ISichibiyelo Sesine soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States sivikela izakhamuzi ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nasekuqulekeni, futhi imfuneko yokuba umthetho uthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka yisisekelo saleso sivikelo. Emkhakheni wophenyo lwezidakamizwa, inqubo yokuthola imbangela okungenzeka inzima kakhulu ngoba izigxobo ziphakeme: ukuphenya okungafanele kungaholela ekucindezeleni ubufakazi nokuvinjelwa okungakho, kuyilapho umuntu ofanelekile angaqeda ukushushumbisa izinqubo zezidakamizwa. Ukuqonda ukuthi imbangela yakhiwa kanjani, ilinganiswa, futhi ibekelwe inselele igxeko abashushisi, abameli, nanoma ubani onesithakazelo enqunyweni yenqubo yobugebengu.

Iyini Imbangela Enengqondo?

Imbangela engokomthetho ixhomeke ekukhoneni kwamaqiniso nezimo ezingaholela umuntu onengqondo ekukholelweni ukuthi ubugebengu bebukhona, bukhona, futhi buzokwenziwa, futhi ubufakazi bokuthi ubugebengu noma ukuvinjelwa ngokwako busendaweni ethile. Buyindawo ephakathi nendawo ekhona phakathi kokusola okuvamile, okunganele ukuthethelela ukuphenywa (nesiqinisekiso esingenakungatshazwa), okuyindinganiso edingekayo ukuze umuntu athole isiqinisekiso esithile. INkantolo Ephakeme igcizelele ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi iyimbangela ewusizo, engasekelwe engqikithini yezimo, hhayi indlela eqinile.

Ngokomlando, lomqondo ubhekiselwe emuva emthethweni wesiNgisi futhi wafakwa eSichibiyelweni sesine ukuze uvimbele imvume nosizo oluvamile oluye lwavumela iziphathimandla zaseBrithani ukuba ziqhube uhambo lokudoba. Kulesi sikhathi, kungenzeka ukuthi izimbangela zisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukugcinwa komthetho: kudinga imantshi engathathi hlangothi ukubukeza ubufakazi ngaphambi kokuba ukuphenya kwenzeke, ngaleyo ndlela ivikela amalungelo omuntu ngasese. Indinganiso iyavumelana, ivumela ukuboniswa neziphetho ezivamile, kodwa kumelwe isekelwe emaqini asekelwe emaqinisweni, hhayi ekuhloleni noma ekucabangeni.

Imithombo Yezimbangela Eziphumelelayo

Izikhulu eziqapha imithetho zingasungula imbangela okungenzeka ukuthi ibangelwa ngezindlela eziningana ezihlukene. Ngokuvamile, umthombo owodwa ungase wanele, kodwa uma kusetshenziswa, imithombo eminingi ihlanganiswe ukuze yakhe isisekelo esiqinile. Imithombo evame kakhulu ihlanganisa ukuqapha komuntu siqu, amacebiso okwazisa, ubufakazi obutholakala ekuhloleni okusemthethweni ngaphambili, ukuqapha, ngisho nokuhogela i-mune fever.

Ukubukwa Kwesikhulu

Ukuqapha kwesikhulu samaphoyisa kungaba ubufakazi obunamandla besizathu okungenzeka sikhona. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu esibona umuntu ehweba ngesandla endaweni eyaziwayo yezidakamizwa, futhi esingachaza izimpawu ezivamile ze-athom (umz., ukushintshisana kwezinto ezincane ngemali, izitho zobumthunja, nokuhamba ngokushesha), sinezindawo eziqinile zokukholelwa ukuthi izidakamizwa zikhona. Ngokufanayo, iphunga lensangu, elishisiwe noma eliluhlaza, ukukhishwa emotweni noma ekhaya kunganikeza cishe kube yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengoba nje kusho ukuthi isikhulu kumelwe sikwazi ukuchaza ukuphawula okuthile okuqondile, kuhlanganise nesikhathi, nendawo, kanye nokuziphatha, ukuze umahluleli ongaba nombono onengqondo ongaba yikho okungakho ukukho ukunquma ukuthi kuveza ukuthi ukukho okukhona.

Informateur Appings ne - Aguilar-Spinelli

Amacebiso avela kulwazi oluyimfihlo angolunye uhlobo lwezizathu ezivamile, kodwa akhona nezinkathazo ezikhethekile. Ngokomlando, izinkantolo zasebenzisa ukuhlolwa okune-pronggrate okuvela Aguilar v. Texas [[64] [[FLT]] kanye [i-Spinellill v. United States [1] [1999], okudinga ukuba isiqinisekiso se-ffidavit] sibonise kokubili isisekelo solwazi nolweqiniso (ukuthembeka) kolwazi). [[6] [okanye nokusekela okungakhomba okungaqondileyo], uma kutholakala izimpawu zezekelele, izimpawu ezikhona kanye nezindlela zezezezezezezezezezehlakalo. [flk)] Izimpawu ezikhona kanye nezindlela zokusekela iqoqo lezelele, imvume yezelele, iqoqo lezelele, futhi iqoqo lezelele, iqoqo leze imvume eliphansi eliqinisekileyo, ibone ukuthi iqoqo eliyike kakhulu lomthetho eliyikhonayo

Ukuhlola Nezehlakalo Ezingokomthetho Ezidlule

Ubufakazi obutholakele phakathi nokuhlola okungokomthetho, njengokumisa izimoto noma ukuhlola uhlu, bungadala imbangela yokufuna okungenayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhulu simisa umshayeli ngenxa yokwephulwa kwezimoto futhi sibona ipayipi lensangu ngokukhanyayo, lokho kuhlola kungathethelela ukuphenywa kwegumbi lemoto. Ngokufanayo, ubufakazi obutholakalayo phakathi nokuhlola, bungasetshenziselwa ukwakha imbangela yokufuna imvume yokuvala izindawo ezengeziwe. U-Surveillance shaerage ubonisa ukuhambela okufushane ekhaya ngamahora amanqamu, kuhlangene nokukhipha udoti owembula izikhala zezidakamizwa, kungaveza imbangela engenzeka.

Ama - “Canine Sniff ”

Ukubhema kuyithuluzi eliyingqayizivele ekuhlolweni kwezidakamizwa. INkantolo Ephakeme egcinwe ku-United States v. Indawo (1903) yokuthi ukuhogela imithwalo endaweni yomphakathi akuyona ithuluzi “lokuhlola” ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sesine, ngakho akukho siqinisekiso esidingekayo. Nokho, uma inja iqaphile, inganikeza isizathu esilindelekile sokuhlola isitsha noma imoto. Okubalulekile, ukuthembeka kwenja kumelwe kusungulwe: isikhulu kumelwe sinikeze ubufakazi bokuqeqeshwa kwenja nophawu lwezinhlabani oluqondile, futhi futhi njengomlando wayo wesixwayiso. Inja ingasenakeka, uma ingenzeka, uma intetheleka.

Ukwakha Imbangela Ephumelelayo Yabalweli Bezidakamizwa

Uma ukugcinwa komthetho kusebenza imvume yokufuna izidakamizwa ngokukhethekile − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zekhaya, imoto, noma umuntu — i-affidavit kumelwe ibhalwe ngokucophelela. Isikhulu kumelwe sichaze indawo okuzoseshwa kuyo ngokukhethekile (umz., indlu emhlophe emhlophe emibili e 123 Main Street, kuhlanganise negalaji nanoma yiziphi izinto zokulwa”) futhi izinto zifunwa (umz. “ikhokhoni, izitsha zezidakamizwa, amarekhodi entengiselwano yezidakamizwa, nemali”. Isisekelo esiyiqiniso kumelwe sichaze ukuthi kungani isikhulu sikholelwa ukuthi lezozinto zikhona.

Ezimweni zemilaliso, izindlela ezintathu zamaqiniso zivame ukusekela imbangela okungenzeka: ukuba khona kwephunga lemilaliso, ubufakazi bokuthengiswa kwezidakamizwa okubonwa abaphathi noma abathuthi bezidakamizwa, nobufakazi obungokoqobo obufana nempahla yezidakamizwa noma izinto zokupakisha. Izinkantolo nazo ziye zamukela ubufakazi obuvela ku- “trash budonsa”", [1] ukuphenywa okungokomthetho kwemfucumfucu elahlwayo esele enqamulweni. Ngoba abantu abanalo olunengqondo lokungalindele ukuba kugcinwe imfucumfucu ezindaweni ezishiyekile, amaphoyisa angasesha ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Izinto ezitholakala emfucucwini ebonisa ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa noma ukuthengiswa (umz. g. g. g.gies, amashagies anemicsss, amasalela, amasampula, noma imige) angahlangana nobunye ubufakazi bokuthola imbangela elindelekile.

Esinye isimo esivamile sihlanganisa “isibonelo sokuthutha izidakamizwa,” lapho izikhulu zifuna khona ukuziphatha okuthile okunjengokuthuka, ukuhamba ngendlela engavamile, izilinganiso ezinkulu zemali, noma izindaba ezingavumelaniyo (ukuthi zakha ukusola okunengqondo), bese zisebenzisa okunye ukucwaninga ukuze ziphakamise lokho ngenxa yesizathu. Nokho, izinkantolo ziyaqapha: ngokuncika kuphela entweni engenabufakazi obuqinile kungenzeka ukuthi akwanele.

Inqubo Yokusebenzisa Ephuthumayo

Ukuze athole isiqinisekiso sokufuna, isikhulu kumelwe sinikeze i-affidavit efunwe ngesithembiso kumahluleli noma kumahluleli. Isikhulu kumelwe siveze amaqiniso aveza imbangela engenzeka, futhi isikhulu akumelwe siwakhiphe ngamabomu noma singawanaki amaqiniso aphathekayo (] indinganiso ye-). Uma uma uma ijaji lizi ukuthi lihlola ngokwalo i-affidavit, kumelwe libuyise ubufakazi obungaphezulu noma ukulahla umthetho.

Isikhathi futhi siyisici: izimpawu zisebenza kuphela enkathini elinganiselwe, cishe izinsuku eziyishumi (futhi kumelwe zibulawe phakathi kwamahora emini ngaphandle kokuba isikhulu esigunyaziwe ngokukhethekile. Isikhulu esikhipha imvume kumelwe singqongqoze futhi simemezele ukuba khona kwaso ngaphambi kokuba singene, ngaphandle kokuba izimo ezisobala zivumela ukungangeni kwe-knock. Ukwehluleka ukunamathela kulezi zimfuneko kungaholela ekucindezelweni kwanoma yibuphi ubufakazi obubanjiwe.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi imbangela iyindinganiso yokuthola isiqinisekiso, umthetho uqaphela ukuhlukana okuningana okuvumela ukuphenywa okungenasizathu uma kungenzeka kukhona. Lokhu kulinganisela isidingo sokuqiniswa komthetho okuphumelelayo mayelana namalungelo omuntu ngamuntu siqu. Ezimweni zezidakamizwa, okuvame kakhulu ukuhlukahluka yizimo ezingalawuleki, imvume, umbono ocacile, kanye nokukhishwa kwemoto.

Izimo Ezibi

Kukhona izimo eziphuthumayo lapho kudingeka isinyathelo esiphuthumayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubhujiswa kobufakazi, ukubalekela ukusolwa, noma ukulimala kothile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izikhulu zizwa indlu yangasese ingena ngaphakathi ekhaya ngemva kokungqongqoza futhi zimemezele, zingaphoqelela ukuba zingene ukuze zivimbele osolwayo ukuba angangeni emithini. Ngokufanayo, ukujaha ngokushesha umsolwa obalekelayo kungakuthethelela ukungena ngaphandle komthetho. Isikhulu kumelwe sikwazi ukucacisa amaqiniso aqondile abangela ukuphakama komthetho.

Ukuhlola Okuvunyelwe

Ukuseshwa okusekelwe evumelweni yokuzithandela kuhlukile kukho kokubili imfuneko edingayo nemfuno engenzeka. Uma umuntu ngokuzithandela nangabo bonke evumela amaphoyisa ukuba aphenye ekhaya, imoto, noma impahla, noma ibuphi ubufakazi obutholakele bungasetshenziswa enkantolo. Nokho, uhulumeni kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi imvume ayizange iphoqelelwe nokuthi umuntu unegunya lokuvuma. Amaphoyisa ngokuvamile athembela ekuvumeni uma kungezona zimbangela, kodwa kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi lowomuntu uyawaqonda amalungelo awo.

Umbono Ongamanga

Ngaphansi kwemfundiso esobala, isikhulu somthetho singathatha ubufakazi ngaphandle komthetho uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho (jengesibonelo, phakathi nokuma kwemoto noma lapho sikhipha imvume yecala elithile) futhi sibone isikhwama esiphoqelelwe noma ubufakazi obusobala. Uma kuvela izikhangiso zezidakamizwa, lokhu kuvame ukuba khona lapho isikhulu simisa imoto futhi sibone isikhwama sempuphu emhlophe esihlalweni, noma phakathi nokuhamba ngezinyawo endlini enesiqinisekiso esingokomthetho sempahla eyebiwe lapho isikhulu sibona izisulu zezidakamizwa. Isikhulu kumelwe ukuba sibe nesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi into iboshiwe ngaphandle kokuhlola.

Ukukhishwa kwemoto

Ukungangeni kwemoto kuvumela amaphoyisa ukuba ahlole imoto ngaphandle kwemvume uma nje benesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi iqukethe ukungeniswa noma ubufakazi bobugebengu. Ikhambi liwukuthi izimoto zihamba ngemoto futhi zingahanjiswa ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale imvume. Ngaphansi Carroll v. United States [1925] [nayo] [FLT] [i-United States] v. Ross [1982], izikhulu zingasesha yonke imoto, kuhlanganise namabhokisi avaliwe, uma ngokunokwenzeka zikhona izingacabanga ukuthi izidakamizwa zingaphakathi. Lokhu kusetshenziswa njalo ezimweni zokubhema izinja: uma inja ixwayisa imoto, uma inikeza isizathu esidingekayo, futhi ingekho isiqinisekiso sokuseshwa ngokuphelele.

Imiphumela Yembangela Engathandeki

Uma inkantolo kamuva inquma ukuthi imvume yakhishwa ngaphandle kwesizathu, noma ukuthi uphenyo olungenamvume alunamvume lungasetshenziswa, ubufakazi obutholakalayo bungaphansi komthetho osukiwe. Ngaphansi kwalomthetho, ubufakazi abunakusetshenziswa enkantolo, futhi icala lingawa. Ummangalelwa angafaka isikhalazo sokucindezela, abangele ukuzwa lapho umahluleli owephulayo ekhipha imvume engekho emthethweni, noma izimo zokufuna. Uma isikhulu sifaka amazwi amanga ngokunganaki noma ngamabomu, ngisho nezijeziso ezinzima kakhulu zingasebenza. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, uma isikhulu sisebenza kahle ngokholo esitholakele kamuva sinephutha, “ukholo oluhle lungavumela ubufakazi ukuba busetshenziswe uma isikhulu esidukile singasebenzisangasebenzisi.

Kubameli abavikelayo, ukuhlasela isisekelo okungase kube yicebo eliyinhloko. Izinselele ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuhlasela ukuthembeka kwabathengi, ukuphikisa ngokuthi lokho isikhulu esikuphawulayo kwakungacacile kakhulu, noma ukubonisa ukuthi ukuhogela kwenja akunakwethenjelwa. Ukunyakaza okuphumelelayo kungaba umehluko phakathi kwesiqinisekiso nokuxoshwa.

Ukucabangela Okuwusizo Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nezakhamuzi