiyindawo yempi enzima. Amabutho amelene neFederalist ayenamandla, eholwa nguMbusi uGeorge Clinton. Amapeper aklanyelwe ukuthonya umhlangano kahulumeni, owawuzonquma ukuhlaziywa. Nakuba ayengayisusanga i-ratiation eyodwa kuphela levoti .INew York ekugcineni yagunyazwa ngencazelo elinganiselwe ewu-30/27 ebubanzini . Amaphepha aphinde aphinde abekwa kwamanye amazwe futhi acashunwa izihambeli ezimpikiswaneni zawo. Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi, zaziqashelwa njengezazisho ezinegunya ngencazelo yenjongo yoMthetho-Cristitution.

Namuhla, iqoqo eligcwele litholakala kuyi-inthanethi nge- i-Libary of Congress, ephethe izinguqulo ezihlelwe ngokwemidwebo yamaphephandaba okuqala. Lokhu kutholakala kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpikiswano eziyisisekelo ziyingxenye yenkulumo yeningi, hhayi nje indaba yamakilasi esikole omthetho.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuhlola Nokulinganisela

Umqondo wokwakha owodwa obaluleke kakhulu kuyiFederalist Papers yisimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Abakhi baqonda ukuthi imvelo yomuntu inephutha; njengoba ama-Madison abhala ngokudume kakhulu ku- Faceralist No. 51, "Isinqumo kumelwe siwenziwe ukulwa nokufuna ukuvelela." Lesimiso siyisisekelo sikahulumeni olungile. Alikho igatsha elinganqwabelana amandla anele okwenza ngonya ngoba igatsha ngalinye linakho kokubili izindlela nezisusa zokuvimbela abanye.

Izindaba zichaza indlela lokhu okusebenza ngayo. Igatsha lomthetho (ikhonfer) lenza imithetho, kodwa umongameli angawaqinisa. Imithetho ephoqelelwayo, kodwa ijaji lingawashaya indiva njengengekho emthethweni. ISishaya-Mkhandlu singazikhipha iziphathi nabahluleli. Umongameli umisa amajaji, kodwa iSigeqe siwaqinisekisa. Lesimiso sokuhlanganisa sidala amandla lapho amandla elokhu ehlolwa khona, futhi akukho nhlangano engakwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle kokwengamela.

U-Federalist No. 51 uqhubekela phambili, ekhuluma ngendlela ukwahlukana kwemibuso okuvikela ngayo namaqembu amancane. "Uma iningi lihlanganiswa nesithakazelo esifanayo," uMadison ubhala, "amalungelo eqembu elincane ayoba angalondekile" ngokuhlukanisa amandla hhayi phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kuphela kodwa naphakathi kohulumeni bezwe, uMthetho-sisekelo udala izingqimba eziningi zesivikelo. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "ukulondeka okuphindwe kabili". Amaphepha enza icala lokuthi ukuyinkimbinkimbi okunjalo akusona isici kodwa isici esiklanyelwe ukulondoloza ubulungisa.

Uhlelo Lwezokuhlalisana No. 10: Amaqiniso Okulawula

Akukho kuxoxisana ngokulunga okungashalazelelwa uNo. 10, lapho uMadison esingatha khona inkinga yamaqembu-amaqembu", amaqembu ashukunyiswa isithakazelo esifanayo esingase sinyathele amalungelo abanye. Uphikisa ngokuthi iriphabliki enkulu ingcono kunencane ekulawuleni amaqembu. Ensini enkulu, izithakazelo eziningi eziphikisanayo ziyohlolana ngokwemvelo, ziyenze kube nzima kakhulu ukuba noma isiphi isigungu silawule. Lokhu kuqonda kwabangela inguquko. Yaphikisa ngokuqondile i-Anti-Federalist ithi amaRiphabliki amancane, ama-Riphabliki ahlangene angalondoloza inkululeko.

Imibono kaMadison isasebenza namuhla. Ukuhlanganisa kwezombangazwe kwanamuhla kuye kwaveza amaqembu ajulile emibono, kodwa isimiso somthetho-sisekelo siye samelana nalokhu kucindezela ngokwengxenye ngenxa yezikhungo zokwakha ezichazwe. I-Federalist Madison Papers inikeza uhlelo olucatshangelwayo lokuqonda ukuthi kungani isimiso sase-U.S., kanye namandla ahlukene kanye nokhetho olushaqisayo, kumelana nonyazi olunonya.

Umhleli Wezigaba No. 78: I - Independent Judiciary

Uhulumeni okahle ufuna futhi ukwahlulela okungakhethi. KuFederalist No. 78, uHamilton wenza icala lokuzimela kokwahlulela, kuhlanganise nokumiswa komthetho kukho konke ukuphila kwamajaji kahulumeni. Uphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo "ziyingozi kakhulu" ngoba azilawuli inkemba noma isikhwama semali, kuphela isahlulelo. Nokho amandla azo okumemezela imithetho ngokungekho ngokomthetho abalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Lombuso, owaziwa njengendlela yokuhlaziya izahlulelo, awubhalwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni womthetho kodwa wachazwa yisakhiwo uHamilton. Indaba yanikeza iNkantolo ePhakade kakhulu yezomthetho yokulungisa umthetho.

Inkululeko yamajaji iyisivikelo esiqondile ekungabini nabulungisa. Uma amagatsha ezombangazwe ephambaniswa, izakhamuzi zingaphendukela ezinkantolo ukuze zilwele amalungelo azo omthetho-sisekelo. IFederalist Papers ichaza ukuthi le misebenzi isebenza kuphela uma amajaji evikelwe ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Ukukhetha ukuklama okuthi ngesikhathi sokuphila kuyoba khona lapho kusemkhubeni omuhle, kuhlala kuyinsika yesimiso sobulungisa saseMelika.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Nenkululeko

Ukungavumelani okuvamile noMthetho-sisekelo ngesikhathi sokudunyiswa kwakuwukuthi wawungenawo umthetho wamalungelo. Abalwayo no-Federalist baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kokubhalwa okucacile kwesiqinisekiso, uhulumeni wezwe ekugcineni uzobacindezela abantu. I-Federalist Papers yaphendula nge-estarament eyinkimbinkimbi. Hamilton, kuFederalist No. 84, iphikisa ukuthi umthetho wamalungelo awukho nje okungadingekile kodwa uyingozi. Ngenxa yokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza amandla ahlukanisiwe kuphela, uhulumeni awunagunya lokuphazamisa amalungelo angahlelwangahlelwanga. Ukunezela uhlu oluqondile, uHamilton uxwayisa, kungathathwa njengokuthi noma iliphi ilungelo lingasoleki.

Lempikiswano ayizange iphathe usuku oluyishumi lokulungisa kwanezelwa ngokushesha ngemva kokubekwa kwemithetho, kodwa ukucabanga kwe-Federal kusebalulekile. Iqokomisa isimiso sokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi yemibuso elinganiselwe, ephathiwe. Uhulumeni ungenza lokho okugunyaziwe nguMthetho-sisekelo kuphela. Lomqondo uyithuluzi elinamandla lokuvikela inkululeko. Uma uhulumeni enza okungaphezu kwemibuso yakhe ebaliwe, izakhamuzi zingayibekela inselele leyo nqubo enkantolo.

Indima Yobukhosi Obuthandwayo

Esinye isihloko esiyinhloko kulamaphepha siwukuthi uhulumeni osemthethweni uthola igunya lawo ngokuvuma kwababuswayo. I-Federalist Papers igcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awusona isiphiwo sokubusa esivela ezifundazweni kodwa ukubonakaliswa okuqondile kwentando yabantu. Isingeniso siqala "Thina bantu" ngesizathu. Lesi sisekelo sobukhosi obuthandwayo siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka elandisa ezakhamuzini eziwukhonzayo. Imikhawulo, izilinganiso, imingcele, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamandla konke okugeleza kulesimiso esiyisisekelo.

Lamaphepha akhuluma nangendlela ukuma kwesithombe okuvimbela ngayo ukungabi nabulungisa. ERepublic enkulu, izikhulu ezikhethiwe kumelwe zidlulisele izicelo ezihlangene. Lamandla ahlehla futhi alinganisele, okwenza kube nzima nganoma yimuphi umkhakha ukuba aphoqelele ukufuna kwayo kwabanye. Isimiso siklanyelwe ukuveza imiphumela elungile ngokungenciki ebuhleni babaholi kodwa ngokufaka ukuvelela nokuzithakazelela kakhulu ekuncintisaneni okwakhayo.

Umbangi Wendawo No. 10 Nesivikelo Samalungelo Empahla

Phakathi kwamalungelo agcizelelwa amaphepha kuvikelwa impahla. UMadison uphikisa ngokuthi into yokuqala kahulumeni ukuvikelwa kwamakhono ahlukene nangalinganiyo okuthola impahla. Lokhu akusho ukuthi uhulumeni ukhona ukuze acebise abacebile; kunalokho, kusho ukuthi uhulumeni olungile kumelwe aqinisekise ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokujabulela inzuzo yomsebenzi wakhe ngaphandle kokuthathelwa indawo. Lesi simiso sisekela isivumelwano somthetho-mthetho, ukuthatha isigqebhezana, nenqubo efanelekile. Bakhonza njengesivikelo esimelene nohlobo lohlobo lobulungisa bezomnotho olungavela lapho iningi lisebenzisa amandla kahulumeni ukusakaza ingcebo kubantu abambalwa.

Ukukhuthazelela Ithonya Ebuthweni Lanamuhla

AmaPhepha abizwa ka-Federalist List Court kaningi kunanoma yimuphi omunye umthombo wokuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle koMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Asetshenziselwa ukuqonda incazelo yokuqala yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, ukuxazulula izimiso eziyisisekelo ezimweni ezintsha. Amacala amuva angokokwehlukahluka kwamandla obupresidenti, ukukhipha isisu, uhulumeni, kanye nemingcele yegunya lobukhombane wonke aye acaphuna lamaphepha.

Ngokwesibonelo, Printz v. United States (1997), eyabulala umthetho kazwelonke owenqabela umthetho kahulumeni ukuba uqinisekise isizinda, uMahluleli u-Antonin Scalia wancika kakhulu kuFederalst No. 78 namanye amaphepha okuphikisa ukuthi uhulumeni uvimbela uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba uvimbele izikhulu zikahulumeni ezilawulayo. Kumthetho INS v. Chachaha v. [19983], iNkantolo ekhonjwe amaphephandaba ngokushaya umthetho we-Gagcompliti ye-Grectoryd, iqinisekisa isimiso esingakwazi ukusebenzisa amandla ombuso. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi amaphephandaba awasebenzi amabhulobhulo aphethe angokomlando kodwa aphila.

Amaphepha ahlela futhi indlela abamisi-mthetho abaklama ngayo umthetho. Lapho benza imithetho emisha, amakomiti ahlangene avame ukubhekisela kumaFederalist Papers ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izihlongozo zawo zihlonipha ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Izikhulu zegatsha eziphetheyo ziwasebenzisa ukuqonda isigaba segunya lomongameli. Futhi othisha bazisebenzisa ukufundisa abafundi ngefilosofi kahulumeni waseMelika. Izinqolobane zesizwe [[ zinengxenye enikezelwe i-Foderalist Papers, igcizelela ukuma kwazo okulinganayo ngasemthethweni womthetho-sisekelo neSimemezelo se-Humele njengezincwadi zokusungula.

Amaphepha Njengethuluzi Lemfundo Yesiko

Enkathini yehlukana kwezombangazwe, amaFederalist Paper anikeza amagama afanayo okuxoxa ngawo ngokubusa. Akhumbuza izakhamuzi ukuthi abaklami babengebona abantu abangenalwazi ngemvelo yomuntu. Bakha isimiso esiklanyelwe ukusebenza ngisho nalapho abantu benobugovu, amaqembu ethukuthele, futhi amandla esetshenziswa kabi. Ukuqonda lo mklamo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine uhulumeni unecala. Amaphepha afundisa ukuthi ubulungisa abuzenzakali; budinga ukulungiswa njalo ngezindlela zokuhlola, ngokhetho, nangendlela yokuhlola isahlulelo.

Isikole esiphakeme namakholiji amaningi afuna abafundi ukuba bafunde izindatshana ezikhethiwe. Umhleli No. 10 noNo. 51 baphakathi kwemibhalo esabelwe kakhulu e-Melika. Lezi zindaba zifundisa ukucabanga okugxekayo ngendlela izinhlangano ezima ngayo. Zinikeza futhi isisekelo esingokomlando okungalinganiswa ngaso iziphakamiso zenguquko zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lendaba iyimingcele yesikhathi, izimali zomkhankaso, noma amandla esikhulu, lamaphepha anikeza isakhiwo esiqinile sezesayensi.

Ithonya Lembulunga Yonke

Ithonya le-Federalist Papers lidlulela ngalé kwe-United States. Abenzi bomthetho-mthetho emazweni anjenge-Indiya, iJalimane, i-South Africa, ne-Brazil baye bafunda izincwadi zokuqonda ukwakha izinhlangano zentando yeningi eziqinile. Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisela, ukusebenzisa umthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe, nomqondo wokuhlola ukwakhiwa kwemithetho-mthetho-mthetho owenziwe ngamazwe amaningi. Amaphepha asebenza njengencwadi yezincwadi zomhlaba wonke zomklamo kahulumeni olinganiselwe. Umthetho-Sikhungo wesizwe unikeza imithombo ehlola lomphumela wembulunga yonke, ebonisa indlela izimpikiswano ze-meoptics ezisalokhu zisebenza ngayo ekhulwini leminyaka elingamashumi amabili namashumi amabili nakuqala.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Amaphepha Omphakathi Asenendaba Nokulunga Nobulungisa

Amapheshana avamile abonisa ukuhlehla kwenkathi yabo, kuhlanganise nokwamukela ubugqila nokukhishwa kwabesifazane ekuhlanganyeleni kwezombangazwe. Nokho izimiso abazenzayo − ukuhlelwa kwemibuso, ukuhlolwa nokulinganiswa, ukuzimela kokwahlulela, uhulumeni olinganiselwe, ubukhosi obuthandwayo, yiwo kanye amathuluzi avumela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba ulungiswe futhi ucaciswe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze udlulisele amalungelo kulabo abakhishwe ngaphandle kuqala. Amaphephandaba achaza imishini kahulumeni eklanyelwe ukuba ilungile futhi ilungile, kodwa asikisela nokuthi ubulungisa budinga ukuqapha kwaphakade.

Lapho izakhamuzi ziqonda ukucabanga okubangela ukwehlukana kwemibuso, zihlonyiselwa kangcono ukuqaphela lapho igatsha lidlula imingcele yalo. Uma ziqonda ukuthi kungani izinkantolo kumelwe zihlale zizimele. Lapho zibona ukuthi amaqembu alawulwa kanjani phakathi kweriphabliki enkulu, ziqonda ukuhlakanipha kwesimiso esifuna ukuncintisana. AmaFederali Paper anikeza isisekelo sokuhlakanipha esisekelwe ekuthembiseni, izakhamuzi ezinolwazi, ingqhinga yokukhokha imvume yohulumeni ehlala ilungile futhi ilungile kubo bonke abantu.