Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuba Izimiso Zokukhetha Imishini Zibaluleke

Ukukhetha kuyisimiso sokubusa kwentando yeningi, kunikeza izakhamuzi inqubo yokuhlela uhulumeni wazo futhi kugcine abaholi benecala. Nakuba isimiso sokuvota sisembulungeni yonke, izindlela eziqondile amazwe akhetha ngazo ziyahluka kakhulu. Lokhu kungafani / okusekelwe emlandweni, amasiko angokomthetho, nezindinganiso zempucuko kuthinta ngokuqondile ukuthatha iqhaza, ukumelelwa, nokuqina kohulumeni. Ukuqhathanisa indlela izizwe ezihlukene ezisebenzisa ngayo ukukhetha kwembula hhayi nje izakhiwo zokulawula kuphela kodwa futhi nezinselele eziphikelelayo ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ivota isilinganiso ngasinye silinganiswa ngokufanelekile nangokuqinisekile. Lesi sihloko sihlola uhibe lwezimiso zokhetho, ukuvota, izindlela zokuvota, ukuvota, nezindlela zokuphepha, ukudwebela izibonelo ezivela emhlabeni wonke ukuqokomisa imisebenzi, lokho okungenziwa, lokho okungenziwa yikho kanye nalokho okungafundwa kwenye.

Izinhlobo Zezimiso Ze - electoral

Isimiso sokhetho siyimithetho enquma ukuthi amavoti ahunyushelwa kanjani ezihlalweni noma emahhovisi. Ukukhethwa kwesimiso kunemiphumela emikhulu ezimisweni zeqembu, emabuthweni ahlangene, nasekuziphatha kovoti. Imikhaya emithathu emikhulu iyizingxenye eziphambili (noma ubuningi), ilingani, nezimiso ezixubeneyo, kanye nezindlela eziningi eziphakathi kwenye.

UQala uPast 16)

Ngaphansi kwe-FPTP, futhi eyaziwa nangokuthi ubuningi bovota, umbangi oyedwa ukhethwa esifundeni ngasinye ngokuthola amavoti amaningi kunanoma yimuphi omunye umbhalisa (kodwa hhayi iningi). Lesimiso sisetshenziswa eUnited States (yoMkhandlu), iUnited Kingdom, Canada, neNdiya. Izinzuzo zawo eziyinhloko zilula kanye nokuhlangana okunamandla phakathi kwama-Center namanxusa awo. Nokho, i-FPTPPP ngokuvamile iholela emiphumeleni engaphezulu kakhulu: amaqembu asekela izifunda angathola izihlalo eziningi ngengxenye elinganiselwe yevoti yesizwe, kuyilapho amaqembu asekela ngokusakaza engathathwa ngaphansi kwe-prese. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhetho lwaseCanada olungu 2019, i-Liberal Party yawina 33% yevotiota ethandwayo kodwa ethola izihlalo ezingu-5%.

Umbukiso Ophathelene Nesimiso (PR) – Umbukiso Obanzi

Izimiso zePR zijonge ukwaba izihlalo ngokwesilinganiso sokuvota okumukelwa. Umehluko ovame kakhulu yi-PR esekelwe kuhlu , esetshenziswa emazweni amaningi aseYurophu njenge-Spain, i-Netherlands, ne-Finland. Izimiso zomphakathi zikhetha uhlu lweqembu, futhi izihlalo zisabelwa ngokwendlela elandelanayo (umz., D’Hondt noma Sainteāu Paraë). I-PR ithuthukisa izimiso eziningi ze-partry futhi ivame kakhulu ukuveza ohulumeni abahlangene. Ingxenye yayo enkulu ingaba ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi komfashini ne-Rhostry, nakuba izimiso zohlelo lwezigaba ngokwengxenye yalokhu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Netherlands, isebenzisa isifunda esisodwa ne-PR, okuphumela ekushwaneni njalo kodwa ekukhiqini kwemifela kabanzi kakhulu kwezizwe ezinsuntwana.

Izimiso Ezixubile – Amandla Okuhlanganisa

Amazwe anjenge-Jalimane, i-New Zealand, ne-Mexico asebenzisa izimiso ezixubene nezinhlangothi ze-NGINE , lapho abavoti befaka khona i-collet ezimbili: esinye sabe-project bendawo (ngokuvamile i-FPTP) nesinye sohlu lweqembu. Izihlalo zohlu zivala noma yimiphi imincintiswano ehlangene. I-Bundestag yaseJalimane inamalungu akhethiwe angu-299 ngokuqondile futhi amalungu angu-299, enohlu lwezihlalo lokugcina olubonisa ivoti. Le sibonelo se-projectal sizama ukulinganisela ukumelela indawo ngemiphumela elandelanayo. Umehluko, oxubene no-666 (obizwa futhi ngokuvota), usetshenziswa eJapane naseRussia; lapha izihlalo ezimbili zizimele, kanjalo, izihlalo ezimbili azizimele, ezimele i-FTP ezihlukene.

Izindlela Zokuxhumana Nezikagesi

Ngaphandle kwemikhaya emikhulu, amanye amazwe asebenzisa ukuvota okukhethekile. I-Australia isebenzisa enye indawo yendlu yayo ephansi (instantāt́runoffv, IRV) kanye nevoti eyodwa edluliselwe (STV) ku-STB (STV) yeSigele sayo. E-IRV, abavoti abavoti; uma kungekho muntu othola inani elikhulu, obuthakathaka kakhulu uyasuswa futhi amavoti abo adluliswa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi abanqobi basekelwa kakhulu kuyilapho begwema i-ccoffaloffs. IFrance isebenzisa isimiso esibiza imali engaphezulu kakhulu somongameli wayo nokhetho lwe-Revition: uma kungekho mjikelezo othola isibalo phakathi kwabancinti bekhulu, indingemuva ithathwa phakathi kwabancinti beqembu. Lezindlela zinciphisa ukuvota kodwa zingaba iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ekusebenziseni kwe-votion.

Intuthuko Emangalisayo Emhlabeni Wonke

Ukuqondisa ukhetho − − ukubhalisa, ukuhlola, ukubala izinqubo — ama - vovers, njengoba izwe ngalinye lizivumelanisa nokuma kwalo, ubukhulu babantu, kanye nekhono lokuhlela izinto.

E - United States: Ukuhlanekezelwa Nenhlaka

Ukhetho lwaseMelika lulawulwa yizikhundla zikahulumeni nezendawo, kungekho ukuphatha kwesizwe. Uhulumeni ngamunye umisa imithetho yawo siqu ngezikhathi zokuvota, ngamahora okuvota, iposi ûinvota, nezimfuneko zokuhlukanisa. Ama-primine kanye nama-caucuuse akhetha iqembu angabhaliswa izinyanga ezizayo, futhi isimiso se-Electoral College sokhetho lukamongameli sisho ukuthi umnqobi othandwayo akakuba ngaso sonke isikhathi umongameli (njengoba ngo 2000 no-2016). Ukubhalisa i-posi ngokuvamile kuyisithiyo: cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabahlanu abafanelekayo eMelika akabhaliswanga, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yemithetho efuna ama-IDalgless okanye izinombolo ezithile. IUnited States isebenzisa futhi iphephandaba elibhalisayo (izibhayisethi noma ibhola elinamapayipile) ngokusakaza imishini yokuvota, ukuvota, ukuvota kanye nokuhlanganisa kwe-potimest.

EJalimane: I - Federal Ne - Mixmed 76MEmber

I-compale yamavota yaseJalimane inconywa ngokuzinza kwayo nangokulunga. Isikhulu esiphethe ukuvota samazwe, kodwa izifunda ezingu-16 ziqondisa ukuvota emasimini azo. Amavoter abhaliswa ngokuzenzekelayo emibhalweni yabantu, okuholela ekukhipheni amazinga ango 75-80%. Amabhola ahlela kokubili abavoti bendawo (bokuqala) kanye neqembu lihlela (ivoti yesibili). Umnyango wezihlalo zeqembu uvimbela amaqembu amancane kakhulu eBoundag, anciphisa izikhala. I-German isebenzisa ama-boloboot ngesandla eziteshini zokuhlola zendawo, kanye nemiphumela evelele (ngokuvamile kusihlwa). Isimiso sikhuthaza ukuhlangana, nangemva kokuvota kwabantu abangu-201, i-Democrat, ne-Formast, i-Frectrands, kanye nohlelo lwe-Frecracracray.

ENdiya: Intando Yeningi Enkulu

I-Indiya iqhuba ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu emhlabeni, ngo-2024 abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-900 abavoti ababhalisiwe. I-ECommotion Commission of India (ECI) iyigunya elizimele elihlela ukhetho phakathi kwamashumi amahlanu amathathu noma izinyanga, lisebenzisa imishini yokuvota (i-EVM) ekhiqiza iphepha elivotayo (VPAT). Ubhaliso lucishe lube jikelele ngenqubo eqhubekayo, kanti i-ECI isebenzisa ama-logisterssssssssss (aRP), izikeyingi, izikebheki, ngisho nezindlovu, ezifinyelela ezindaweni ezikude. Isimiso se-FPPP sivame ukuveza i-partededed (eg. g., i-Bhatatatatatection) e-2014(2014) kodwa iveza inselele inselele insethi ephawulekayo ngaphansi kweqembu eliphambili leqembu leqembu le-odrigame.

EBrazil: Amaphayona E - computer

I-Brazil iye yasebenzisa ukuvota okuphelele kwemishini ye-electronic kusukela ngo-1996, futhi yonke imishini yokuvota ifakwe kuyi-Fractive Recording Electronic (DRE) ngaphandle komzila wephepha. Lokhu kuye kwanciphisa kakhulu amavoti angasebenzi futhi kwashesha kakhulu ukubala (amavoti ngokuvamile ayaziwa phakathi namahora). Isimiso sithandwa kakhulu ngesivinini sayo, kodwa ukukhathazeka ngokuma kwe-ikhawuticism nokubhalisa nokungabhaliswa kwe-inqumo kuyaqhubeka (marisk666) kunzima ngaphandle kwephepha lomshini. I-Brazil isebenzisa isimiso sokuhlola umongameli kanye nokhetho lwe-gernalitallial nohlelo lwe-progate cul ye-omforts, lapho uvotation angakhetha khona ukuvota noma uhlu lweqembu. Ukuvota okuthatha izijekethi ngenhla-80)

Izindlela Zokusakaza: Ukusuka Emabhokisini Ebhola Kuya Emabhodleleni Ahlakaniphile

Indlela abavotela ngayo amavoti ithinta ukutholakala, ukulondeka, nokuthembana.

Ukusakaza Igolide: Isimiso Segolide

Emazweni amaningi, abavoti baya esiteshini sokuhlola ngosuku lokhetho, bathola ibhodi lephepha, futhi baphawule ukukhetha kwabo edongeni elizimele. Ukubala kwenziwa ngesandla noma ngemishini yokuhlola izibuko. Lendlela icacile, icace, ibekezele, futhi ivumela ukulandisa ngezandla. Nokho, ithatha ukuthi ingubungane obungokomzimba nobutholakalayo, ivimbela abantu abakhubazekile, labo abasebenza amahora amaningi, noma abahlala ezindaweni ezikude. Ukunciphisa lokhu, amanye amazwe anikeza ukuvota kwasekuqaleni kwezinsuku ezimbalwa (umz., eSweden, eCanada).

IMailsa in Voing: Convenince vs.

Iposi, ivoti, i-vvota cishe cishe amaphesenti angu-20bytómail, noma ukuvota okungekhoyo kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithole futhi zibuyisele amavoti ngeposi. I-Australia inesimiso esinamandla sokuvota kulabo abangakwazi ukuya khona, kuyilapho i-US iye yabona ukwanda okukhulu kokuvota ngeposi kusukela ngo-202020 (cishe amaphesenti angu-40 evota kukhetho lukamongameli afakwa ngeposi). Izenzo ezinhle zihlanganisa ukhetho lweposi, ngeposi, ngeposi ethunyelwa kuwo wonke amavoti abhalisiwe ngaphambili. Ukuvota komfa kwanda kwanda kakhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwasebe nasemaphandleni, kodwa kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokunqiniswa kweposi, ukusayinwa kweposi, nokuphoqwa kweposi. Izenzo ezinhle zihlanganisa ukulahla imikhondo egciniwe, ukulahla amabhokisi ephepha, nokuthumela iposi.

Ugesi We - Internet Nomshini Wokuxhumana: Ijubane Libiza Kakhulu

Imishini yokuvota ye-electronic (eVMs) ivamile eNdiya, e-Brazil, nase-Estonia (ukuze kuvotelwe i-intanethi ekude). I-Estonia iyizwe okuwukuphela kwesizwe esisebenzisa kakhulu ukuvota nge-inthanethi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokhetho olubophayo, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivote kunoma yisiphi i-Internet jline ex ngemva kokuqinisekisa okuqinile kwe-ID. Nakuba lokhu kuthuthukisa ukunethenwa kosizo, kuphakamisa izinto ze-inthaneti kanye nezinto zomuntu siqu: ithuluzi lomvoti nenethi ye-temnethi kungahlaselwa, futhi i-colotlot ayikholeki ukuqinisekisa i-intanethi. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Netherlands ne-Ireland iye yashiya i-part - votain engenaphepha elingenayo ngemva kokuhluleka kwezobuchwepheshe nokungathemba umphakathi. Amazwe amaningi (e.g.ult.), manje kudingeka ukuba imishini i-U.

Ukulondeka Kokhetho Nobuqotho

Ukuthembela komphakathi emiphumeleni yokukhetha kuxhomeke ekuvikelweni ekukhwabaniseni, emangeni nasekuphazanyisweni. Izilinganiso ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ebuhlungwini nasezindlekoni.

Imithetho Yezincwadi

Kuyanda ukufunwa kwemithetho eziteshini zokuhlola: ENdiya isebenzisa amakhadi e-EPIC, i-UK engenisa isithombe se-ID ngo-2023, futhi amazwe amaningi aseYurophu adinga uhlobo oluthile lwe-ID. E-US, amazwe acishe abe ngu-40 adinga uhlobo oluthile lwe-ID, enempikiswano eqinile engathi ithinte ngokungenakulinganiswa i-ID engathinta i-odocter encane ne-devin evotation. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ukuvota kuyivela kakhulu, ukwenza imithetho eqinile efuna ikhambiso lenkinga kochwepheshe abaningi. Ngokuphambene, amazwe anjenge-Jalimane ne-Sweden ancikekile ekubhalisweni ngokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo futhi awadingi ukuvota okunga ohlwiweyo, esikhundleni sokusayinwa kwe-offidatis.

IMIBHALO YOKUHLOLA NOKUHLOLA KWAPHAKATHI

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inzuzo inembile, izifunda eziningi zihlola i-RLS ngemva kokhetho. I-heasḱrn qualing magimeters (RLA), lapho isampula elinganiselwe yamapesenti iqhathaniswa nengqikithi ebikwayo, ibhekwa njengesilinganiso segolide. I-Colorado (US) kanye neminye i-Swisscaton isebenzisa i-RLA. Amanye amazwe athembele ekulandiseni okugcwele uma imiphetho yemigqa incane. I-Brazil, naphezu kwesimiso sayo sogesi, ayinayo i-afly auniverstry; kunalokho, isebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwemishini elandela imishini eminingi ye-electronics kuyikhambiso: i-International Institute for Declogionational and Elctoral Conservation (IDA) itusa ukuba amaphephandaba ahlale eqoshisiwe.

Ukuhlangana Kwamazwe Angaphandle

Ukuphazamisa kwezokuvota ngokuhlola, ukusakaza, nokusebenzisa imithombo yezindaba kuye kwaba yinto ekhathaza kakhulu kusukela ngo-2016. I-US yamisa i-Cybersecurity and Insculature Security Agency (CISA) yokusiza izinhlelo ezilondekile. Imishini yokuvota ifuna ukuba ihlolwe ngegunya elizimele futhi ivimbele ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekudluliseleni i-Internet. I-ElCelcometal Commission isebenza nge-National Cyber Security Center. Isilinganiso esiyinhloko siwukugcina ukwaziswa kokuvota kuhlukanisiwe ne-inthaneti, njengoba iFrance yenza ngezimiso zayo zokuvota ze-electal ezisebenza nge-RGenevation. Nokho, amazwe amaningi asenantula izindinganiso zayo zobuchwepheshe ze-inthaneti, eziwahlukanisa kokubili ukuhlasela kwangaphandle kanye nokusetshenziswa ngaphakathi.

Izinselele Ezinqubweni Zokunqoba

Naphezu kwezinhlelo ezintsha, zonke imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi ibhekene nezinkinga eziphikelelayo ezingase zilulaze ukufaneleka kokhetho.

Ukuvukwa Amathe Nokunganaki

Kusukela ngawo-1960, imibuso yentando yeningi emisiwe iye yancipha, futhi izizukulwane ezisha zahluleka kakhulu ukungenela. Kunyaka ka-2022 maphakathi ne-US, ukubuya kwakungu- 46% wabantu abavotayo; e-UK, isilinganiso sokuvota kungu-65%. Uvota okucingisiswayo, okusetshenziswa e-Australia (87%), iBelgium (88%), ne-Brazil, ukusekela kodwa akuqinisekisi ukuvota. Izilinganiso zokuphakamisa ukuvota okuzenzekelayo kuhlanganisa ukubhaliswa kwevota, impelasonto, i-vhotela, imigqa emifushane, ne-mahamba-msko yezindawo ezikude. ICanada yabona isibalo esingu-65% ngo-2010 ngemva kochungechunge lwezinguquko zepropropartictic.

Ukudideka Nezithiyo

Ukucindezelwa kwe-voter kungathatha izindlela eziningi: imithetho ye-ID evimbelayo, ukususwa kwemigoqo yamavoti, ukuncishiswa kwezindawo zokuvota kwakuqala, nokuvalwa kweziteshi zokuvota ezisezindaweni eziphansi. E-US, isinqumo sa 2016 sasusa izingxenye ze-Voting Rights Act, okuholela ekubeni nemithetho eqinile. Emhlabeni wonke, abantu abanezinkolelo zobugebengu ngokuvamile bavinjelwa ekuvoteni; e-US, izakhamuzi eziyizigidi eziyisihlanu ziyalahlwa ngenxa yemithetho ehlasimulisayo. Ngokungafani, iJalimane namazwe amaningi aseYurophu avumela zonke iziboshwa ukuba zivote ngaphandle kokuba zivunyelwe ngokukhethekile yinkantolo.

Ukulungisa I - Gerrymanirling Nokulungisa I - Malapporting

Kuma-FPTP, ukudweba imingcele yesifunda kungasetshenziswa ukuze kuthotshelwe i-partum eyodwa (i-germaning). E-US, lomkhuba usemthethweni futhi usetshenziswa yizo zombili izigaba ezinkulu, kuholele ezifundeni ezinganciphi futhi ezimelelwe ngokufakelwa. I-Independent gadenti, njengase-United Kingdom, Canada, nase-Australia, kuncishiswe ithonya lomphakathi. I-Ndiya futhi isebenzisa ikhomishane yokulawula, kodwa izihlalo azizange zishintshwe kusukela ngo-197669 ngenxa yezinguquko zenani labantu, kubangela ukuncishiswa kwenani elikhulu.

Umkhankaso Wemali Nethonya

Indima yemali kwezombangazwe isalokhu iphikisana. Icala leNkantolo ePhakeme yase-US iSicizen United ivumela ukuba ngo-2010] inkampani nenyunyana kusetshenziswe imali eshisiwe ekukhangiseni kwezombangazwe, okuholela ekusebenziseni imali eningi ngama-PAC. Amazwe amaningi abeka imingcele eqinile: ukuvinjelwa kwezombangazwe kwakhokhela ezobupolitiki ezokusakaza; amabutho aseJalimane achitha futhi adinga ukuvuselelwa. EBrazil, iminikelo yezinhlangano zathunyelwa kwezemisebenzi yezentengiselwano zanda ngo-2015, futhi ukuswela kwemali yomphakathi kunyuswe ukulinganisela kwemikhawulo ephumelelayo. Ukunga komthetho kungadala umbono wokuthi okhetho bathengwa izicebi abacebile, ukuncitshiswa komphakathi.

Isiphetho: Ukufunda Ezinhlotsheni Ezihlukahlukene

Alukho uhlelo lwezivoteli oluphelele; ngalunye lumelela ukuhweba phakathi kwezindinganiso ezincintisanayo njenge-memorial, elula, ukuqina, nokulondeka. Izimiso ze-FPTP ze-US ne-UK zinikeza ukulandisa okucacile kodwa ngokuvamile zishiya abavoti benomvuli bengafuni ngokuqondile. Izimiso ze-Propotical eYurophu ziveza izingqimba ezinkulu kodwa zingahlukaniswa. Izimo ezixutshiwe ezinjengomzamo weJalimane wokuhlanganisa okungcono kakhulu kuwo womabili amazwe. Okwamanje, ukukhetha kokuphatha kusuka ku-(ukubhalisa umklamo wokubhalisa i-bolovota ukuze kuqashelwe ukuthatha imithetho elandelwayo ukuze i-///shape ukuthi izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa ilungelo lazo lokuvota.

Ukuhlola okuqhathaniswa kokhetho kwembula ukuthi akukho uhlelo olulodwa lwentando yeningi. Okubalulekile ukuthi izinqubo zisobala, zigcwele, futhi zithenjwa. Amazwe angafunda komunye nomunye: i-US ingamukela ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo nokuzimela; i-India ingahamba ibheke ekuvoteni okuzimele kwemikhakha yendawo; i-Brazil ingaletha umzila wephepha lokuhlola. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezifana ne [[FL: 0] I-IDA[FLD , [[FLT:], [[FLT:]], i-ACECrectoral Known Known, [, futhi [indlela yokwakha i-EFLT], futhi [indlela yokulungisa i-ExPFOLT] inikeza izimpahla zokuhlanganyela kwemisebenzi engcono kakhulu. Njengoba ukuthuthukisa ukungenela kobuchwepheshe obuse-osethi, kumelwe kuhlale inselele, futhi kusekela isimiso sobuxhase zombangazwe, nakuba kusekela isimiso sezombangazwe, i-E.