Ukuhlela nokhetho kusemnyombweni wokubusa kwentando yeningi, kunikeza izakhamuzi inqubo yokukhetha abameleli bazo nesimiso somphakathi sokuhlela. Nokho izindlela, imithetho, namasiko azungeze okhetho ahluka kakhulu embulungeni yonke. Amanye amazwe ahlela izinto ezilula nesivinini, kuyilapho amanye egcizelela ukuhlelwa ngokulinganayo nokungalingani. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani akukhanyi nje kuphela amandla nobuthakathaka besimiso ngasinye kodwa futhi kuqokomisa izinselele ezivamile ezibhekene nedemocralizimu (ukusukela ekulahleni ukuphazamisa kwezonolwazi lwezobuchwepheshe. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela amazwe ahlukene abheka ngayo ukuvota nokhetho, ukucutha kwezimiso zokuvota, izinqubo zokuphatha, izinkinga eziqhubekayo, nokuvela.

Izinhlobo Zezimiso Zokusakaza Izindiza

Indlela amavoti ahunyushelwa ngayo ezihlalweni ithonya kakhulu izwe lezombangazwe. Isimiso ngasinye sithwala ukudayisa phakathi kwemidwebo, ukuzinza, nokuziphendulela. Ngezansi kunezimiso zokuvota ezivelele ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke.

Isiqalo-Past-the Post (FPTP)

I-FPTP, noma ubuningi be-fP, iyindlela elula kakhulu: ovota kakhulu ewinini lwesifunda esisodwa. Osetshenziswa e-United States, eCanada, e-United Kingdom, nase-Indiya (yokuvota kweLok Sabha), i-FPTP ivame ukuveza ohulumeni abaqinile abathatha isigaba esisodwa kanye nokuziphendulela ngokucacile. Nokho, ngokuvamile kuholela ekulahleni amavoti futhi kungaphumela ekuwiseni ingxenye enkulu yezihlalo ngaphandle kwengxenye enkulu yevoti ethandwayo − isenzakalo esibonwa ku-UK nokhetho lwamuva no-US. Ibuye inqande izigaba ezincane futhi ingahlukanisa isifunda.

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

Ngaphansi kwezimiso zePR, izihlalo zomthetho zabelwa amaqembu ngokwengxenye yawo yevoti. Izindlela ezivamile zihlanganisa i-PR (esetshenziswa eSweden, eNetherlands, e-South Africa) kanye nesigaba esixubile (MMP, esetshenziswa eJalimane, eNew Zealand). I-PR iqinisekisa ukuthi amaphimbo amaningi — kuhlanganise neqembu elincane :amele ephalamende, kodwa lingaholela kuhulumeni abahlangene abangase bantengantenge noma bathathe isinyathelo. Ngokwesibonelo, amaVoter eSweden, abone ukujika nokwaneliseka okukhulu, kodwa i-procedmental inganweba ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni. I-Netherlands, ngesimiso sayo esinezeqike kakhulu, ngokuvamile idinga ukuthatha izinyanga ukuze kuvele i-compated.

Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV) / Runoff Voting ngokuphazima kweso

Ku-RCV, abavoti abathatha izikhundla ngokuthanda. Uma kungekho mvoti othola iningi lamavoti okuqala, othatha ivoti ephansi kakhulu uyasuswa futhi amavoti abo adluliselwa ngokulandelayo. Le nqubo iphindeka kuze kube yilapho omunye umvoti efinyelela inani elikhulu. I-Australia isebenzisa i-RCV endlini yayo ephansi (Indlu yabameli), futhi izuza igalelo emadolobheni ase-US njengeSan Francisco neMinneapolis. RCV ikhuthaza abavoti ukuba badlulise ngaphandle kwesisekelo sabo futhi inciphise isidingo sokuhamba kokhetho oluhlukene. Abagxeki bangaphikisa ngokuthi i-RCV i-votav futhi iveze imiphumela engabonisi imibono eminingi kwezinye izimo.

Uhlelo lwezintambo ezimbili (i-Roft)

Isetshenziswa eFrance, e-Brazil, nasemihlelweni eminingi yabaholi, isimiso esizungezayo sidinga ukuba umbhalisa awine inani elikhulu kakhulu emzuzwaneni wokuqala. Uma engekho, abathathi-mqoka ababili baqhubekela phambili emzuzwaneni wesibili. Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi wokugcina usekelwa kabanzi, kodwa kungabiza futhi kufuneke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emazweni amakhulu. Ukhetho lwaseFrance lukamongameli, ngokwesibonelo, jonga ukuvuleka kwenhla ngenxathela yesibili.

Izimiso Ezixubile

Amazwe amaningana ahlanganisa izingxenye zePR ne-FPP. Isimiso se-MMP saseJalimane sivota kabili: enye ye-FPTP ye-project (PPPP) nenye ye-partist (PR). Ivoti ye-PR ilungisa ukwabiwa kwezihlalo zonke ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi i-PR. I-MMP eyamukelwa ngo-1996 futhi iye yabona ukuthi imele kakhulu abesifazane neqembu elincane lohlanga. IJapane isebenzisa isimiso esihambelanayo (isigaba esikhulu) lapho i-FPTPP ne-PR ihamba ngaphandle kwenkokhezo, iholela ekulinganiseni okuncane kwe-mMP.

Ukukhetha Kuyaqhubeka Emhlabeni Wonke

Ngaphandle kwesimiso sokuvota, ukuqondisa okungokoqobo kokhetho(ukubhalisa, umklamo wokuvota, izindlela zokuvota, nokubala) kuvelele kakhulu. Izibonelo ezilandelayo ziqokomisa imikhuba ephawulekayo yesizwe.

United States

I-US inesinye sezimiso zokukhetha ezihlonipheke kakhulu emhlabeni. Isifunda ngasinye (kanye) simisa imithetho yaso siqu yokubhalisa uvoti, ukuvota kwakuqala, ukuphuma kwe-collet, ne-ID. Ukhetho lwe-Federal lwenzeka ngoMsombuluko wokuqala ngemva komsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember. Ukhetho lwama-2020 lwabona ukukhubazeka kweposi emazweni amaningi, nakuba amanye (njenge-Oregon ne-California) enziwa athatha imithetho yokubhalisa umbhaliso olufanayo, ukuvota kwakuqala, ukuvota, nokhetho olusheshayo ezindaweni ezimisiwe. Ukhetho lwama 2020 lwabona ukukhushukuma kweposi ngenxa yesifo, okuholela ezingxabeni ezingokomthetho nasezinhlolweni ezingokokwanda. Izinselele zihlanganisa ukuvota, umshini wokuvota, nokuvota, u-opera kwe-opera.

i-Sweden

I-Sweden iqhuba isimiso sokumela i-partial-medial message system ne-4% yomnyango wezwe. Izinqumo zithathwa njalo eminyakeni emine ngeSonto lesibili ngoSeptember. Ukubhalisa kuzenzakalela kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezineminyaka engu-18 nangaphezulu, kususa imingcele yokubhalisa. Ama-ballot anyatheliswa kusengaphambili futhi afana lelizwe lonke futhi akhetha i-partum, futhi angavota futhi abantu abazocela ukuvota ohlwini. Ukubala kwenziwa ngemishini ye-opactal stator esiteshini sokuhlola, futhi imiphumela ivame ukutholakala phakathi kwamahora angu-85%. I-Turnout ilokhu idlula njalo ngengxenye kwimfundo ephakeme neyo. I-Sweden ivumela ukuvota kusaka kusengaphambili eziteshini zokuhlola kuze kube izinsuku ezingu-18 ngaphambi kosuku lwe-Euccondal.

eNdiya

INdiya, i-demokrase enkulu emhlabeni ephethe abavoti abangaba yizigidi ezingu-900 abafanelekayo, iqhuba ukhetho olukhulu. I-Ecomtion Commission of India (ECI) iphatha le nqubo ngokwayo. Ukukhethwa kweLok Sabba (indlu engezansi) kusebenzisa i-FTP kuma-octives asebe abafanele abafanele ukuvota. Ukuvota kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa imishini ye-elective (EVP) esetshenziswayo kusukela ngo-200444. I-EVM iqopha i-vota i-vota i-vota i-vota i-votir futhi ive ikhiphe umkhondo wephepha wokuhlola (VVPAT) ukuze ithole ukuqinisekiswa kobuzwe. Ngaphandle kokwenza ubandlululo, ubandlululo luncishiswa kakhulu, futhi luthathwa ngokukhetha okukhulu, izifunda namazwe angu-66%, kuya emasontweni angu-8, futhi kusakazwe izigaba ezinhlasele amashumi ayisithupha.

United Kingdom

I-UK isebenzisa i-FPTP ukuze ithole i-Foom of Commons Commons, ngokukhetha okukodwa okugunyaziwe, okunokhetho lwe-MP eyodwa. Ukhetho luqhutshwa okungenani njalo eminyakeni emihlanu, nakuba ukhetho lwakuqala lungabizwa. Ukubhalisa kwakuqala kuyinto eyodwa (kungekhona okusekelwe endlu kusukela ngo- 2014) futhi kumelwe kuvuselelwe ngonyaka. Ukuvota okuhlanganisa izindlela zihlanganisa ukubhalisa, ukuvota, novota komthetho womthetho wokuvota. I-UK incike phansi uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe ase-Nordic (cishe 60-70% ngokhetho oluvamile). Izingxoxo zamuva ziye zagxila ekuthuthukiseni ukubhalisa nokuvota okuzenzekelayo kanye nokuhlisa iminyaka engu-16. U 2019 ukhetho lwabona ukusetshenziswa komphakathi womkhankaso wezembutho, ukukhathalela ukukhuliswa kokuncitshiswa kwe-transportant (66).

Brazil

Isimiso sokhetho lwamavolontiya saseBrazil sisebenzisa isimiso esinezinhlangothi ezimbili okhethweni lukamongameli kanye nokumelelwa okusobala kwe-Centry of Deputies. Ukuqamba kuyisibopho kwizakhamuzi ezineminyaka engu-18-70 (zinqunywa ngo-16-17, 70, futhi zingafundwa). I-Brazil yaqala ukuvota ngogesi ngo-1996, futhi namuhla cishe konke ukuvota kwenziwa nge-EVM okungahlangene no-inthanethi, okuthi iziphathimandla ziwaqinisekisile. Inqubo i-vote ingena kakhulu inani elihambisana nomfundi wayo, futhi imiphumela ihlawuliswa phakathi namahora. Nokho, ukuvota akuqinisekisi ukuvota okuphakeme (kusukela ku-80% yababhaliswe ngu-R363, kodwa isigwebo sincane) ihlanganisa izinselele zokuvota ezindaweni ezikude nenkohlakalo kwezombangazwe.

EJapane

IJapane isebenzisa isimiso sokuvota esifanayo: 289 i-constituences (FPP) kanye nezihlalo ezingu-176 ezikhethwa uluhlu lwe-PR ezingxenyeni ezingu-11 zezifunda. Ukukhethwa kweNdlu Yomamelelo kwenzeka njalo eminyakeni emine, nakuba ukhetho lwakuqala luvamile. Ukubhalisa kusekelwe ekubhalisweni kweminyango yokuhlala futhi kuzenzakalela; abavoti bathola ikhadi lokuvota eposini. Ku-posta indiwe, kodwa ukuvota kungekho kanye nokuvota kwakuqala. Imithetho yabo eqinile yomkhankaso, kuhlanganise nokuvinjelwa kweminyango yeminyango yendlu-hoodo nemingcele yezikhangiso zomphakathi. I-Turvemo-outle awehli emashumini eminyaka amuva, enyukayokusukela ku-560. Ukuvota kanye nokuvota kungathi i-Intanethiwe.

Ukubhaliswa Kwezinombolo Zomsila: Ukubukeka Okuqhathanisayo

Indlela izwe elibhalisa ngayo abavoti balo eliyithinta ngayo ngokuphawulekayo i-clacycle. I-Sweden ne-Jalimane zinokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi cishe zonke izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo zisemabhulohweni. I-US ne-UK ithembele ekubhalisweni komuntu ngamunye, okuthwesa umthwalo kubavoti. ENdiya, ukubhalisa kuzenzakalela kodwa kudinga izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole futhi zihlaziye imininingwane yazo. Amanye amazwe, njengoBurkina Faso ne-Philippines, asebenzise iminyango ehamba phambili. Inselele ekulinganiseleni ukuneka nokungakhohliswa ngokungezwa. Ukubhalisa ngogesi kanye nokulawula i-electronic namageal compation kuvame kakhulu, kodwa amageography amanani angahlukanisa izakhamuzi ezingavikeleka.

Izinselele Ekuqambeni Nezokukhetha

Asikho isimiso sokhetho esigonyiwe ezinkingeni. lapha sihlola izinselele eziphuthuma kakhulu okubhekene nentando yeningi namuhla.

Ukunganaki Nokuya Emuva

I-voter revertep iye yehla ezimisweni zentando yeningi ezimisiwe, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezizukulwane ezisha. E-US, ukuphendukela okhethweni phakathi nenkathi ephakathi akuvamile ukudlula ku-50%, futhi ngisho nokhetho lukamongameli kubone cishe 60-65%. Izici zihlanganisa ukungathembani kukahulumeni, ukuqonda ukuthi ukuvota komuntu akunandaba (ikakhulukazi ezimisweni ze-FPTP), kanye nemingcele esemthethweni efana nezikhathi zokubhalisa nokusebenza. Amazwe anokuvota okuphoqelela, njenge-Australia, iBelgium, ne-Brazil, afinyelela ukuvukelwa kakhulu kwe-asethiyo (ngokungaphezulu kuka-80%) kodwa lokhu akuqinisekisi ukuvota futhi akukwazi ukukhipha izijeziso ezingekhona i-votage.

Ukungavumelani Nokuhlangana Kwamazwe Angaphandle

Inkathi ye-minucture inyuse ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungamanga, kusukela kumahemuhemu ezokuxhumana kuya kumavidiyo ajulile. Ukhetho lwango 2016 lwaqokomisa ingozi yokuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe ngezikhangiso nangezinxoxoxo ze-bot. Amanye amazwe, njengeFrance, iJalimane, ne-United Kingdom, aye asungula izinhlangano ezisheshayo nezinhlangano ezihlola amaqiniso ukuze zinciphe ukudluliswa kwemininingwane phakathi nemikhankaso. Izwe liye labona ukusakazeka kwezindaba zenkohliso ngokusebenzisa izimemezelo ezinjenge-AhisSApp, ngezinye izikhathi zikhuthaza ubudlova. Ukukhangisa ngezobupolishi zezombangazwe, ukulandisa kwezepolishi, nokufunda kwezokuxhumana kuyamukelwa kancane kancane njengemikhankatho.

Ukutholakala Kwabantu Abakhubazekile

Ukuvota kufanele kube yilungelo elibanzi, kodwa imingcele engokomzimba nengokolwazi iyaqhubeka. Emazweni amaningi, iziteshi zokuhlola azikho ezikwazi ukufinyelelwa; imiklamo yokuvota kunzima kubantu abanokukhubazeka kwamehlo; futhi imishini yokuvota ingase inganikezi izimpawu zomsindo noma zezimpawu ze-athomile. I-Sweden ne-United Kingdom iye yenza intuthuko ngokunikeza usizo, ukuvota kwasekhaya, nokuvota, nokuvota kwasekhaya. I-US Help American Vote Act ka-200 idinga okungenani umshini owodwa ofinyelelekayo wokuvota eqeshiweni lonke, kodwa impumelelo iyahluka. Imishini ye-VVPAT inikeza izimpawu ze-Brailley. Noma kunjalo, izigidi zabavoti abakhubazekile ezibhekene nezithiwe ezibhekene nokukhubazekayo ezinciphisa ukuhlanganyela kwabo.

Ukonakala Kwezombangazwe Nokungathembeki

Ukonakala kungalulaza ukwethemba okhethweni. Emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, ukuthenga, ukuvota, ukuthumba izimpahla, nokwesabisa kusenezinkinga ezingapheli. Imishini ye- Independent commustal, njengaleyo yase-Indiya, eNingizimu Afrika, nase Costa Rica, isiza ekulondolozeni ubuqotho. Izingqapheli zezizwe zonke (kusukela ku-UN, i-OSCE, noma i-Afrika Union) zivame ukubheka ukhetho ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi inyanisile. Nokho, ukumangalelwa kokonakala kungasetshenziswa ngokulahlekelwa abazocela ukuqeda imiphumela, njengoba kubonakala kunyulwa ngokhetho lwase-US, 202020222, nokhetho lwe-Kenya. Ukuqinisa ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, ukukhampaza kweze, ukukhampaza kweze, kanye ne-Priver kuyaqhubeka imizamo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemikhawulo Yesigodi Nokusetshenziswa Kwayo

Ezimisweni ze-FPTP, ukudwetshwa kwemingcele yesifunda se-elevotor kungasetshenziswa ukuze kuthotshelwe isigaba esisodwa, − umkhuba owaziwa ngokuthi i-gerrymanidering. INkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-US iye yanquma ukuthi ukuvocala kuyimpikiswano yezombangazwe hhayi phakathi kwegunya lenkantolo, ishiya amazwe ukuba alawule ngokwawo. Amanye amazwe, njenge-United Kingdom ne-Canada, asebenzisa imiyalo ezimele yemingcele ukuze anciphise ithonya elikhudlwana. Izimiso ezihlukene zinciphisa ithonya le-gerrymanniling ngenxa yokuthi izihlalo zibekwa ngokwezibo ezisekelwe ekuvoti zeqembu lonke.

Izinqubo Zokusungula Izindaba

Kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe nezindlela ezintsha ukuze kuvotelwe ngokuphepha, ngokungcono, nangokubonakala. Nazi ezinye izinto ezintsha eziphawulekayo.

Imishini Ye - electronic (EVM)

Ama-EVM aye asetshenziswa amashumi eminyaka emazweni anjenge-Indiya, i-Brazil, ne-Venezuela. Ayashesha ukubala, anciphise amaphutha abantu, futhi angaveza amarekhodi amaphepha okufuna ukuwahlola. Nokho, ukukhathazeka ngokuphakanyiswa nokungabonakali kuye kwaholela amanye amazwe (njenge-Netherlands) ukuba ashiye ama-EVM abuyele kumabhulopoti amaphepha. Impikiswano igxile ekutheni izinzuzo zejubane nempumelelo zidlula izingozi zokusebenzisa imishini.

Ukusakaza I - Internet Ne - Internet

I-Estonia ingumholi wezwe ekuvoteleni nge-intanethi, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zifake ama-collet nge-intanethi ku-internet kukhetho lwezwe kusukela ngo-2005. Izinkampani zingavota kunoma iyiphi indawo kuze kube yishumi ngaphambi koSuku Lokuvota. Cishe ama- 46% amavoti kukhetho lwamapalamende afakwa kuyi-intanethi ka-inthanethi. Izimiso zokuphepha zihlanganisa ukukhomba nokuvala imithi ebhajweyo ebhajweni. Nakuba kungcono, ukuvota nge-inthanethi ye-internet mayelana nemposiso, ama-marhellarry ngemishini, i-areareatsssssssss, nesssssssssssssss shond of Switzerland neFrance, amanye amazwe amazwe, kuhlanganise ne-Switzerland kanye ne-France, ziye zaqulwa izingozi ezilinganiselwe kodwa zikhona ngenxa yokuphepha. I-Australia iye yazama ukuvota kuyi-iovota yovota yovota yendawo.

Ukusakaza okusekelwe kublockchain

Ubuchwepheshe be-blockchain buthembisa umfakelani oguqulayo, ohola abakhokhi ababonisayo bamavoti. Abashayeli abancane be-scaence baye basetshenziswa eNtshona Virginia (e-US phesheya kwezwe) futhi kwezinye izinhlangano ezizimele. Nokho, i-btchain ayiyiqedi ingozi yomuntu yokuqinisekisa umvoti noma izibungu ze-software. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isithi i-bstotchain iyikhambi ekufuneni inkinga", abashayeli bephepha abasengozini yokufaka i-partmentss accomplifiques kakade. Ubuchwepheshe buhlala bufuna ukuvotah kukhetho oluvamile.

Ukubhaliswa Kwemishini Ehambayo Nokuqinisekiswa Kwezinto Eziphilayo

Emazweni asathuthuka, ukubhalisa i-biometric (izingcingo zeminwe, i-iscan) kuye kwanciphisa ukubhalisa nokukhwabanisa. IGhana, iKenya, neNigeria kusebenzisa izinqolobane ze-biometric. Isimiso se-Aadhaar saseNdiya sihlanganisa i-ID yobuchwepheshe nomshini wokwenza i-octive, nakuba idinga imfihlo. Izinhlelo ze-cell zokubhalisa zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithuthukise imininingwane yazo ngaphandle kokuhambela amahhovisi kahulumeni. Kwezinye izindawo ezikude, amathuluzi ebhaliswe i-biometricoccom asetshenziselwa ukubhalisa ama-opentation kule ndawo.

Ukubhalisa ivolution yosuku olufanayo nozenzakalelayo

Ukuze kususwe izithiyo, amazwe amaningi ase-US aye amukela ukubhaliswa kosuku olufanayo (avumela ukubhaliswa ngoSuku Lokhetho) kanye nokubhaliswa okuzenzekelayo lapho izakhamuzi zisebenzelana nezimoto noma nezinhlangano zezezenhlalakahle. I-Oregon yaqala ukubhalisa ngo-2016 futhi yabona ukwanda okukhulu. Lezi zinguquko azikho kakhulu futhi ziphumelelanga kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuthatha isinyathelo phakathi kwabasha nabavoti abambalwa.

Isiphetho

Isimo sembulunga yonke sokuvota nokhetho siwukuhlelwa okunezimiso ezihlukahlukene, amasiko, nezinguquko. Nakuba kungekho simo esiphelele, amazwe angafunda empumelelweni nasekwehlulekeni komunye nomunye. Izimo ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukubhalisa, nokuhlela komklamo kwenza ukuba okhetho lutholakale futhi luthembeke, kodwa futhi baletha futhi ukuncitshiswa okusha. Ekugcineni, impilo yanoma isiphi idemokratistiki ixhomeke ekuthembeni kwezakhamuzi zabo enqubweni yokukhetha inqubo ye-"nethemba elimelwe litholakale ngokukhanya, ngokulunga, nangokuthuthukisa okuqhubekayo.