Isingeniso: Isihlwathi Njengeankile Yomthetho - sisekelo

Isifungo sobumongameli singaphezu kakhulu kokusho ingoma yenkonzo. Siwuphawu oluhlangene phakathi kukamongameli ozayo noMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo, siqinisekisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni wase-United States usebenza esimisweni samagunya ahlukene. Ngaphandle kwalendlela yokuvikela, igatsha elilodwa , ukubulala, umthetho, noma ukuphatha. ``Igunya elingenakunqandwa futhi lisongela inkululeko eyayiklanyelwe uMthetho-sisekelo. Isifungo, esishiwo obala njalo eminyakeni emine, siphoqelela umongameli ukuba avume ukuthi amandla awo awazuzwanga njengefa, kodwa agunyazwe, kodwa anikezwe, alinganiselwe, futhi alandise kwamanye amagatsha nabantu.

Ukuqonda ukuthi isifungo sibonisa kanjani ukuhlukana kwemibuso kudinga ukuhlola umbhalo wayo, umsuka wayo, kanye nokusebenza kwayo kwangempela kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. Lesi sihloko sihlola umkhakha ngamunye, sibonisa indlela umusho owodwa ongahlanganisa ngayo imishini eyinkimbinkimbi yokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Umbhalo Wendawo Yomongameli

UMthetho-sisekelo ugunyaza amagama aqondile esifungo sobumongameli eSiphakamisweni II, isiqephu 1: “ Ngifunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolikhipha ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizokwenza konke engingakwenza, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States.”[ Wonke umongameli kusukela uGeorge Washington uye wadingeka ukuba asho lamazwi ngokwethembeka, futhi aphinde asetshenziswe ehhovisi lakhe.

Izimpawu Eziyinhloko Nokubaluleka Kwazo Komthetho - sisekelo

Isifungo siqukethe amazwi amaningana ahlobene ngokuqondile nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso:

  • "Ngokuthembeka uphethe iHhovisi”[ - Igama elithi“ethembeke” lisho umsebenzi wokwethembeka hhayi eqenjini, eqenjini, noma ethakazelweni lomuntu siqu, kodwa ohlelweni lomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuthathwa kwehhovisi kusho ukuthatha imithetho edluliswa yi-Gaqo-mkha-nkatho futhi iphoqelelwe ngesimiso sokwahlulela, hhayi ngokungabuyenzisi imithetho.
  • “ Lingisa, livikele, futhi livikele uMthetho-sisekelo” - Lobubuthathu bezenzo buyifingqa indima kamongameli njengomqaphi wohlelo lonke lomthetho-sisekelo. Ukugcina kusho ukugcina isimo sikahulumeni; ukuvikela kusho ukuyivikela ezinsongweni zangaphandle noma zangaphakathi; ukuvikela kusho ukumelana nokuzikhandla nemizamo yokuwulahla. Igatsha ngalinye linomsebenzi ofanayo, kodwa isifungo sikamongameli sibeka umthwalo okhethekile kumphathi womthetho ukuba enze njengomugqa wokuqala wokuvikela umngcele womthetho-mthetho.
  • `Ngasekusebenziseni kwekhono lami” - Le qualifier ivuma ukuphambuka komuntu kuyilapho isamisa indinganiso ephakeme yokuziphatha. Ayivumeli ukunganaki ngamabomu noma ukwephulwa kwemibuso ngenhloso; kunalokho, ifuna umzamo omuhle wokholo ukuze usebenze ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.

Umlando Ongokomlando: Okwenza Abasunguli Babhale I - oath Eqondile

IConstitution of the Convention ka 1787 yaphikisana kakhulu nesifungo. Abameleli babekhathazekile ngokuthi isifungo esingacacile sasingavumela umongameli ukuba athathe igunya eliphelele noma angawanaki amanye amagatsha. Ngokubhekisela ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo (hrather) kunesizwe noma abantu (umsunguli) waqinisekisa ukwethembeka kukamongameli kwakungokuqala nokuhamba phambili ekwakheni umthetho okuvimbela amandla. Lokhu kwakuwukusabela okuqondile kokuhlangenwe nakho kombuso waseBrithani, lapho isifungo senkosi ngokuvamile sasisho ilungelo laphezulu lokubusa. Ngokungafani, umongameli waseMelika, ungaphansi kwencwadi ebhalwe ukuthi ihlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo.

Umsuka Nokuhlosa: Umsunguli Wemisuka Kahulumeni Olinganiselwe

Ukwahlukana kwemibuso akuyona into esungulwe namuhla; kwakusemqoka kuyifilosofi yoMsunguli wezombangazwe. ku-Federalist No. 51, kwachaza: “Isikhundla kumelwe sicelwe ukulwa nesifiso sokuvelela.” Isifungo somongameli singenye yezindlela ezihlukanisa lenhlangano. Ngokufunga ukuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo, umongameli uthembisa ukuhlonipha izifunda ezihlukene zeSishaya-Roundation ne-jadiary.

Umbono KaMadison

UMadison waphikisa ngokuthi alikho igatsha okufanele libe nekhono lokubusa abanye. Umphathi, olawula imithetho yezempi nomthetho, wabonwa njengegatsha eliyingozi kakhulu uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi kungenzeka liphathwe kabi. Ngakho, isifungo sidinga umongameli ngokuqondile ukuba asekele uMthetho-sisekelo onikeza amaKhomishana amandla esikhwama semali namandla okulawula, futhi unika ijaji amandla okuchaza imithetho nokubukeza izenzo zobucukubhezi. Isifungo siba isikhumbuzo sansuku zonke sokuthi umongameli akangaphezu koMthetho-sisekelo kodwa ungaphansi kwawo.

I - oath Namaphepha Ohlelo Lwezikhungo Zomphakathi

Amaphaphasi amaningana akhuluma ngokubaluleka kwezifungo eRepublic. Fateralist No. 64 (John Jay) kanye no-[Flph] Fiteralist No. 69 [FLDA] [i-Alexander Hamilton]) ichaza indima elinganiselwe kamongameli uma iqhathaniswa nenkosi yaseBrithani. Hamilton eNo. 69 ngokukhethekile iqhathanisa ishumi negunya likamongameli kanye nelenkosi, iphawula ukuthi amandla kamongameli“awufanele futhi asekelwe ekuhloleni ingqungquthelane. Izifungo ziqinisa ukuthi umongameli: umongameli, ngesibonelo, i-asbeskperneas ngaphandle kwemvume.

Indlela Isimiso Esilawula Ngayo Amandla Omthofu

Ulimi lwesifungo luyithinta ngokuqondile imingcele yegunya eliphethe. Uma umongameli efunga ukuthi “usebenzisa ihhovisi ngokwethembeka”, elihlanganisa ukwenza imithetho njengoba ibhalwe, hhayi njengoba umongameli engase ayifisele ukuba yiyo. Lona umsuka we- nakekela u-Claus [ [u-Artle II], isigaba 3), ethi umongameli “uyoqaphela ukuba imithetho ibulawe ngokwethembeka.” Isifungo sisenza lowo msebenzi: umongameli uthembisa ukuwenza, futhi angahluleka.

Imingcele Ngezimiso Zezisebenzi Nezenzo Zokuhlola

UMongameli uyakwazi ukunikeza iziyalezo zokuqondisa kanye nezinhlangano eziqondile, kodwa lezozenzo kumelwe zisekelwe emthetho okhona wemithetho engokomthetho noma igunya lomthetho-sisekelo. Lapho umongameli enweba lelogunya, bazifaka engozini yokwephula isifungo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho umongameli uHarry Truman [ wathatha izigaxa zensimbi phakathi neMpi yase Korea ukuze avimbele ukushaywa, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqeda umthetho i-othtown Comment & Lamp; Tube Co. v. Sawer [[FLT:] [1952], iphethe ukuthi umongameli wayenemingcele engokomthetho. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi u-Truman wayengawukhisiwe umthetho womthetho womthetho.[Flm]

Ukumiswa Kwamandla Okususwa

Isifungo futhi siyakuthuthukisa ukumiswa nokususwa kukamongameli. Umongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni nezikhulu zesigaba esiphakeme, kodwa iSigele kumelwe siwaqinisekise ngokucacile. Uma sesiqinisekisiwe, lezozikhulu azinakususwa uma uMkhandlu usungule izivikelo zomthetho (umz., izinhlangano ezizimele njenge-Federal Reserve noma i-Secureties and Exchange Commission). Isifungo sifuna ukuba umongameli ahloniphe leyo mikhawulo yemithetho ye-athoritine kunokuba athi isikhulu senhlangano yezomthetho sixoxise noma ubani. Izivumelwano zokususa ziye zaqhubeka, kodwa isifungo sinikeza i-mthetho: umongameli ongazinaki imingcele yokususa umthetho ayibekeli “ngokugcina nokuvikela isilinganiso soMthetho-Constitution.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Okusesihlahleni

Isibonakaliso esiqondile sokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso esifungweni isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela esisiphoqelela. Isifungo asikona ukuzibopha; sixhomeke kwamanye amagatsha ukuba agcine umongameli enecala.

Ukuzisola Njengendlela Eyinhloko Yokuhlola

Uma umongameli ephula isifungo, iNdlu yabameleli ingasiphula futhi iSigele singasibeka isigwebo. UMthetho-sisekelo uchaza amacala angathandeki ngokuthi “Umcabango, ukufumbathisa, noma okunye ubugebengu obuphakeme nobuMisdegator,” amazwi ahlanganisa ukusebenzisa kabi amandla. Ngokomlando, izihloko ezikhulumela ezephula umthetho zesinqumo sobumongameli. Ngokwesibonelo, unyathela kwekhulu elingu-1868 kwecala uAndrew Johnson wahlanganisa isihloko sokuxhaphaza kwezombangazwe sokunciphisa kwezelela kwakhe i-Ofice ye-ofisi futhi ngenxa yalokho wahluleka ukufeza ngokwethembeka imithetho. Ngokukamuva, ukungayinaki kwe-Pt. [FLDrants] [FFFFF] [FFOL] [FT]

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Izinkantolo Njengezigebengu Zokugcina

Ijaji, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, linamandla okubukeza izenzo zomthetho-mthetho eziphethe. Marbury v. Madison (103), uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wasungula ukuthi “ngokungagudliyo isifundazwe nomsebenzi womnyango wokwahlulela ukuthi uyini umthetho.” Uma umongameli enza isenzo esiphula ukwahlukana kwemibuso − njengokwenqaba ukusebenzisa izimali ezifanele i-Congress (imperance) noma ukungathathi ngokomthetho wezokufuduka futhi okungawushaya phansi. Isifungo asinikezi umongameli umthetho wokuhlola kokwahlulela; empeleni siwumema ngokwenza i-Constitution ekhud.

Ukuphatha Okungokomthetho Namandla Okuthenga

UKhongolo-mthetho unamathuluzi amaningi okuhlola umongameli: ukuzwa, ama-popoena, namandla okuxhasa noma ukuhlaziywa kwesikhundla esiphezulu. Isifungo sikamongameli sokuthi “enzeni ngokuthembeka” imithetho ihlanganisa imithetho elawula ukusetshenziswa. Uma umongameli engazibambi imali noma enqaba ukuhambisana nama-pain, uMkhandlu ungakhomba noma usebenzise amandla awo okulawula. Ngaleyondlela isifungo siqinisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe isigaba sezisebenzi angeke lisebenze ngokushesha ezindabeni eziphambili.

Izikhathi Ezingokomlando Ezivivinya Isihlwathi

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ababusi baye babhekana nezikhathi lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kwabekelwa inselele, futhi isifungo saba indawo eyinhloko.

U - Abraham Lincoln Nomkhosi KaHabeas Corpus

Phakathi neMpi Yomphakathi, uMongameli uLincoln wabekela i-habeas corpus i-cornion ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwe-cornion. Waphikisa ngokuthi isifungo sakhe soku “vikela, ukuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo” samvumela ukuba athathe izinyathelo ezingavamile zokusindisa i-Union. UMahluleli omkhulu Roger Taney, e-Ex parate Merryman [1861] [i-i-i-61], sanquma ukuthi i-Khongolo-Ngqungquthela kuphela i-washi. i-Lincoln ayizange iphise ukumelana ngokuqondile nokubusa kwakhe kodwa yaqhubeka nezenzo zakhe lapho ifuna ukuhlanganisa i-Rontarence. Lesi senzakalo sibonisa ukungathina phakathi kwesibopho somongameli-emperensialder kuving jourse provicestion kuvice provitualss.

Icebo lokuphambana lenkantolo iRoosevelt

Ngo-1937, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wasikisela ukwandisa iNkantolo Ephakeme ibe namajaji angu-15, okubonakala sengathi ukuze kuncishiswe umsebenzi owenziwa amajaji asekhulile kodwa ngempela ukuze kutholwe ukusekela kwe-New Deal. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lelicebo laliwuphula umoya wesifungo ngoba lalizolulaza ukuzimela kwejaji. Icebo lahluleka eSigungwini, hhayi ngenxa yesinqumo sokwahlulela, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi amagatsha ezombangazwe aqaphela ukuthi ukumelana nengosiQanto yezizathu ezingu-1967 kungenza ukulinganisela komthetho. URosevelt umlomo wakhe uqobo wafunga ukuthi “ukuvikela, ukuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-Cristition” wavezwa abaphikiswa abamelene nesizathu sokuphikisa icebo.

URichard Nixon Nokubulawa Kwabantu Ngobusuku NgoMgqibelo

Ngo- 1973, phakathi nophengululo lweWatergate, uMongameli uNixon wayala ukuba kushiswe uPribalder Archibald Cox, okwaholela ekushiyeni izivumelwano zika-Attey General Elliot Richardson noSeather Athorney General William Ruckelshaus. Abagxeki bamangalela ukuthi uNixon wayezama ukuvimbela ubulungisa futhi agweme ukulandisa ngecala lakhe lokuphula imithetho ngokwethembeka. Isenzakalo saholela ngokuqondile ekungagunyazini kwemithetho, futhi uNixon wagcina eshiyile. Isenzakalo saqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli ngeke akwazi ukusebenzisa amandla esikhulu ukuze avikele ekuhloleni; ukwenza kanjalo wayephula ukwahlukana kwemibuso ngenxa yokuthi iphazamisa indima yezehlulelo engokomthetho.

Isihlwathi nesiVusi: Ukwahlulela Okukhulu njengo - Ohati-Pare

Indlela isifungo esinikezwa ngayo ibonakalisa futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. UMthetho-sisekelo awuchazi ukuthi ubani osebenzisa isifungo, kodwa kusukela kuJohn Adams, ngokwesiko ibiwuMahluleli Omkhulu wase-United States. Lokhu kungokomfanekiso: ilungu legatsha lokwahlulela lifunga ekhanda legatsha eliphethe, ukhumbuza wonke umuntu ukuthi ijaji limi njengomsekeli ozimele wencazelo yomthetho-mthetho. UMahluleli oyinhloko akaphathi isithembiso sangasese kodwa unikeza isibopho esiphoqelelwa umphakathi yizinkantolo.

Ingabe Isifuba Singaphoqelelwa?

Nakuba izinkantolo zingeke zithathe izigebengu ezilandela umongameli ngenkambiso, zizongenela lapho umongameli ewephula ngokucacile umsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo noma wemithetho. Zivofsky v. Kerry (2015], iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngamandla kamongameli okuqaphela ohulumeni bangaphandle, kodwa futhi inesici esilinganiselwe sesikhundla esiphethe ezindaweni ezinjengezokufuduka (umzk., [FLT:]]], Arizora v. United States, 2012). Isifungo sinikeza ibhange: uma isenzo somongameli siphikisana noMthetho womthetho, singasho ukuthi umongameli uphethe idemoni, umongameli ungayikhipha idedede.

Isikhungo Sezono Negatsha Elingokomthetho: Iseluleko Nemvume

Isifungo siqinisa futhi ubuhlobo bomongameli noKhongolo. Umongameli kumelwe “aqaphele ukuba imithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka,” ehlanganisa ukusayina noma ukukhipha izikweleti, ukunikeza iGama le-Union, nokutusa izinyathelo. Kodwa isifungo sivimbela umongameli ukuba alawule inqubo yomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli akanakusebenzisa amandla eveto ukuze afune ukuba uMkhandlu udlulise imithetho ethile ehlangene nomthetho owenziwe ngesivumelwano, okungaba ukusebenzisa amandla okuphatha isikhulu. Ngokufanayo, umongameli akanakwenqaba ukusebenzisa imali egunyazweni iSishaya - mbuso (impikiswano eyafika ezinkantolo phakathi neNicon kanye ne-Trump). Isifungo siwukukhumbuza ukuthi indima kamongameli ingenze ingenzeki, futhi ngeke ayenze impoqo.

Izincwadi Zanamuhla: Ukwenziwa Kwelanga Nesicathulo

Enkathini yokuhlanganisa okukhulu, isifungo somongameli siye sathatha ukubaluleka okusha. Abameli bazo zombili izigaba baye bamangalelwa ngokuthi beqa imingcele yabo engokomthetho-mthetho, kusukela ekusebenziseni okukhulu iziyalezo zezikhulu kuya ezinzweni zempi ezingahlangani. Isifungo sisebenza njengempendulo futhi sisemthethweni kubagxeki abaphikisa ukuthi umphathi uphula ukwehlukana kwemibuso.

Imithetho elawulayo iphikisana negunya lomthetho

Omongameli bamuva baye bakhipha iziyalo ezikhungathekisayo zezikhulu ezikhuluma ngokufuduka (Isenzo Esimisiweyo sezokufika Kwabantwana, ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba), umthetho wendawo ezungezile, nokuboleka kwabafundi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi lezizenzo zisebuqondisweni bukamongameli; abaphikisi bathi bathatha indima ye-Province. Isifungo sinikeza ukuhlolwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo: ingabe lomyalo “wenza ngokuthembeka" imithetho ekhona, noma ingabe udala umthetho omusha? Izinkantolo ziye zayishaya imithetho enjalo ngezinye izikhathi lapho zidlula igunya lomthetho, njengaku- Tax v. [20] [20] ngokuphathelene-DAC. Lemibono yokwahlulela ivame ukubhekisela kumongameli ngaphansi kokunakekela nokwehlisa i-Clayebo.

Inkundla Yezilwane Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Ezindabeni zokhuseleko lwesizwe, amongameli ngokuvamile bathi banegunya eliyifa lesisekelo somthetho-sisekelo elisekelwe esifungweni sabo sokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo. Lempikiswano yasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukuhlasela kwe-drone, ukushaya impondo okungenamthetho, nokungenela kwezempi ngaphandle kwemvume yokumisa uhulumeni. Nokho, iSigqi soMkhosi waseMpini wangowe 1973 kanye nezindawo ezihlukahlukene zeNkantolo Ephakeme (umz., ] HAMDA v. Rumsfeld[, 2004) iye yaphindisela, iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nangesikhathi sempi, amandla kamongameli akalinganiselwe. ISifungo asinike igunya elingenamingcele; iphoqeqesha phakathi komthetho, okuhlanganisa amandla oMkhandlu wokumemezela impi kanye namandla eHla i-judiary.

Okwenza Indaba Yezakhamuzi Ibaluleke

Ukuqonda isifungo sobumongameli njengokubonakaliswa kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine abaholi bazo benecala. Isifungo asisona nje isigqebhezana encwadini yomlando @iorgiayi isibopho esiphilayo esicindezela bonke abahlala eHhovisi le-Oval. Uma umongameli enza ngokungenamdlandla, angazinaki izimemezelo zokwahlulela, noma ama-athorion communication componal, isifungo siba isilinganiso sokuthi lowomongameli uyawufeza yini umsebenzi wabo ongokomthetho. Izakhamuzi, amaqembu ezindaba, amaqembu ezokuphatha izikhundla, kanye nezazi ezingokomthetho zonke zisebenzisa isifungo njengesazi sesihlalo sokuziphatha kobuphathi.

Imfundo Yesibili Nesicathulo

Izikole nezinhlangano zomphakathi zivame ukufundisa isifungo njengengxenye yezifundo zomphakathi, kodwa ukuhlobana kwaso okujulile nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ngezinye izikhathi kuyanganakwa. Ukuqaphela ukuthi isifungo sibopha umongameli nesimiso sikahulumeni ohlukene singabangela ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi futhi sigxeke kakhulu. Kugcizelela futhi ukuthi umongameli akayena inkosi noma umphathi wawo wonke uhulumeni, kodwa kunalokho uyinhloko yegatsha elilodwa elilinganayo.

Isiphetho: Isifungo Njengesithembiso Esiqhubekayo

Isifungo sikamongameli sesikhundla siyisifungo esifingqiwe kodwa esinamandla sokwethembeka komthetho-sisekelo. Sibonisa ukwehlukana kwemibuso ngokufuna umongameli ukuba avume imingcele yegunya eliphethe, ahloniphe izindima zeKhomishane nejaji, futhi asebenzise ngaphakathi kwesimiso esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ubushiqela. KuBasunguli bezimpikiswano zenkantolo zanamuhla, lesi sifungo siye sasebenza njengesiqinisekiso sokulandisa, isikhumbuzo sokuthi amandla eUnited States awaphathiwe noma imuphi umuntu oyedwa noma igatsha.

Njengoba umongameli omusha ephakamisa isandla sakhe futhi esho lawomazwi angamashumi amathathu nanhlanu, awaqali nje igama lesikhundla, avuselela isibopho esimisweni sikahulumeni esiye saqhubeka amakhulu amabili eminyaka ngenxa yokuhlukanisa, ukulinganisela, nokulinganisela. Isifungo siyisithembiso esenza leso simiso sisebenze.