Indlela Amazwe Anikela Ngayo Anquma Ukuthatha Izinkonzo Zosizo Zakwamanye Amazwe Kuqala

Usizo lwangaphandle luyithuluzi eliyinhloko lentuthuko yomhlaba wonke, ukuhambisa imithombo yemali emazweni acebile emazweni aswele. Nokho inqubo amazwe anikelayo anquma ngayo ukuthi kuphi, kanjani, futhi lungakanani usizo lokunikeza lungekhona neze okuzimele. Kuhilela ukuhlanganiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinjongo zokusiza abantu, izibalo, izinzuzo zezomnotho, kanye nezingcindezi zezombangazwe zasekhaya. Ukuqonda lesi simiso sokwenza izinqumo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohlola ubudlelwane bomhlaba wonke, intuthuko yezomnotho, noma isimiso sembulunga yonke.

Umlando Wosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe

Isimiso sosizo samuva samazwe angaphandle savela ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, eklanywe yi-Marshall Plan kanye nokusungulwa kwezinhlangano eziningi zezindawo ezinjenge World Bank ne International Monetary Fund. Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ukuhlelwa kosizo kwabekwa kakhulu, kokubili iUnited States neSoviet Union isebenzisa usizo ekwakheni izivumelwano nethonya eliphikisanayo. Ngemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ukugxila kubhekiselwe ekunciphekeni kobumpofu, ukubusa okuhle, neMinyaka Eyinkulungwane Yentuthuko. Namuhla, amazwe anikela ngokuqondisa indawo ehlanganisa izimali zezulu, ukusabela komdlandla, neZinjongo Zokuthuthukisa Intuthuko (SGSGS). Lenguquko yomlando ibonisa ukuthi izinto eziphambili azikhombiwe; ibonisa izinto ezisemkhathini kanye nezomnotho zenkathi ngayinye.

Izici Eziyinhloko Ezishukumisayo Zokusiza Ukuthutha

Inkokhelo yosizo yamuva ilolongwa yingxube yezisusa ezizazisayo nezizithakazelelayo. Izici ezilandelayo zitholakala njalo ezincwadini zemfundo nasemabhukwini ezimiso zezwe elinikelayo.

Isidingo Sezizwe Nezithiyo Zentuthuko

Abanikeli abaningi bathi bahlela amazwe anamazinga aphakeme obumpofu, izingxabano, nokuchayeka. Izimpawu ezinjenge-GDP kumuntu ngamunye, amazinga okufa kwezinsana, ne-Human Development Index zivame ukusetshenziswa ekulinganiseni isidingo. ECD Development Application Committee [ ihlela indlela yokusiza okugeleza ngayo emazweni athuthukile, futhi abantu abaningi abanikelayo bafaka izisulu zokuthola isilinganiso esithile semali etholakalayo yesizwe (GNI) ezizweni ezimpofu kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, icebo lokusiza kwe-United Kingdom Refectory yagcizelela izigaba ezithambileyo kanye nezimpi ngenxa yezidingo zabantu ezijulile.

Izithakazelo Ezingokwezombangazwe Ezinhle

Amazwe anikelayo ngokuvamile asebenzisa usizo ukuze aqhubekisele phambili izinhloso zawo zezimiso zakwamanye amazwe. Usizo lungabhekiswa emazweni asendaweni ehleliwe, anemithombo yemvelo, noma ayisihluthulelo sokuzinziswa kwendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States, ihamba ngezindlela eziphawulekayo ukuya eMpuma Ephakathi nase-South Asia njengengxenye yobudlelwane bokulondeka kanye nemizamo yobuphekula. I-Belt ne-Roadnitifiction ixubanisa usizo lwezezisekelo zokutshala izakhi zofuzo ukuze kusungulwe i-Genearctique kanye nethonya lezombangazwe. I-Geotheantisticism, njengoba ibona phakathi kwe-U.S. ne-China, ngokuvamile i-injini yosizo i-mfakelwa ezindaweni ezingase-mfahlalisweni.

Ukucabangela Ezomnotho Nezohwebo

Ingxenye futhi engokwezomnotho ifeza indima. Amazwe afuna imali angahlanganisa usizo lokuthenga impahla nezinkonzo ezimbonini zawo (usizo olunenzuzo), noma angasebenzisa usizo ekuvuleni izimakethe ezintsha ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nokuzitshalela. Ngokwesibonelo, usizo lwamazwe angaphandle luhlangene ngokwesiko nemisebenzi yezezisekelo ezuzisa izinkampani zamaJapane. Ngisho nosizo olukhushuliwe lungadala ukuthakazelelwa okusiza ukuthengiselana izivumelwano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanikeli bangaqondisa amazwe anokukhula okunamandla, benethemba lokuthi intuthuko ekugcineni izoholela ekuthuthukiseni izinhlangano zezomnotho.

Ama-Muldateal Vans

Abanikazi banquma ukuthi yimaphi amazwe athola usizo kodwa futhi ngayiphi imisele. Usizo lwe-Biladal lunikezwa ngokuqondile ukusuka kwelinye izwe ukuya kwelinye, lunikeza ukulawulwa okukhulu kwemisebenzi ehleliwe. Usizo lweminingi luthunyelwa ngezinhlangano ezinjenge World Bank, izinhlangano zeZizwe Ezihlangene, namabhange entuthuko yezifunda. Usizo lwezingxenye eziningi zonyaka luvame ukubonakala njengongathathi hlangothi futhi lungashukunyiselwa kakhulu kwezombangazwe, kodwa kungaba nzima kakhulu ukuba abanikeli bavume imvume yokuboleka ngemiphumela. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwemithetho elandelanayo neyamanani amaningi kuyisinqumo esibonisa ukuthemba komniniyo ezikhungweni zomhlaba wonke kanye nesifiso sayo sokubonakala.

Ukwakha Izakhiwo Nabenzi Besinqumo

Ukwabiwa kosizo lwakwamanye amazwe akunqunywa umdlali oyedwa; kuhilela izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi, izindikimba zezishaya - mthetho, nabafaka izimali ezingekho emthethweni.

Izinhlangano Eziqondisayo Nezikhungo Zokulwa

Emazweni amaningi, usizo lulawulwa yinhlangano yentuthuko enikezelwe noma inkonzo. USAID (United States Agency for International Development) ihlanganisa usizo lwamazwe angaphandle, kodwa kumelwe luvumelane nezinto eziza kuqala ezibekwe yi-Hulumeni neNdlu ye-White. I-UK, Commonotional & Development Office[[FLT:] [FLT]] [FDO] [2020] ngokuhlanganisa uMnyango we-International Development ne Office, uveza ukuthambekela ngasemthethweningongozwaneni ngenqubo yangaphandle yezomthetho. [FFF], futhi ukhipha iziyalezo zezombangazwe ezisekelwe kwezombangazwe.[FT] [FLT]

Ithonya Lomthetho

Amaphalamende namangqungquthela ngokuvamile ayakwazi ukulawula indlela yokuhlela imali. E-United States, i-Congress igunyaza futhi inikeza usizo olufanele lwamazwe angaphandle minyaka yonke, futhi ingakhomba izimali zamazwe athile noma izingxenye. Lokhu kungaholela ekunikezeni izimali ezibonisa izithakazelo zezombangazwe zezikhulu zemithetho enethonya kunokuba kube nezindlela zokuthuthukisa eziqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, usizo lwe-U.S. kudala lusekelwa ukusekela kwenhlangano, ngisho nalapho izikhombo zentuthuko zisikisela ezinye izinto eziza kuqala.

Amaqembu Omphakathi Namaqembu Ezokubusa

Izinhlangano ezingezona izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinqola zempi, namaqembu okuphatha ahlela izinto eziza kuqala. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-OFONE, Oxfam, nesikhungo sezeNguquko yembulunga yonke ukuze kutholakale usizo olwengeziwe kanye nokuhlelwa kwezindawo ezisekelwe ekusweleni nasekuphumeleleni. Zinyathelisa imibiko nezikhundla ezicindezela abanikeleyo ukuba baguqule. Umbono womphakathi ufeza indima futhi: emazweni anikelayo, izakhamuzi ngokuvamile ziveza ukusekela usizo lokusiza, okungakhuthaza ohulumeni ukuba balondoloze noma bandise usizo ezifundeni ezinhluphekweni.

Izindlela Nobuchwepheshe Bokwaba Usizo

Amazwe anikelayo asebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene ukuze anikeze usizo, ngalinye elibonisa ukuthi izinto eziza kuqala zisetshenziswa futhi zihlolwe kanjani.

Izincwadi Zezincwadi Zezincwadi Ezihlangene

Imali yokwehlisa isamba semali ivame kakhulu ukusetshenziswa emikhankasweni yezezisekelo emazweni atholakayo, ikakhulukazi emazweni aphansi. Awadingi ukukhokhwa, ukunciphisa umthwalo wezikweletu kubamukeli. Imali ebolekwayo yemali ebolekwayo, enikelwa ngaphansi kwenzalo, ivame ukusetshenziswa emikhankasweni yezezisekelo emazweni akhona aphakathi. Abanye abanikeli, njengaseChina, banikeza inqwaba yemali eboletwayo, eye yaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokugcinwa kwezikweleti. Ukukhetha phakathi kwemali nemali eboletwayo kubonisa ukulinganisela kwekhono lomniniyo lokukhokha isakhiwo.

Usizo olungenazintambo

Usizo oluhlotshisiwe ludinga ukuba kuthengwe izimpahla nezinkonzo ezweni elinikelayo. Nakuba lokhu kungazuzisa izifemu zasekhaya, ngokuvamile kunciphisa inani losizo ngo-15-30% ngenxa yokuthi abamukela i-osethi abangakwazi ukukhetha izinketho ezibiza kakhulu. I-OECD iqhushelwe ukukhulula usizo, futhi abanikeli abaningi sebenciphile. Nokho, usizo oluboshelweyo luhlala lukhona emikhakheni enjengezisekeni zesakhiwo nosizo lobuchwepheshe, lapho ubuchwepheshe obuthengiselwayo buthengiselwa kakhulu khona.

Usizo lwezisebenzi luphikisana nosizo lwentuthuko

Usizo olusiza abantu luyisikhashana futhi lunikezwa ngokusabela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo, izimpi, noma izifo eziwumshayabhuqe. Ngokuvamile lwabelwa ngezibalo eziphansi zezezwe ngoba isidingo sezesayensi siphuthuma. Usizo lwentuthuko, ngokuphambene, luthatha isikhathi eside futhi lugxile ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko njengemfundo, izimiso zezempilo, nokukhula kwezomnotho. UDonors kumelwe alinganisele lezi zigaba ezimbili; ngokwesibonelo, umnini-gazi angandisa usizo lwezenhlalakahle engxenyeni yempi kuyilapho enciphisa izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa intuthuko ende emazweni aqinile kodwa ampofu.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Ukuthutha

Naphezu kwezinhloso ezinhle, ukwabiwa kosizo kubhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezingase zilethe amandla.

Ukonakala Nokubusa Okubuthakathaka

Emazweni atholakele amazinga aphakeme enkohlakalo, usizo lungakhohliswa noma luhluleke ukufinyelela abazuzayo abahloselwe ukuzuza. Abafeli baye basabela ngokufaka imibandela yenguquko − ukulawula okunemibandela, izinyathelo zokulwa nokonakala, noma izinguquko ezithile zenqubo. Nokho, imibandela iyaphikiswa: ingaphoqelela izimo ezingafanelekile ngokwesiko noma eziphazamisekayo kwezombangazwe, futhi ngokuvamile ihluleka ukufinyelela ushintsho oluhlala njalo. Abanye abacwaningi baphikisa ngokuthi umthamo wokusiza kufanele uhlele amazwe anazo kakade izinhlangano eziqinile kunokuba bazame ukuzakha ngokuzilimaza.

Ukwehlukana Nokukhula

Amazwe amaningi asathuthuka athola usizo oluvela kuquqaba lwabanikelayo, ngalinye elinezinto zalo eziza kuqala, izinqubo, kanye nokubika izimfuneko zalo. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kubeka umthwalo onzima wokuphatha kohulumeni abamukelayo futhi kunciphisa ukuphumelela kosizo. Imizamo enjenge-Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005) neBusan Partnership Accounciption (20) iye yakhuthaza ukuvumelaniswa nokuba nezindawo, kodwa intuthuko ihlala ingalingani.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwenhlonipho Kosizo

Usizo lungasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lenqubo yangaphandle, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindleko zokuthuthuka. Ngokwesibonelo, umnini-gazi anganciphisa usizo lokucindezela uhulumeni phezu kwamalungelo abantu noma umbuso wentando yeningi, ngisho noma ukwenza kanjalo kulimaza abantu abasengozini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, usizo lungakhushulelwa ezweni elibalulekile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lidinga ukuvela kanjani. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuphana okunjalo kululaza imigomo yokusiza abantu nokuba nentuthuko okucatshangwa ukuthi ifezwa.

Ukukhathala Nokuncipha Kokusebenzisa Imali

Emazweni amaningi anikelayo, ukusekela komphakathi usizo lwakwamanye amazwe kungancipha lapho isimo sezomnotho siwohloka noma lapho izidingo zasekhaya zibhekwa njengezicindezela kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iUnited Kingdom, yanciphisa uhlelo lwayo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kusukela ku 0.7% kuya ku 0.7% ka-GNI ngo-2021, iphawula ukucindezela kwezomnotho kobhadane lwe-COVID-19. Lokhu “ukukhathala okubangelwa yizinhlelo zentuthuko ezithatha isikhathi eside futhi kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba amazwe athole usizo ahlelele izinhlelo eziqinile.

Imikhuba Yamuva Eshintsha Izinto Eziza Kuqala Zokusiza

Izindaba eziningana zangalesosikhathi zihlaziya indlela amazwe anikelayo anikeza ngayo usizo.

Imali Yesimo Sezulu

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu sekuye kwaba umshayeli omkhulu wosizo onikezwayo. Abanikazi baye bazibophezela ukuqoqa amadollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2025 ngonyaka ukuze basize amazwe asathuthuka ukuba anciphise igesi futhi avumelane nemiphumela yesimo sezulu. Lo mfula omusha wezimali uncintisana nosizo lwezentuthuko engokwesiko futhi uye waholela ezimpikiswaneni zokuthi izimali zezulu kufanele zibalwe njengosizo noma zigcinwe zihlukene. IGreenthmate Fund, eyasungulwa ngaphansi kwe-UNFCCCC, imithombo emikhulu, kodwa isasaziswa, namazwe amancane athuthukile angaphansi kwe-ikhudrobo.

Ukulungiselela I - pandemic Nempilo Yembulunga Yonke

Isifo se-COVOID-19 saqokomisa ukubaluleka kwezimiso zezempilo emazweni angenamali etheni. Abanikazi baye bandisa imali exhasa ukulondeka kwempilo yembulunga yonke, ukusakazwa komjovo (i-COVAX), kanye nokuhlola izifo. INhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo ne-Global Fund yokulwa nengculaza, isifo sofuba nomalaleveva ziye zabona izifungo ezintsha. Lokhu kungaqhubeka, njengoba izibhebengu zingayihloni imingcele, zenza kube usizo lwezempilo lwendaba yokuzikhathalela ngokwehlukana.

Ukulingana Kwezihlobo Negunya Labesifazane

I-Fminist International Alternative Policy yaseCanada, eyamiswa ngo-2017, iyisibonelo esivelele. I-World Bank ne-UN Women nazo zinikeza inzuzo yokusebenzisa imali eqondiswe ebulilini. Lokhu kubonisa ukuqaphela okukhulu ukuthi ukunikeza abesifazane amandla akuyona nje kuphela imfuneko emfuneko kodwa futhi nomshayeli wentuthuko yezomnotho nenhlalo.

Ukuhlanganyela Eqenjini Labantu Ngabo Bonke

Abanikazi basebenza nezinkampani ezizimele ngokushintshashintshana kwezimali, ukutshala imali, nokubambisana komphakathi. Le misebenzi ihloselwe ukuhlanganisa inhloko - dolobha yezemfundo, ikakhulukazi ezinkonzweni zezemfundo namandla avuselelwe. Nakuba zisanda kusungulwa, ziphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokulandisa, izisusa zenzuzo, kanye nengozi yokususa usizo kubantu abampofu kakhulu.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: United States, iJalimane, neJapane

Ukuqhathanisa izindlela zokunikela ezintathu eziyinhloko kubonisa ukuhlukahluka kokuqonda okuhluzekile.

United States

IU.S. iwumnikelo omkhulu kunayo yonke ebizwa ngokuthi i - HIV/AIDS. Usizo lwayo luthonywe kakhulu yizithakazelo zezomthetho nokulondeka, njengoba zinikezwa izakhiwo eziphawulekayo e-Afghanistan, i-Iraq, i-Iraq, neGibithe ngokomlando. I-U.S. futhi ihlela intuthuko yempilo yembulunga yonke (ngokwesibonelo, i-PEPFAR yegciwane lengculaza) kanye nokudla (Gcoba ikusasa). ICongralionmental discogements kanye nethonya loMnyango Wezwe lisho ukuthi intuthuko ngokuvamile ithatha imuva yemigomo yesayensi yezwe.

EJalimane

IJalimane ingumnikelo wesibili okhulisiwe kakhulu futhi inikeza usizo olusekelwe enxanxatheleni yesidingo nezithakazelo zezomnotho. I-Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) isebenza ngokusondelene nengxenye ezimele. Usizo lwaseJalimane luvame ukusekela imisebenzi yamandla evuselelwayo, ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzi, nezinguquko zokulawula. IJalimane futhi ihlela isilinganiso esikhulu nge-European Union, ibonisa isibopho sayo kwi-evocatementism.

EJapane

Usizo lwaseJapane lugxile kakhulu ezinjwayezini zezemfundo e-Asia, luhlobene kakhulu nezinhlelo zayo zezomnotho nezokuboleka i-ODA. I-Japan International Cooperation Agency (JACA) ifeza imisebenzi enjengebhuloho, amatheku, nesitimela ezuzisa ukuhwebelana kwezifunda. IJapane igcizelela futhi usizo lwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuncishiswa kwezingozi zenhlekelele. Usizo lwayo alubhekiselwanga kakhulu ekunciphiseni ubumpofu kunezentengiselwano zezomnotho nezindawo ezimile ngokwezifunda.

Ukulinganisa Ukuphumelela Nokushintsha Ukuthutha

Abanikazi basebenzisa izisekelo ezisekelwe kubufakazi ngokuqhubekayo ukuze bahlole ukusebenza kosizo. Isikhungo se-Global Development sikhipha i-Princes yaso yokuzinikela ku-Development Index, abanikeli abaphezulu ekutheni izimiso zabo zisekela kanjani ukuthuthuka. Izinhlelo zontanga zokuhlola ukusebenza kokusiza kosizo. Isihluthulelo sihlanganisa ukuhlanganyela ekusizeni emazweni athuthukile, izinga losizo olukhushuliwe, nempumelelo yokuveza. Naphezu kwalamathuluzi, ukucindezela kwezombangazwe ngokuvamile kulawula ukusebenza kwemininingwane-drived, futhi izinguquko kuhamba kancane.

Isiphetho

Ukwabiwa kwezindawo zosizo kungokwezombangazwe, ukulinganisela imfuneko eyisisekelo yokusiza izwe elimpofu kakhulu nezithakazelo ezingokwenzuzo zabanikeli. Nakuba idingeka imfihlo, izibalo ezihleliwe, izinzuzo zezomnotho, kanye nezombangazwe zasekhaya ngokuvamile kulawula imithombo yemali. Ukuthambekela kwezezimali zesimo sezulu, ukulondeka kwempilo, kanye nokulingana kwabobulili kubonisa ukuthi izinto eziza kuqala ziyashintsha, kodwa izinselele ezindala `ukonakala, ukuhlukana, nokuncitshiswa kwemipheko. Kubafundi nabezokwelapha, ukuqonda lokhu kuyisisekelo sokuhlola intuthuko yomhlaba wonke nokuthuthukisa izimiso zosizo ezingcono.