Yini Ebalulekile Empilweni Yasendaweni Futhi Kungani Ibalulekile?

Imithetho yezempilo yendawo iyimithetho noma imithetho emiswe ohulumeni bedolobha nabesifundazwe ukuze bavikele impilo nokulondeka kwezakhamuzi ezisendaweni ethile. Lemithetho ikhuluma ngezinkinga zempilo yomphakathi ezibanzi, kusukela ekuhloleni kwezindawo zokudlela kuya ezindinganisweni ze-osemoyeni, kusukela ekulawuleni umsindo kuya ezimfunekweni zokugoma. Nakuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni nohulumeni zimisa izivikelo zempilo eziqinile, imithetho yendawo ivumela abantu ukuba baphendule izidingo zabo eziyingqayizivele − imiyalo eqinile yokuphepha kokudla edolobheni eliseceleni lezivakashi noma imithetho eqinile enqanda ukubhema esendaweni yasedolobheni. Umphumela uyindinyana yemithetho ekwazi ukuguqula ukuphila kwansuku zonke nenhlalakahle.

Isiqondiso sikahulumeni sokukhucululwa kwendle siphumelela kuphela njengabahloli bendawo abaphoqelela. Imithetho yempilo yendawo ithonya ngokuqondile ukuphepha kwamanzi owaphuzayo, umoya owuphefumulayo, ukudla okudlayo, nezakhiwo ohlala kuzo. Ibonisa izindinganiso zomphakathi nezinto eziza kuqala, izenze zibe ithuluzi elinamandla lokuthuthukisa impilo yomphakathi.

Indima Ewusizo Yezimo Zempilo Zendawo

Ukuqonda lezi zindima kusiza izakhamuzi nabasunguli bemithetho ukuba baqonde ukuthi kungani kunemithetho enjalo nokuthi ineqhaza kanjani ekwenzeni umphakathi ube nesibindi.

Ukuvimbela Izifo Nokulawula Izifo

Enye yezinjongo eziyinhloko zemithetho yezempilo yendawo iwukuvimbela ukusakazeka kwezifo ezithathelwanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso zokudlela zokudla zidinga izakhiwo zokunakekela ukudla ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso zokukhucululwa kwendle, ukunciphisa ingozi yokuqubuka kwezifo ezibangelwa ukudla. Ngokufanayo, imiyalelo yokugoma izingane zesikole (ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ezingeni lendawo) ukuvikela umhlambi futhi ivikele abantu abasengozini. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOVID, imiphakathi eminingi yenza iziphakamiso zokufihla isikhumba, imingcele yemisebenzi, kanye neziqondiso zokuhlukanisa amalungu omzimba ezivela ngokuqondile ezimisweni zendawo yezempilo.

Ngaphandle kwezifo ezithathelwanayo, imithetho elawula igciwane (njengezinhlelo zokubulala umiyane) isiza ekunciphiseni izifo ezinjengegciwane le - West Nile noma i - dengue fever. Lezi zinyathelo zibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni lapho ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwandisa khona izinambuzane ezithwala izifo.

Impilo Nokuphepha Kwendawo Ezungezile

Imithetho yezempilo yendawo ikhuluma ngezici zendawo ezithinta impilo enhle. Imithetho yezinga lokuhamba emoyeni inganciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi emafektha noma ukuvinjelwa ngemva kwendlu. Imithetho yamanzi iqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zokuphuza zomphakathi zihlolwa njalo futhi imithombo yangasese ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha. Izimiso zezindawo zokuhlala zidinga abanikazi bezindawo ukuba balungise izingozi zopende onomthofu, baqede isikhunta, futhi balondoloze izimiso zokufudumeza nokufaka amanzi emzimbeni. Imithetho enjalo ivimbela izimo ezingapheli ezinjengesifuba, ushevu womthofu, nobuthi be-carbon monoxide.

Imithetho yomsindo, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ibhekwa njengecekela phansi, empeleni ivikela impilo engokwengqondo nengokomzimba ngokunciphisa ukucindezeleka nangokugcina ubuthongo. Imithetho yomsindo ephoqelelwe kahle ezindaweni zokuhlala inganciphisa amazinga okukhathazeka, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, nesifo senhliziyo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukuthuthukisa Indlela Yokuphila Enempilo

Imithetho eminingi yempilo yendawo iklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha okunempilo. Imithetho yokuzinika imingcele yokudla okusheshayo okukhona eduze kwezikole, noma edinga intuthuko entsha ukuze ihlanganise amahamba-ndlela nemizila yebhayisekili, ithonya ngokuqondile ukunyakaza. Imithetho ekhululekile yentuthu evimbela ukubhema emapaki, ezitolo zokudlela, nasezindaweni zomsebenzi inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kogwayi nokuchayeka enkumeni ewuntuthu. Eminye imiphakathi iye yadlulisa ngisho nentela enesiphuzo sikashukela noma izimfuneko ezibonisa izimpawu zokusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe ukudla okunolwazi.

Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha elakha amapaki amaningi futhi lenza isimiso esiphelele somgwaqo ngamabomu, ukwakha indawo lapho ukuhamba nokugibela ibhayisekili kuphephile futhi kungcono khona.

Ukukwazi Ukuthola Impilo Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Izimiso zempilo zendawo zingathuthukisa futhi ukunakekelwa. Amanye amadolobha agunyaza ukuba abaqashi abakhulu banikeze ikhefu lokugula elikhokhelwayo, bavumele izisebenzi ukuba zibone udokotela ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa iholo. Ezinye ziye zamisa imitholampilo yomphakathi ngezimali zendawo noma zifune ukuba intuthuko entsha ihlanganise indawo yezinkonzo zezempilo. Imithetho yokuncishiswa kwezifo, njengezinhlelo zokushintshana ngezinaliti, ihlanganisa abantu abasebenzisa imithi ngokwelapha futhi banciphise ukusakazeka kweHIV nesibindi C. Lezimiso zendawo zisiza ekugcwaliseni izikhala ezishiyelwe umbuso nezimiso zempilo.

Izibonelo zangempela zezwe ze - Ordinances zempilo ephumelelayo yendawo

Ukudla Okunempilo KwaseSan Francisco

Umthetho weSan Francisco ofuna izitolo ezidayisa ukudla ezisezindaweni ezithola imali encane ukuze kuthengwe imikhiqizo emisha uyisibonelo esivelele sokusebenzisa umthetho wendawo ekulungiseni izingwadule zokudla. Idolobha futhi lavimbela imishini yokuthenga ezindaweni zedolobha futhi lidinga amakhefi okudlela ukuze kuthunyelwe amacalorie. Lezi zinyathelo ziye zabangela ukushintshwa kwesimilo sabathengi nemiphumelo engcono yokudla.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwamafutha Okudlulisa Idolobha LaseNew York

INew York City yayingelinye lamadolobha amakhulu okuqala avimbela ukufakwa kwamafutha okushintshana ekudleni okudla okudlayo.

Imithetho Engashiyi Umusi ELexington, EKentucky

Lexington wakhipha umthetho obanzi owehlayo ngo-2014, wenqabela ukubhema kuzo zonke izindawo zomphakathi nasezindaweni zemisebenzi. Ngemva kokumiswa kwenqubo. Ngemva kokukhishwa kwale nqubo, ukulaliswa kwala sibhedlela ngenxa yesifo senhliziyo kwehla ngamaphesenti angu-23 kubantu abangabhemi, kanye nokuhanjelwa kwesifuba somoya kwehla ngo-18%. Umthetho wasindisa futhi idolobha ngezindleko zezempilo kanye nentuthuko yemisebenzi.

Umbuso Oyingozi Olawula Imikhumbi YasePortland

Portland, Oregon, ifuna abanikazi bezakhiwo zokuqasha zangaphambi kuka-1978 ukuze bahlole upende osekelwe kumthofu futhi balungise noma iziphi izingozi. Lomthetho uyingxenye yomzamo omkhulu wokuqeda ubuthi bomthofu obangelwa izingane, ongase ubangele izinkinga zokuphila konke zokwazi ukusebenza kwengqondo nokuziphatha. Kusukela lapho ungena khona, izinga lezingane ezinezinga eliphezulu legazi ePortland liye lehla ngama-50%.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi imithetho yezempilo yendawo ingafinyelela intuthuko enkulu, engenakulinganiswa enhlalakahleni yomphakathi. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngendlela ohulumeni bendawo abasebenzisa ngayo izinqubo ezinjalo, uhlelo lomthetho wezempilo ka CDC ka Public Law Medicine [ lunikeza imithombo emikhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi: Isihluthulelo Seziphakamiso Eziphumelelayo

Awukho umthetho wezempilo ozophumelela ngaphandle kokuthengwa kwabantu othintekayo. Ukuthembisana komphakathi kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ayimukeleki nje kuphela kodwa futhi iyaphoqelelwa. Uma izakhamuzi zisiza ekulolongeni izimiso zempilo, zizizwa zinomuzwa wokuba ngasese futhi zithambekele kakhulu ekuzithobeleni. Amasu okuthembisana ahlanganisa:

Ukuqulwa Kwezindaba Nombukwane

Imihlangano ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhulume izinto ezizikhathazayo, zixoxe ngezinto ezenzekayo futhi zinikeze ushintsho.

Amakomiti Namabhodi Okuqondisa

Amadolobha amaningi amisa amabhodi ezokuhloba ezempilo okuzithandela ahlanganisa ingxube yezakhamuzi, ochwepheshe bezokunakekelwa kwezempilo, nabameleli bamabhizinisi.

Ukuhlola Nemishini Yokufuya I - Internet

Ama-tect amanani enza kube lula ukuqoqa ukwaziswa ohlangothini olubanzi lomphakathi, kuhlanganise nalabo abangakwazi ukuya emihlanganweni yakusihlwa. Imibuzo ngezindawo ezithandwayo zamapaki amasha, amafaceji amukelekayo esitolo sokudla, noma ukuzimisela ukusekela ukwanda kwezindleko zokuhlola impilo ingaqondisa abaqondisi bezimiso.

Ubuhlobo Nezinhlangano Zendawo

Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu asekelwe okholweni, izikole, inzuzo, nezimiso zezempilo zingasiza ekusakazeni ukwaziswa futhi zikhuthaze ukuhlanganyela. Ubuhlobo phakathi komnyango wempilo wendawo nomthola mpilo womphakathi, bungenza kube lula ukuxhumana nezakhamuzi ngokuvimbela ukumiswa kwezinsuku okuzayo kokubhema noma izenzakalo zokuhlola ngesihle.

Lapho imiphakathi ihileleke kakhulu, imithetho yezempilo ithambekele ekulinganiseni futhi iqine. Izakhamuzi ziba amanxusa emithetho, kunciphe isidingo sokuqiniswa kwesijeziso. Ukuze uthole izindlela ezingcono kakhulu ekubopheni umphakathi, bheka [[FLT: 0] iziqondiso zeNhlangano yezempilo yomhlaba wonke ezimayelana nokuthembisana komphakathi ngempilo [.

Izinselele Ekusebenziseni Izindleko Zempilo Zasendaweni

Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kungasiza imiphakathi ukuba izilindele futhi izixazulule.

Ukumelana Nebhizinisi Nemboni

Amaqembu angenamdlandla, izinkampani zikagwayi, nabakhi bezindawo zingamelana nemithetho enciphisa inzuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho okhululekile kagwayi ungaphikisa abanikazi bemida yemibhede abakhathazeka ngokulahlekelwa abathengi, ngisho noma ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi akukho miphumela emibi engokomnotho. Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo kwezinzuzo zempilo nezomnotho kungasiza ekunqandeni ukumelana nalokhu. Amanye amadolobha anikeza usizo lwezentengo noma izisusa zentela ukuze asize amabhizinisi ashintshe.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemali Nokuhlukunyezwa

Iminyango yezempilo yendawo ivame ukusebenza ngezimali eziqinile. Ukuhlela izikhodi zezindlu noma ukwenza izinketho zokudla kudinga abahloli abaqeqeshiwe, izinkonzo zokucwaninga, nokusekela kokuqondisa. Uma izimali zingekho, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kungathatha indawo yokusebenza. Eminye imiphakathi iye yaphendukela ezindlekweni zempilo noma ezivumelwaneni zezezwe nakuhulumeni ukuze yenezele imithombo yendawo.

Ukungaqashelwa Umphakathi

Izakhamuzi zingase zingawazi umthetho kuze kube yilapho zikhonjiwe ngokuphula umthetho. Umuntu angashisa izinto ezinqatshelwe egcekeni ngoba azikaze zibone isaziso ngomthetho womoya othuthukisiwe. Imikhankaso yokuqaphelisa umphakathi (ngokwezezindaba zomphakathi), izingeniso zezembutho, nangezenzakalo zomphakathi . Ibhuloho elilula, elicacile nosizo lokubona yenza imithetho itholakale kubo bonke abantu.

Usizi Lwezombangazwe

Imithetho yezempilo ingaba amabhola akhabayo ezombangazwe. Umkhandlu osanda kukhethwa ungase uthathe imithetho eyathatha iminyaka ukuba idlule, ikakhulukazi uma lezo mithetho zibhekwa njengeziwumthwalo emabhizinisini. Ukuze uvikele ekuguqukeni okunjalo, abameleli ngokuvamile basebenzela ukuvikela impilo empilweni eqinile ephepheni ledolobha noma ukuvikela imifudlana yemali ethatha isikhathi eside engavikeleki kakhulu ekuhlelekeni kwemali kwaminyaka yonke.

Ukukhathazeka Ngokulinganayo

Ngaphandle kokuklanywa ngokucophelela, imithetho yezempilo ingalimaza abantu abahlongoza ukusiza. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho ophoqelelwe ukuba ukhokhelwe ukugula ungakhulula amabhizinisi amancane kakhulu, ushiye izisebenzi ezitolo zikamama נand̆pop ngaphandle kokukhokhelwa. Ngokufanayo, ukuphoqelelwa kwempahla kungaholela ekuxoshweni uma abanikazi bempahla benquma ukuthengisa kunokuba balungise. Abaphathi-mthetho kumelwe bahlobanise imithetho ngosizo olusekelayo. Imali encane yezebhizinisi, kanye nokuphuma kwemali ngelimi oluhlukene.

Ukuze kungene kakhulu ekufezekeni kwezithiyo ezizadlulayo, i-American Public Health Association’s “Heath ku-All Policies” inikeza amasu okuhlanganisa izinhlu zempilo kuyo yonke iminyango kahulumeni yendawo.

Umphumela Wezomnotho Wezikhungo Zempilo Zendawo

Abasekeli nabagxeki ngokufanayo bavame ukugxila ezindlekweni zezomnotho zokulawula. Nokho imithetho yempilo ehlelwe kahle ingaveza inzuzo enkulu ngokwezimali. Imali ngayinye echithwa ekuqinisekiseni imithetho yokuphepha kokudla, imiphakathi ilondoloza isilinganiso se-R1,50 ezindlekweni zezokwelapha futhi ilahlekelwe umkhiqizo ngenxa yokugula okubangelwa yindlala. Imithetho ekhululekile inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwempilo yesifo senhliziyo nomdlavuza, futhi inciphisa imali yomshuwalense wempahla. Ukuthuthukisa izinga lomoya kungathuthukisa ukuvakasha futhi kuhehehe amabhizinisi abalulekile ekuhlaseleni imvelo ehlanzekile.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amabhizinisi angabhekana nezindleko ezithatha isikhathi esiyi-666 ukuze anciphise imishini yokukhipha ugesi, afake iziteshi zokugeza izandla, noma asuse amafutha angaphandle ezindlela zokupheka. Nokho, lezizindleko ngokuvamile zidlula ngokushesha lapho amakhasimende eqaphela futhi ethemba intuthuko engcono.

Ukuhlolwa kwango-2019 okwakhishwa kuyi- Journal of Public Health Management and Practice kwathola ukuthi imiphakathi enemithetho yezempilo eqinile yendawo inamazinga aphansi angamashumi amabili nanhlanu okulaliswa esibhedlela futhi amaphesenti angu-7 emali yempilo enciphile yonke esetshenziswa kumnini nyaka. Lemali ikhulula imali yomphakathi ngenxa yezinye izinto eziza kuqala njengemfundo nesisekelo.

Ukulinganisela Nezimo Zezempilo Zendawo

Impilo ukulingana kusho ukuthi wonke umuntu unethuba elilungile lokuphila ukuphila okunempilo, kungakhathaliseki iholo, uhlanga, noma indawo. Imithetho yezempilo yendawo inganciphisa noma yandise lokhu mehluko. Ngokomlando, imithetho yokuhlanganisa imithetho yasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa imiphakathi futhi igxilise ukungcola ezindaweni eziphansi. Kodwa imithetho yanamuhla ingaklanyelwa ukuvuselela. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • [ Ubulungisa obungokomsuka obungaphezulu kobumbobo obungalé kwezindawo buqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo ezintsha zokungcolisa azihlaliswa ezindaweni ezisindwayo kakade.
  • [ idinga izinto ezihlobene nempilo ezitholakala ngezilimi eziningi.
  • Izimiso zomgwaqo eziphelele zihlela imigwaqwe nezindawo ezingaphansi, zenza ukuhamba okusebenzayo kube phephile kubo bonke.

Ukuze kuncishiswe, ohulumeni bendawo kufanele bathathe imiphumela yempilo elinganayo ngaphambi kokudlulisa imithetho emisha. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukuqoqa ukwaziswa ngozothinteka(okubili kulungile nokubi)) nokulungisa isimiso ukuze kuncishiswe ukulimala. Ukuhlanganyela abameleli bomphakathi bamaqembu agwetyelwe ukuthatha inqubo kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imithetho ikhonza zonke izakhamuzi ngokulinganayo.

Ukuthambekela Kwesikhathi Esizayo Emthethweni Wempilo Yasendaweni

Imithetho yezempilo yendawo iyaqhubeka ishintsha.

Ukubuyiselwa kwemininingwane

Amadolobha asebenzisa kakhulu ukwaziswa kwempilo yomphakathi ekungeneleni ezingenisweni. Ngokwesibonelo, ababikezeli bezinto zokudla bangakhomba amathilomu cishe angahluleka ukuhlola, avumele abahloli ukuba bagxilise imithombo lapho bedinga khona kakhulu. Ukugada umoya wangempela osesilinganisweni sezulu kungabangela izixwayiso ezizenzekelayo nemingcele yesikhashana yokushiswa ngaphandle.

Isimo Sezulu Nokuwohloka Kwempilo

Njengoba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kukhula, izimiso zempilo zendawo ziyanda ukuze kulungiswe amaza okushisa, izikhukhula, nezinga lomoya.Izibonelo zihlanganisa izimfuneko zokupholisa ezakhiweni, uphahla oluphoqelelwe oluluhlaza olusezindlini ezintsha, namapulani eziqhingi ezishisayo.

Uhlelo Lokuziphatha Lwezimo Zezomnotho Zokusetshenziswa Kwesimiso

Ezinye izimiso zihlanganisa izigubhu-zihlohlo ezithinta amehlo anempilo ezitolo ezithengisweni noma ukwenza izitebhisi zibonakale futhi zikhange kakhulu. Lezi zimiso zithandwa ngoba zilondoloza ukukhetha lapho ziqondisa abantu ezinhlangothini zempilo.

Ukuba Nempilo Yengqondo Nowell 16)

Imithetho yezempilo yendawo manje ibheka izindawo ezinokuthula eduze nezibhedlela, ukuqeqeshelwa amaphoyisa izinkinga zengqondo nemithetho edinga ukuba izisebenzi zikhokhelwe ngezinsuku zempilo yengqondo, kuyizibonelo zalokhu kugxila kakhulu.

Ukwakha Amandla Omphakathi

Inhlangano ekhulayo ihlose ukuguqula isinqumo sishintshela amandla ezakhamuzini, ikakhulukazi lezo ezikhishwayo ngokomlando. Izinqubo zokusetshenziswa kwemali zivumela imiphakathi ukuba ivote indlela yokusebenzisa ingxenye ethile yemali yedolobha emisebenzini yempilo .

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingakumelela Ngayo Ukuqina Kwempilo Yasendaweni

Noma ubani angafeza indima ekulolongeni isimiso sempilo sendawo. Izinyathelo zihlanganisa:

  1. Yazi imithetho yakho yamanje. Hlola idolobha lakho noma ingosi yesifunda sezwe ukuze uthole izincwadi zamuva zekhodi lempilo.
  2. [ ihlukanisa izikhala. Ikhona inkinga endaweni yakini("njengentula yemizila yezinyawo noma indle evame ukukhukhuleka-hamba"ukuthi umthetho omusha ungakhuluma?
  3. akhe umfelandawonye. Umngane wezokuhlangana nomphakathi, inzuzo yendawo, kanye nemiphakathi yokholo.
  4. Izikhulu ezikhethiwe. ziya emihlanganweni yedolobha, bhala izincwadi, futhi ucele imihlangano nabameleli bakho.
  5. [[IFLT:0] Sebenzisa imithombo yezindaba. Ubhala ama-opgradeed, uvela kumsakazo wendawo, noma uqala i-bodi ukuze uqaphele.
  6. [ Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Monitor. Izimiso zobuqamama zingcono kakhulu ngokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwazo. Ukukhomba nokubika izinkinga emnyangweni wezempilo wendawo.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zempilo zendawo ziyithuluzi elibalulekile, ngokuvamile elingathandeki lokwakha imiphakathi enempilo engcono. Zivimbela izifo, zivikela imvelo, zithuthukisa ukulondeka, futhi zingaqinisa ngisho nomnotho wendawo. Kodwa impumelelo yazo ixhomeke ekuklanyweni ngokucabangela, ekuhlanganeni komphakathi okuqinile, nasekutholeni intando eqinile yezombangazwe. Ngokuqonda indlela lemithetho esebenza ngayo, futhi indlela yokuzithuthukisa, abaholi nabaholi bangaqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umphakathi unemithetho edinga ukuphumelela.

Ukuze ifundwe ngokuqhubekayo, i- National Association of County and City Health Acticionals (NACCHHO) inikeza imithombo engokomthetho ebanzi yezikhulu zezempilo zendawo nabameleli.