Isingeniso: Igebe Elandayo Nendima Yamandla Angokomthetho

Ukungalingani kwemali okuye kwavela njengenye yezinselele ezichazayo zezomnotho nezenhlalo zekhulu lama-20 lokuqala. Emashumini amane eminyaka adlule, umnotho othuthukile uye washintsha kakhulu ekusakazeni inzuzo yesizwe, kanti inani elikhulu labavuni benkokhelo liyanda kuyilapho iholo lesigaba esiphakathi nesiphansi liye lakhuliswa noma lakhula ngokuzolile. Emazweni asathuthuka, ukukhula ngokushesha kwezomnotho kuye kwakhuphukisa amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zobumpofu, kodwa igebe phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezicebe kakhulu nezimpofu kakhulu liye lakhula futhi.

Izindikimba ezingokomthetho — amaphalamende, izingqungquthela, nemihlangano emikhulu — zinegunya elingokomthetho lokumisa imithetho ehlela ngokuqondile ukwabiwa kwemithombo yengcebo.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kwendlela izindikimba zemithetho emhlabeni wonke ezisingatha ngayo ukungafani kwemali etholakalayo ngezimiso zentela nezezenhlalakahle.

Ukulinganiswa Nokulingana Okutholakalayo

Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwenqubo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukungalingani kwemali kulinganiswa kanjani nokuthi kungani kubalulekile. I-trigon conation esetshenziswa kakhulu yi-Ginicondation, esukela ku-0 (ukulingana okuphelele, lapho wonke umuntu enemali efanayo) kuya ku-1 (ukungalingani okuphelele, lapho umuntu oyedwa enemali ekhona). Amazwe anjenge-Nini engaphezulu kwe 0,5, kanti amazwe ase-Nordic ngokuvamile athola isilinganiso esiphakathi kuka-0.25 no-0.30.

Nokho, iGini conation ikhuluma ingxenye yendaba. Izentengiselwano zihlola futhi isilinganiso sePalma — isabelo seholo esibalelwa ngamaphesenti aphezulu ayishumi ahlukaniswe yilelo elingaphansi ngamaphesenti angu-40 — kanye nesilinganiso phakathi kwe-CEO yembuyiselo nezisebenzi zezezindaba. Imininingwane evela ezinhlanganweni enjenge World Mitualtitunity Report [ kanye ne [FLT]] CD eveza inguquko engapheliyo yeDisimende [ eveza ukuthambekela okuqhubekayo: ngaphandle kokungenela kwenqubo yezentengiselwa phambili.

Amazinga aphakeme okungalingani kweholo ahlobene nemiphumela emibi ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuncipha kokuhamba kahle kwezenhlalo, ukufinyelela imfundo ephansi phakathi kwamaqembu aswele, amazinga aphakeme obugebengu nokuboshwa, nokungabi namandla.

Amaphoyisa Entela Njengezinsimbi Zokunikela

Inkambiso yentela iyithuluzi eliqondile elisetshenziswayo kakhulu ekuthonyeni kwendlu yomthetho yokuhlela ukusakaza inzuzo. Ngokunquma ukuthi ubani okhokha ingxenye yemali yabo kuhulumeni, imithetho yentela ingathuthukisa noma inciphise ukungalingani.

Ukukhokha Intela Okuqhubekayo

Isimiso sentela ekhokhelwayo eqhubekayo sicacile: labo abanemali eshibhile bakhokhela isilinganiso esiphakeme semali yabo entelani. Izimiso zentela eziningi zezwe zithuthuka kakhulu, kodwa izinga lentuthuko liyahluka kakhulu. Enkathini yangemva kweMpi Yezwe II, amazwe amaningi abeka amazinga aphezulu angamaphesenti angu-70 noma ngaphezulu. Lamanani ehla kakhulu kusukela ngawo-1980, ukuthambekela okuqhutshwa yizentengiselwano yezimali, ukuhamba kwezezimali, nethonya lezombangazwe labazuzisi abathola imali ephakeme.

Imithetho ecabangela ukuthi ukunyusela amazinga aphezulu emali kumelwe kulinganisele isizukulwane semali esele kakhulu nemiphumela emibi ekutshaleni imali nasekukhuleni kwezomnotho. Ubufakazi obuvela ku- National Bureau of Economic Research[[[FLT: 1]] busikisela ukuthi ukwanda okusesilinganisweni emazingeni aphezulu akukwenzi kunciphe kakhulu umkhiqizo wezomnotho, ikakhulukazi uma inzuzo isetshenziselwa ukutshala inzuzo yomphakathi.

Izikweleti Zentela Zemikhaya Ephansi Neyasephakathi

Izikweleti zentela ezikhokhelwayo ziye zaba isisekelo senkambiso yokulwa nobumpofu emazweni amaningana. I-Inhoose Tax Creatence e-United States, ngokwesibonelo, inikeza izisebenzi ezihlawulwayo imali ephansi eziphumayo njengeholo. Ukuhlola kokusemthethweni kubonisa njalo ukuthi i-EITC yandisa ukungenela kwezisebenzi phakathi kwabazali abangabodwa futhi inciphisa ubumpofu. Izinhlelo ezifanayo zikhona eUnited Kingdom (Izinkokheli), eCanada (Izisebenzi ezisebenzayo eCanada zizuza), naseNew Zealand (Izisebenzi zemikhaya).

Imithetho ngokuvamile iyayandisa noma ikhokhele lemijikelezo yokuhlela imali, iyenze ibe ithuluzi elivumelanayo lokusingatha ubumpofu ngaphandle kokwakha izinhlelo ezifanele ezisekelwe ezindaweni eziningi okunzima ukuzishintsha.

Ingcebo Nefa

Ukungalingani kwemali etholakalayo kuhlobene kakhulu nokungalingani kwengcebo. Ngenxa yokuthi ingcebo ingenisa imali, labo abanemali ephawulekayo bavame ukubona ingxenye yabo yemali etholakala ezweni ikhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izintela zengcebo — intela yaminyaka yonke ngenetha elingana nemali ethile ngaphezu komnyango othile — ziye zasetshenziswa emazweni anjengeSwitzerland, iNorway, neSpain.

Izintela zefa, ezisebenza engcebweni edluliswa ekufeni, zinezingxabano kwezombangazwe kodwa ziphumelela ngokwezomnotho. Zinciphisa ukunqwabelana kwengcebo ye-dinalism futhi zakha izinga elingcono lokudlala kulabo abangadli ifa lempahla enele. Imithetho yezomthetho kumelwe iklame lentela ngokukhulula okwanele emapulazini emikhaya namabhizinisi amancane ukuze kulondolozwe ukuphumelela kwezombangazwe.

Umthetho Wentela Ongokomthetho Nokubambisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Intela yezentela yehliswa kakhulu eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule, kusukela esilinganisoni samaphesenti angaba ngu-40 kuya kumaphesenti angaphansi kwangama-25 emazweni ase-OECD. Lo mjaho ukuya ngezansi kuye wanciphisa umthwalo wentela kubaphathi benhloko- dolobha futhi wanezela ekuncipheni kwengxenye yeholo lezisebenzi. Izindikimba ezisemthethweni ziyaqaphela kakhulu ukuthi isenzo esingathathi hlangothini lwegazi silinganiselwe uma inhloko yedolobha ihamba ngezinyawo inqamula imingcele.

Isivumelwano sentela samuva sembulunga yonke esaphulwa yi - OECD ne - G20 — esimisa izinga eliphansi lentela yezinhlangano ezingamaphesenti angu - 15 — siyisinyathelo esingokomlando sokubambisana kwezizwe zomhlaba.Izishaya - mthetho manje kumelwe zithathe umthetho osebenzayo, inqubo eyembula ukucindezela okukhona phakathi kokukhangwa kwemali yakwamanye amazwe nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zikhokha ingxenye yazo efanelekile.

Izimiso Zomphakathi Nezingosi Zokuphepha Komphakathi

Nakuba izimiso zentela zithinta ukuthi imikhaya igcina imali kangakanani, izimiso zezenhlalakahle zinquma ukusekelwa okuqondile okutholakalayo kulabo ababhekene nobunzima bezomnotho.Imithetho iklama lezinhlelo ukuze kukhishwe indawo okungafanele izakhamuzi ziwe kuyo, futhi ezimweni eziningi, ngenkuthalo zinciphisa ukungalingani ngokuthumela imali nezinkonzo.

Uhlelo lokudlulisa iCash

Ukuthunyelwa kwemali ngokuqondile kuphakathi kwamathuluzi enqubo aphumelela kakhulu okunciphisa ukungalingani kwemali. Izinhlelo zokudlulisa imali nge-modual, njenge-Bolsa Família ne-Developarce yase-Mexico, zinikeza izikweletu emikhayeni engenisa imali ephansi uma kuwukuthi izingane ziya esikoleni futhi zithola ukugonywa. Lezinhlelo ziboniswe zinciphisa ubumpofu, zithuthukisa imiphumela yempilo, futhi zandisa inani labafundi ngaphandle kokwenza ukuncika okude.

Ukudluliswa kwemali okungenamibandela kanye neholo eliyisisekelo (UBI) kuye kwadonsa ukunakekela eminyakeni yamuva. Izinhlelo ze-Pilot eFinland, eKenya, nase-United States ziye zabonisa ukuthi ukuthutha imali kuthuthukisa inzuzo ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukuthunyelwa kwemisebenzi. Nakuba isikali esigcwele i-UBI sisekude kwezombangazwe, izishaya-mthetho zihlola izinguqulo ezingezinhlangothi ezimbalwa noma ezihlolwayo njengezipheleli ezimisweni zezenhlalakahle ezikhona.

Ukulondeka Komphakathi Nezimiso Zokuchitha Izinsuku Zomsebenzi

Izimiso ze-pension zinendima enkulu ekunciphiseni ukulingana kwabantu abadala. Amazwe anezimiso zomphakathi eziqinile zempesheni — njenge-Netherlands, i-Denmark, ne-Chile — anezinga eliphansi kakhulu lobumpofu phakathi kwabantu abadala. Ukukhetha ukuklama okusemthethweni, njengokuthi izinzuzo ziyisicaba noma zibangelwa yimali, ukuthi zibangelwa yini ukunyuka kwamandla emali, nokuthi zixhaswa kanjani, zinemiphumela emikhulu.

Olunye ukhetho olubaluleke kakhulu olubhekene nezishaya-mthetho ukuthi kufanele yini kugcinwe izimiso ezicacisiwe zokulungisa inzuzo (eziqinisekisa ukuthi iholo elithile) noma ukushintshela ezimisweni ezichaziwe (lapho izinzuzo zixhomeke khona ekukhokheleni imali). Olukuqala lunikeza ukuqiniseka okukhulu kwezisebenzi ezihola imali ephansi, kuyilapho lezi zimo ezishintshanayo zinikeza ingozi kubantu abangase bangafundile.

Umshuwalense Wokuntuleka Kwemisebenzi Nomthetho Wezisebenzi Osebenzayo

Umshuwalense wezemisebenzi uthatha indawo yeholo lesikhashana lezisebenzi ezilahlekelwa imisebenzi yazo, izindleko zemikhaya ezizinzile lapho kuwohloka kwezomnotho. Izinzuzo zokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ngokuphana zihlobene namazinga aphansi obumpofu nokungalingani, nakuba izishaya - mthetho kumelwe zilinganisele ukuphana nabangase bahlukumeze umsebenzi ukuze zibuyele emsebenzini.

Izimiso zezemisebenzi ezisebenzayo — kuhlanganise nokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi, izinhlelo zokufundisa, neholo lemali — ziphelelisa umshuwalense wokungasebenzi ngokusiza izisebenzi zishintshele emsebenzini omusha. Izezinguquko zeHartz zaseJalimane ekuqaleni kwawo 2000 ziyisibonelo esaziwayo semizamo yomthetho yokuhlanganisa ukuzuza inguquko kanye nezilinganiso zemisebenzi yezemisebenzi, nakuba ithonya lazo ekungalinganini kusaphikiswana.

Izimpahla Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi: Imfundo, Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo Nezindlu

Izimiso zezenhlalakahle zidlulela ngalé kokuthunyelwa kwemali ukuze zihlanganise ilungiselelo lezinkonzo zomphakathi ezinciphisa ukungalingani. Izimiso zempilo yomhlaba wonke, njengalezo zaseCanada naseUnited Kingdom, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izindleko zezokwelapha aziphoqeleli imikhaya ebumpofwini. Izimiso zemfundo yomphakathi zinikeza ithuba lokuhamba ngokukhuphuka, nakuba ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomeke ekuxhaseni ngezimali ukulingana nobuhle.

Isimiso sezindlu sibaluleke kakhulu emikhayeni ehlawulwa kancane, lapho izindleko zokuhlala zimelela ingxenye enkulu yezindleko. Imithetho ingalungisa ukungalingani kwezindlu ngokulawula intela, izikhokhi, ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zomphakathi, nezinguquko ezisetshenziswayo ezivumela ukunqwabelana kwentuthuko ethengwayo, ethengwa kakhulu.

Ukuhlola Icala Okuqhathaniswa: Imithetho Ehlukahlukene

Isibonelo SaseNordic: Ukusebenzela Umhlaba Wonke Nengxenye Ephakeme Yokwaba Imali

INorway, iSweden, iDenmark, neFinland ziye zafinyelela amanye amazinga aphansi kakhulu okungalingani kweholo phakathi kwamazwe athuthukile ngenhlanganisela yentela eqhubekayo, izifunda zezenhlalakahle eziqinile, namazinga aphakeme okwakha ubunye. Isibonelo somthetho kulamazwe sigcizelela izinzuzo zendawo yonke — njengemvume yabantwana, ukunakekelwa kwempilo yonke, nemfundo yamahhala — kunokuba kube izinhlelo ezihlolwayo. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke kwakha ukusekela okukhulu kwezenhlalakahle futhi kugwema ukuhlazeka okuvame ukuhloselwe ukulwa.

E - United States: Ukuhlasela Ngomthetho Wentela

I-United States incike kakhulu ekhokhisweni yentela yokunikeza intela kunokusetshenziswa okuqondile. I-Inhoomed Tax Creasure i-Child Taxis ingamathuluzi ayinhloko okunciphisa ubumpofu phakathi kwemikhaya esebenzayo, kuyilapho izinhlelo ezinjenge-Medicaid ne-Someral Nutrition Relation Application Program zinikeza ukusekela okuqondiwe. Nokho, isimiso sase-U.S. asibheki kakhulu kunalawo akwamanye amazwe athuthukile, futhi ukungalingani kwemali kuye kwanyuka kakhulu eminyakeni engu-50 edlule. I-Gregistratived, i-Plative, i-Plative fration, i-Plantiation, nethonya leminikelo yemikhankambi yenze kwaba nzima ukufinyelela inguquko enkulu.

EBrazil: Ukuthunyelwa Kwemali Ngezimo Nokuncishiswa Kokungalingani

I-Brazil yabhekana nokwehla okukhulu kokungalingani kwemali phakathi kuka- 2000 no-2015, okubangelwa kakhulu ukwanda kohlelo lwe-Bolsa Família futhi kwanda umholo wangempela. Uhlelo lwemithetho yalezi zinqubo luhilela ukusekela i-bipartisan ekuvikeleni umphakathi, njengoba nje amandla ezombangazwe ashintsha. Icala lase-Brazil libonisa ukuthi ngisho namazwe anezikhungo eziphansi kakhulu angathuthukisa ngokusetshenziswa kwezimiso okungaguquguquki.

Izinselele Nezokuhweba Ekwenzeni Imithetho

Imithetho ibhekene nemingcele ephawulekayo lapho iklama izimiso zokusingatha ukungalingani kwemali edonswayo. Ukuqonda lemingcele kubalulekile ekuhloleni izindlela zokukhetha nokubeka amathemba angokoqobo.

Ukwaneliseka Kwezomnotho Nezici Eziphazamisayo

Abagxeki bezentengiselwano baphikisa ngokuthi izintela eziphakeme nezinzuzo zezenhlalakahle eziphanayo zidala ukudilizwa kwezinhlelo ezizuzisayo emsebenzini, ezokulondoloza, nezokutshala izimali. Nakuba izinga elithile lokusabela kokuziphatha lingenakugwenywa, izincwadi ezibonisa ukuthi lemiphumela ilinganiselwe ezisebenzini eziningi futhi ibaluleke kakhulu kubantu abathola intela ephakeme kakhulu. Imithetho inganciphisa ukulahlekelwa ngokuhlela izinhlelo ezizuzisayo kancane kancane nangokugcizelela ukwanda kwentela emisebenzini encikenekayo.

Izingcingo Zokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nokuzinziswa Kwayo

Zonke izimiso zezenhlalakahle nentela kumelwe zixhaswe, futhi izishaya-mthetho zisebenza ngemingcele yemali. Ukunwetshwa kwezinhlelo zezenhlalo kudinga izintela eziphakeme, ukwehla kwezinye izindleko, noma ukuboleka okwengeziwe. Ngalunye lwalezi zinqumo lunemiphumela engokombangazwe nengokomnotho. Indawo yokufaka ipesenti ixhomeke ekukhuleni kwenani labantu, izinga lokuchuma kwezomnotho, kanye nomthwalo wezikweletu okhona.

Ukungahambisani Nezombangazwe Nethonya Lesithakazelo

Ushintsho lwenqubo ludinga ukuba kwakhiwe imifelandawonye phakathi kwendlu yomthetho kanye nabaxhasi bangaphandle. Abantu abacebile nezinkampani banemithombo emikhulu yeminikelo yokunxusa nokufaka umkhankaso, engavimbela noma inciphise umthetho ophehla amandla. Futhi izindaba ziwukuthi: abavoti emazweni amaningi basekela ukunciphisa ukungalingani kodwa bamela ukwanda okukhethekile kwentela, ikakhulukazi uma bekholelwa ukuthi izinzuzo ziyogelezela emaqenjini abawabheka njenganganele.

Ukuncintisana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokukhokha Intela

Enkathini yezikhulu ezihambayo, izishaya-mthetho kumelwe zicabangele indlela izimiso zazo zentela ezithinta ngayo ukuncintisana kwezizwe ngezizwe. Amazinga aphakeme entela yezinhlangano angashukumisela izinkampani ukuba zithuthele kwenye indawo, kuyilapho intela ephakeme yeholo yomuntu ingakhuthaza ukufuduka kwabantu ababulawa kakhulu. Ukubambisana kwentela kwezizwe zonke, njengoba kuboniswe yisivumelwano sentela esincane se-OECD, kunganciphisa lezi zingcindezi kodwa kudinga ukuhlangana isikhathi eside.

Ukugcwalisa Imisebenzi Nokuba Izisebenzi Eziphethe

Ngisho nezimiso ezihlelwe kahle zingahluleka uma izinhlangano zikahulumeni zingenawo amandla okuzisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo. Izinhlelo ezihlolwayo zidinga inzuzo ethembekile, izikweleti zentela zidinga izimiso zokuhlela ezifinyelelweyo, futhi ukudluliswa kwemali kudinga izimiso zokuhambisa ezifinyelelwe abazozifunayo. Imithetho kumelwe ifake ezisekelweni zokuqondisa uma izinhlelo zayo zizofeza imiphumela yazo ezihlosiwe.

Imithetho Emisha Eyaqalayo Emkhathizwe

Imibono eminingi evelayo yezimiso iye yadonsa ukunakekela ezindlini zezishaya - mthetho emhlabeni wonke, nakuba iningi liseyizigaba zokuqala zokutholwa.

Inzuzo Eyisisekelo Nentela Ekhokhwayo

Ukuzihambela nokuchuma kwezentengiselwano kuye kwavuselela isithakazelo emholweni oyisisekelo womhlaba wonke. Nakuba kungekho zwe eliye lasebenzisa i-UBI egcwele, izinhlelo zokushayela indiza ziyahamba emazweni amaningana, futhi izishaya-mthetho emazweni anjenge-Spain ziye zasungula amasu angenayo ahlukahluka njenge-Ingreso Mínimo Vital. Intela engekho semthethweni — ngokuyinhloko i-EITC — isebenza ngesimiso esifanayo futhi ilula ukuyisebenzisa.

Intela Yezimoto Nezikhungo Zezinkonzo Zezinombolo

Njengezisebenzi ezisusa imishini ezingxenyeni ezithile, abanye abenzi bemithetho baye basikisela ukukhokhisa ukusetshenziswa kwamarobhothi noma ukufuna ukuba izinkampani zinikele emalini yezisebenzi ezifudukile. Izintela zezinkonzo zezemishini, ezifuna inzuzo yezinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe, ziye zathathwa yizishaya-mthetho e-European Union nasemazweni amaningana. Lezintela zizimisele ukuthatha inani elenziwe ngemininingwane nangezisebenzi, kunokuba zithathe inhloko- dolobha engokoqobo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali Ngokunenzuzo Nezinyathelo Zobumpofu Obuhlukahlukene

I-New Zealand ne-Scotland ziye zaqala ukuhlelwa kwemali "ukusetshenziswa kahle kwemali" ebeka phambili imiphumela yezenhlalo neyomphakathi kanye nemvelo kanye nokukhula kwezomnotho. Imithetho kulamazwe icabangela izikhombo ezinjengobubha, impilo yengqondo, nokulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile lapho kubekwa imithombo yezindawo. Lokhu kushintsha ukugxila kusukela ekukhuleni kwe-GDP kube yizilinganiso ezibanzi zentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, ngokuvamile ehlanganisa ukuncipha kokungalingani njengenjongo eyinhloko.

Isiphetho: Indlela Engokomthetho Eya Emasimini Okusekela Umnotho

Ukungalingani kwemali akusona isici esingenakugwenywa sezomnotho ezithuthukisiwe. Kuwumphumela wokukhetha okungokomthetho okwenziwa — noma okungenziwa — yizinkampani zemithetho phakathi namashumi eminyaka. Ubufakazi obubukeziwe kulesi sihloko bubonisa ukuthi izishayamthetho zinenqwaba yamathuluzi asebenzayo ezilahlwayo, kusukela ekukhokheleni intela okuqhubekayo nakwentengo ekhokhelwayo okubangelwa ukuthunyelwa kwemali, izinkonzo zendawo yonke, kanye nokungenela kwezentengiselwano zezisebenzi. Akukho nqubo eyanele ngokwayo, kodwa iqoqo elihambisanayo lentela nezinguquko zezenhlalakahle linganciphisa ukulingana ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukukhula kwezomnotho.

Izenzakalo eziphumelela kakhulu — amazwe ase-Nordic, e-Brazil ngawo- 2000, nase-United States ngemva kwempi — zonke zihilelekile, zihileleke isibopho somthetho sokubuyisela izivumelwano. Ukwakha isibopho esinjalo kudinga ukuhola kwezombangazwe, imfundo yomphakathi, nezinguquko ezingokwezinhlangano ezinciphisa ithonya lengcebo egcwele enqubeni yomthetho. Kudinga futhi ukuthobeka: izinhlelo kumelwe ziqashelwe, zihlolwe, futhi zishintshwe lapho izimo zishintsha.

Njengoba izindikimba zezemithetho emhlabeni wonke zibhekene nokungalingani okukhulayo, ukukhetha ezikwenzayo ngeke kunqume inhlalakahle yezakhamuzi kuphela kodwa futhi nokuzinza kwezenhlalo nentando yeningi kwezizwe zazo. Amathuluzi ayaziwa; inselele iyintando yokuwasebenzisa.