Imithetho yentela ingaphezu kakhulu kwezindlela zikahulumeni ezingekho ngqiqweni; iyizikhungo zezimali ezakhelwa kuzo imiphakathi yendawo. Minyaka yonke, imikhandlu yamadolobha, amakhomishane esifundazwe, kanye namabhodi ezikole yenza izinqumo ngentela yempahla, ukungakhokhi kwentela, kanye nezisusa zamabhizinisi eziguqula ngokuqondile izinga lokuphila kwezigidi zamaMelika. Kusukela ezikoleni zomphakathi kuya esimweni semigwaqo yendawo, ukutholakala kwezindlu ezithelekayo, ngisho nokusabela komphakathi ekuphepheni, izimiso zentela, noma ukuvimbela ikhono lomphakathi lokuphumelela noma ukuphumelela.

Kubafundisi, abafundi, abakhi bemithetho, nezakhamuzi ezikhathazekile, ukuqonda indlela lezimiso ezisebenza ngayo endaweni kudingekile. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okunzulu kwezindlela izimiso zentela ezithinta ngazo imiphakathi yendawo, sihlola kokubili izinzuzo ezihloselwe ukuthengwa kanye nezingatshazwayo zokuhweba. Ngokuhlola izinhlobo ezithile zentela, ithonya lazo ezisezingxenyeni ezigxekayo, nendima yomphakathi, sihlose ukuhlobisa abafundi ngolwazi oludingekayo ukuze bangenele ngokunenjongo ekulawuleni kwendawo.

Indima Yamaphoyisa Entela Ezomnotho Zendawo

Ngezinga elilula, ikhono likahulumeni wendawo lokunikeza izinkonzo lixhomeke emalini yakhe. Imithetho yentela ibeka imithetho yendlela leyo nzuzo eqoqwa ngayo, ethwala umthwalo, nendlela imfudlana eqinile ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izimiso ezihlelelwe kahle zentela zingakhuthaza ukukhula kwezomnotho, ukukhanga kwezezimali, nokuxhasa izinkonzo zomphakathi eziphezulu.

Ezomnotho zendawo ziyazuza kumphumela ongaphezulu kakhulu [ lapho intela ibuyiselwa ngokuhlakanipha. Ukusetshenziswa komphakathi ezikoleni, emigwaqweni, nasemapaki akukuthuthukisanga ukuphila kwansuku zonke kuphela kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa inzuzo yempahla futhi kwenza umphakathi ukhange emabhizinisini nasemikhayeni. Ngokuphambene, uma imithetho yentela ihluleka ukuveza imali eyanele noma elinganayo, imiphakathi ingawela emjikelezweni wenani lempahla elahlekileyo, incishisiwe imisebenzi yezebhizinisi, ukuncipha kwemisebenzi yezentengiselwano, ukuncipha kwemisebenzi yezentengiselwano, nokukhokha intela okuqhubekayo.

Intela yendawo futhi ihlela intela ehlelekile ngokwezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, izintela zempahla zivame ukuntengantenga ngisho naphakathi nokwehla komnotho (isikhathi lapho intengo yokuthengwa kwemali inciphe kakhulu futhi ingancipha kakhulu phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho. Isikhungo sentela esihlukene sisiza imiphakathi ukuba ivikeleke ekutholeni imali ngokushesha, ivikele izikole nezinkonzo eziphuthumayo ekunqanyulweni lapho umnotho untengantenga.

Izinhlobo Zentela Ezithinta Imiphakathi Yasendaweni

Ukuqonda izici zohlobo ngalunye lwentela kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani eminye imiphakathi ishikashikeka kunabanye ukuze inikeze izinkonzo ezanele.

Intela Yempahla

Intela yempahla iwumthombo omkhulu kunayo yonke okhushulelwa inzuzo yezindawo eziningi zikamasipala nezikole. Zikhokhwa ezindaweni zikamasipala. Izindawo nezindawo zezentengiselwano, nezwe . Ngenxa yenani lempahla elincikene kakhulu nengcebo yomphakathi, intela yempahla idala ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kwengcebo yomphakathi nekhono lawo lokuxhasa izimpahla zomphakathi. Lokhu kungaholela ekuhlukaniseni komphakathi [[FLT: 0] ohlukanisa izakhiwo ezikhona kanye nezindawo ezicebekiwe ezisemaphandleni eziphansi.

Ukuthengisa Intela

Intela yentela isetshenziselwa ukuthengwa kwezimpahla kanye nezinkonzo ngezinye izikhathi. Zivame ukuba umthombo omkhulu wemali emadolobheni nasezindaweni ezibalwayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezivumela ukwenezelwa kwentela yohwebo kahulumeni. Nokho, intela yokuthengisa ingeyokuthengwa [ ekhokhelwayo [, ithatha ingxenye enkulu yemali edonswayo evela emakhaya aphansi kunasemizini engcono kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphakathi enemisebenzi elinganiselwe yokuthengisa (njengezindawo zasemaphandleni noma eziphethe kakhulu ezidayisa ezindaweni zokuthenga) ingabona intela ephansi, ithinta ikhono layo lokukhokha izinkonzo.

Intela Ekhokhwa Endaweni

Nakuba ingevamile kunentela yempahla nezokuthengisa, abanye omasipala bafaka intela yeholo yendawo ezakhamuzini nasebahlalini (umzk., emadolobheni anjenge Philadelphia, iDetroit, neNew York City). Lentela ingathuthuka kakhulu uma ihlelwe ngezindawo zokukhulula noma izinqola, kodwa futhi basengozini yokushayela izakhamuzi ezithola imali noma amabhizinisi angenisa imali eningi ukuze bakhokhe intela elinganiselwe. Intela eholweni nayo ivame ukuzwela kakhulu emijikelezweni yezomnotho, incipha lapho ukuswela kwemisebenzi kuphakama.

Ukuqothulwa Kwentela Nezinye

Ohulumeni bendawo bangathembela futhi ezinkokhisweni ezithengwayo ezikhethekile eziwuphethilweni ezinjengophethiloli, ugwayi, noma utshwala, kanye nokuhlala ehhotela, intela yebhizinisi, nentela ekhokhelwayo. Le mithombo ingabaluleka ezinjongweni ezihloselwe − ngokwesibonelo, intela yasehhotela isekela ukuvakasha nemisebenzi yezemihlangano, kanti intela kaphethiloli isekela ukulondoloza umgwaqo. Nokho, ingaphinde ihoxe futhi ikhule njengoba umnotho ukhula.

Imiphumela Yentela Emfundweni

Imfundo ingenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu lapho umthetho wentela uhlela khona ngokuqondile. Ezifundazweni eziningi, imali yesikole yomphakathi incike kakhulu ezintelani zendawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izingane ezisezindaweni ezicebile zivame ukuzuza ngemali enkulu kakhulu kunezisezifundazweni ezimpofu kakhulu. Ngokwemininingwane evela kuyi-Education Trust, 25% yezifunda zesikole ezicebe kakhulu eUnited States zisebenzisa cishe 15=20% ngomfundi ngamunye kunabampofu kakhulu 25%.

Lokhu kuhlukanisa kuguqula umehluko obonakalayo: ubukhulu besigaba esincane, othisha abanolwazi olungcono, izakhiwo ezingcono, iminikelo ephambili yezifundo, nezinhlelo eziqinile zangemva kwezwe ezifundeni ezicebile. Okwamanje, izifunda ezinezici eziphansi zempahla zizama ukugcina imisebenzi eyisisekelo, ngezinye izikhathi zibhekene nokuvalwa kwesikole noma ukususwa kwezinhlelo zobuciko nomculo. Umphumela uwukudlala okungaqhubeki phambili kwemijikelezo yobumpofu ezizizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Imizamo yokusingatha lezi zimo ezihlukene − njengokusekela ukulingana kwezimali zikahulumeni , kodwa ngokuvamile zinokuphikisana kwezombangazwe futhi zingakhombisa ngokugcwele izikhala zemali yendawo. Kwezinye izimo, imiphakathi iye yaphendukela ezintelani zeholo lendawo noma ethotshiwe yimpahla ekhokhwayo kungcono (umz., izilinganiso zesibopho) ekuxhaseni imali yesikole. Nokho, lezi zinyathelo zithambekele ekudluleni kalula ezindaweni ezingenisa imali eningi kakhulu nezindawo zabavoti abakwazi ukukhokhisa intela ephakeme.

Ithonya Ekwenabisweni Komphakathi Nempilo

Ukuphepha komphakathi (kuhlanganise amaphoyisa, iminyango yomlilo, nezinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo) . Uma imithetho yentela iveza imali enganele, imiphumela iyashesha: isabela esiphuthumayo, amaphoyisa angaphansi kwezisebenzi, kanye nezinhlelo zokuvimbela umlilo [. Emadolobheni amaningi, ukuvikela umphakathi ngenxa yengxenye enkulu yemali ekhona, ukushiya igumbi elincane lezimo eziphambili uma kucindezelwa ezinye izinzuzo.

Ukutholakala kwezempilo ezingeni lendawo kuyathinteka ngokufanayo. Nakuba iMedicaid neMedicare kuyizinhlelo zikahulumeni ngokuyinhloko, intela yendawo ivame ukukhokha izibhedlela zomphakathi, imithola-mpilo yomphakathi, kanye nezinyathelo zokuvikela impilo. Izindawo ngokuvamile zinomthwalo wokunikeza izakhamuzi ezokwelapha ezingakhokhelwanga futhi ezithola imali encane. Uma intela noma intela yokuthengwa kwezentengo incipha, lezi zinkonzo ze-nethili zibhekene, okuholela ekuncipheni kwamahora emitholampilo, ukulinda isikhathi eside, nemiphumela engcono yempilo kubantu abaningi abasengozini.

Eminye imiphakathi iye yasungula ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa imali, njengentela yombuso enikezelwe noma izinqumo ezikhethekile zezinkonzo eziphuthumayo. Lokhu kunganikeza izimali eziqinile nezikhokhelwayo, kodwa kudinga ukuvunyelwa kovoti kanye nomklamo wokuqapha ukuze kugwenywe ukuthwesa amaqembu athile umthwalo.

Intuthuko Nokulondolozwa Kwezakhiwo

Izakhiwo ze-infraracture(izindawo zokuhlala) , amabhuloho, ukuthutha komphakathi, izimiso zamanzi, amapaki, nezakhiwo zomphakathi (ingxenye engokomzimba yomphakathi wendawo. Isimo sawo sithinta ngokuqondile ukuncintisana kwezomnotho, ukuhamba, nokubukeka kokuphila. Izimiso zentela azinqumi nje kuphela ukuthi ingakanani imali etholakalayo emikhankasweni yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi emisha kodwa futhi zinquma nokunakekelwa okuqhubekayo okunzima okuvimbela ukuwohloka okubiza imali.

Imiphakathi eminingi yase-U.S. ibhekene nendingeko yokulungisa yomthetho we-infractrectrial ngoba intela ayizange ihambisane nezimiso zokuguga. Ngokwesibonelo, i-American Society of Civil Enginegers inikeza isisekelo sesisekelo sezwe i-C noma D, kanye nemigwaqo yendawo kanye nemisele ye-methoba iphakathi kwezigaba eziphansi kakhulu. Uma ohulumeni bendawo bengakwazi ukunyusa inzuzo eyanele, bavame ukuthatha isikhathi esincane sokulungisa, kuholele ekuzilungiseni okubizayo kamuva nasengozini yokuphepha okukhuphukayo.

Izisusa zentela zingahlela futhi izinqumo zezesisekelo sesisekelo. Izindawo ezingenisa imali (TIFT) zivumela amadolobha ukuba aboleke ukukhushulwa kwentela yempahla esikhathini esizayo endaweni ethuthukiswayo. Nakuba i-TIF ingakhuthaza ukutshala imali ezindaweni ezingcolisiwe, ingasusa futhi imithombo yeminye imiphakathi ekhokhayo esendaweni njengezikole noma imitapo yezincwadi, ibangele ukushukuma kwezomnotho nezidingo zomphakathi.

Umthetho Wentela Nendawo Engashintshwa

Izindlu kulapho umthetho wendawo wentela uhlangana khona ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Izintela zempahla zingaba izindleko ezinkulu kubanikazi bezindlu, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisemalini emisiwe. Ezimakethe ezisheshayo, intela yempahla inganda kakhulu ngisho noma iholo lomninikhaya lingakhuphuki, likwazi ukuphoqelela izakhamuzi ezinde zesikhathi eside ukuba ziphume ezindaweni ezizungezile. Izifunda eziningi ziye zasabela [ku- ukukhulula emakhaya, izikhwama zempahla, noma izinhlelo zesifunda zokuhlukanisa intela [ leyo intekothelo elinganisela ukwanda kwentela ngenxa yokuthola imali ephansi noma ukukhokha abanini abadala.

Ngapha kwentela yokuqasha, izintela zempahla zivame ukudluliselwa kubaqashi abasebenza ngezindlela zokuqashisa eziphakeme. Ezikhungweni zentela eziphakeme, lokhu kungathuthukisa izindleko zezindlu eziqinile. Nokho, lezi zisusa zentela zentuthuko yezindlu ezibizayo . Njengentela yentela yezindlu ezihhanjiswayo ezihhanjiswayo (I-LIHTC) ezikhokhwayo zezindlu (ZINHTC) ezikhokhwayo ezikhokhwayo ezisetshenziswayo kuhulumeni kodwa ezinakekelwe indawo yakini), zikhuliswa ukutheliswa kwezindawo ezingaphansi kwezindlu ezihamba phambili. Nokho, lezi zinhlelo zidinga ukuhlanganiswa kohulumeni bendawo futhi ngokuvamile zibhekene nokuphikiswa kwe-NIMBY (hnstna nendlu yami).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, intela yentela yentela nemiphumela ekhokhwayo ekwakheni intuthuko entsha ingathonya izindleko nejubane lokwakha izindlu ezintsha. Uma lenkokhelo iphakeme kakhulu, ingakhubaza ukukhula okusha, ukuswelakala kwezindlu. Uma iphansi kakhulu, ingase ihluleke ukukhokha izindleko ezintsha ezidingekayo ukuze kusekelwe intuthuko. Ukulinganisela lezingcindezi ezincintisanayo kungezinye zezinselele ezinzima kakhulu kubenzi bezentela bendawo.

Indima Yabagqugquzeli Bentela

Izisusa zentela − njengamasheya, izikweleti, izikweletu, nezindawo ezikhethekile zentela — zingamathuluzi asetshenziswa kakhulu ukukhanga amabhizinisi, ukudala imisebenzi, futhi ashukumisa intuthuko yezomnotho. Uma inkampani enkulu icabangela ukuthola ifektri entsha noma indlunkulu emphakathini, izikhulu zendawo zivame ukunikeza inqwaba yezephuzo zentela ukuze zithakazelise izimali. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi lezizisusa ziveza umsebenzi wezomnotho ongeke wenzeke, ophumela emsebenzini omusha nesisekelo sentela esibanzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Nokho, irekhodi lalezo zisusa liyaxubana. Ukucwaninga [kwe-W.E. I-Uppjohn Institute nezinye izinhlangano zisikisela ukuthi izisusa eziningi zentela zikhulu kakhulu kunamandla ukuze zithonye izinqumo zebhizinisi, ngokuphumelelayo zikhipha imali ebezingakhokhela izinkonzo zomphakathi. Kwezinye izimo, izinkampani zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye kwenye ukuze nje zithole ibhizinisi elingcono, ziphumele emdlalweni wezembobo lapho inzuzo yenye indawo ilahlekelwa enye.

Kubantu bendawo, isihluthulelo siwukuhlola izisusa ngokucophelela futhi uzihlanganise nezici eziqondile, eziqinisekisayo − njengokusungulwa komsebenzi kanye namazinga omholo — namalungiselelo okukhokhela uma izithembiso zingagcinwa. Ukubonisana ngezinhlelo ezishukumisayo kwenza izakhamuzi zibone izindleko futhi zizilinganisele ngokumelene nezinzuzo, kubhebhethekisa impikiswano yomphakathi enolwazi oluthe xaxa.

Izimiso zentela eziphindiselayo ezisezingeni lendawo

Ukuthengwa kuyindaba eyinhloko enkambisweni yentela. Isimiso sentela esiqhubekayo sithatha isilinganiso esiphakeme semali edonswa abacebile kunabampofu; isimiso sokubuyela emuva senza okuphambene. Izimiso zentela eUnited States zivame ukubuyela emuva ngenxa yokuthi zithembele kakhulu empahleni nasenkokhisweni yentela, zombili ezibeka umthwalo osindayo emikhayeni ehlawulwa phansi. Ngokwe- [i-Institutitution and Economic Policy (ITEP)[FLD:1], ama-20% ama-aseasease [20%] aseMelika akhokha isilinganiso se-11,4% yemali yawo ehholo ehholo ephansi nesendaweni, kanti [1%] kuphela intela ephezulu.

Lokhu kuthatheka kungancishiswa ngezimiso ezinjengokukhokha intela yentela eholwayo, izikweleti zentela yempahla, kanye nokukhulula izidingo (isiKhawu, ukudla, imithi kadokotela) ekukhokheni intela yokuthengisa. Nokho, lezi zinyathelo zidinga ukukhokha okungongongozelelwa kwezombangazwe futhi ngokuvamile zibhekene nokuphikisa kwalabo abasekela ukuncishiswa kwentela. Izinhlangano ezinezikhungo zentela ezithuthukayo zithambekele ekubeni nemiphumela engcono kakhulu .

Ohulumeni bendawo bangathatha futhi inqubo yokuhlola intela kanye nokuqoqa intela enciphisa ukubuyiselwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kwentela yempahla kwaminyaka yonke okubonisa amazinga entengo entengiselwano engokoqobo kungavimbela izilinganiso ezisheshayo, kuyilapho amabhukwana okukhokha angasiza abaninizo abaholi abaphansi ukuba balawule izikweletu zabo zentela. Amanye amadolobha aye azama ukukhokha intela ezwe [[] leyo ndawo yentela enzima kunezakhiwo, iveza ukuthuthuka nokunciphisa ukucatshaza ngaphandle kokukhokhisa izinguquko ekhaya.

Ukuhlanganyela Nobushiqela Emphakathini

Ukuqonda izimiso zentela kuyisinyathelo sokuqala; ukwenza ngokuvumelana nalokho kungokokwesibili. amalungu omphakathi afuna ukuthonya isimiso sentela sendawo angenza kanjalo ngezindlela eziningana:

Ushintsho lwangempela luqala ezingeni lotshani. Eminyakeni yamuva, imifelandawo yezinhlangano zomphakathi iye yaqhubekisela phambili ngokuphumelelayo izintela zezigidi zabantu bendawo (semadolobheni anjengePortland ne Seattle), izintela zokuthutha izakhiwo ezizimele eziqhubekayo, kanye nezimali ezikhudlwana zezindawo zokukhokha. Ngokukha isisekelo esikhulu sokusekela nokuhlela intela njengendaba yokuhlala kahle komphakathi kunokuba intengo engabonakali, abameleli baye bafinyelela izinguquko ezinenjongo.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yentela ayizona nje izinkonzo ezingokobuchwepheshe; iwuphawu lwezindinganiso zomphakathi nezinto eziza kuqala. Imali ngayinye eqoqwe futhi esetshenziswayo inquma izinga lemfundo, ukulondeka kwezindawo, isimo sezemisebenzi, nokusakaza amathuba. Ngenxa yalokho, imiphumela yemithetho yentela emiphakathini yendawo idlulela ngalé kwendlela ehlelelwe ngayo imali, ihlela yona kanye imfucumfucu yokuphila kwansuku zonke.

Njengoba sesibonile, umklamo wezimiso zentela zendawo unemiphumela enamandla yokungalingani, ukukhula kwezomnotho, nenkonzo yomphakathi. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lemisebenzi emikhulu zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukusekela izimiso ezilinganisela izidingo zemali ngokulunga. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali yokuzwa, ngokuvota ezindinganisweni zentela, noma ngokumane nje zitshelwe ukuthi uhulumeni wendawo usebenza kanjani, zonke izakhamuzi zinendima yokuthuthukisa ikusasa elingcono lomphakathi wazo.