Imfundiso Yokuhlalisana Nendlela Okufinyelela Ngayo Ukuba Izakhamuzi

Imfundiso ye-Incorporation Doctrine ifana nenye yezimiso zomthetho-mthetho ezilandela impela ezisemthethweni eMthethweni waseMelika, inquma ukuthi yiziphi isivikelo esiseSigqebheni samaLungelo esisebenza kuhulumeni nasezindaweni. Nakuba kuxoxwa kaningi ngomongo wamalungelo ezakhamuzi, le mfundiso inemiphumela ejulile kubantu abangewona amanani ahlukene abahlala eUnited States — ihlanganise izakhamuzi ezisemthethweni, izibambi zemvume, abafuni bezindawo zokukhosela, nabantu abafuna indawo yokuhlala. Ukusebenza kokuhloba izinkolelo ezingezona izifundayo kuhlela cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke, kusukela endleleni ezisebenza ngayo nomthetho ukuya ekutheni zingafinyelela yini inqubo enqunyweni ngokudingisweni. Ukuqonda le mfundiso kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuma kwabantu okungokomthetho okungemthetho kwezezezeze-ezeni.

Ekujuleni kwayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme ikhuluma ngokuqina okuyisisekelo eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S.: iBill of Rights ekuqaleni yabeka imingcele kuhulumeni kahulumeni wombuso kuphela, hhayi izifundazwe. NgeSimende se-14neth Reformation ’ i-Sigrate and Actal Procement Classicales, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa iMicimbi Yamalungelo Ongamele ezifundazweni. Kusukela kulezo zikhungo, lenqubo yokukhetha imise isakhiwo esingokomthetho lapho i-— kodwa akuzona zonke i-— izivikelo ze-citugationsss ezinwe kubantu kungakhathaliseki isikhundla sobuhlanga. Umphumela uyimisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yokuvikela amalungelo afana nesivikelo ngokuqondile, ngokwesimo somuntu ngamunye, i-&squast; ukufuduka, nesikhundla sezwe.

Ukuthuthuka Okungokomlando Kwemfundiso Yokuvumelana

Imfundiso ye-Incorporation Doctrine ayizange yakhiwe ngokugcwele kodwa yasungulwa ngochungechunge lwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezithatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. Inkathi yashintsha ngokuqanjwa kweSichibiyelo seMinyaka Engamashumi Amane nesine ngo-1868, esaqala ukuvimbela ulimi oluthiyeka ukuvimbela ukuncishwa kwe “ umuntu i ” ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla engenayo inqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Ngokuqhubekayo, inguquko yasebenzisa igama elithi “person ” kuno-&do; i-&ldqucizen, i-” ukukhetha okungaba nemiphumela emikhulu nge-o engekho-mfazins &quo; amalungelo.

Emuva kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, iNkantolo yaqala ukusebenzisa iSiphetho Samalungelo eSikhathi esiqondile ezifundazweni ngecala elibizwa ngokuthi i-suemement i-opension. Gitrow v. New York (1925), iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi iSiphendulo Sokuqala Seziphemezelo Esizimele somthetho; isivikelo sokukhuluma esisetshenziswa ezindaweni nge - 145 iSimemezelo &squo; i-Clausle; iMinist Programmence Claus Classiade. Izinquices. Izinquir [4] Isivikelo sokuhlola nokuqubuka okungenangqondo ([FLT:]] [FLT]]], u-Extranssionssionssion, u-Exption,[6],[4], u-Exptions], u-Exmondrence,[6], u-Foff.[6], u-Foff.[6],

Kubantu abangewona ama-unithi, icala eliyingqophamlando Yick Wob. Hopkins (1886) lathola ukuthi iSiphendulo se-145th Confective ’ izivikelo ezisebenza kubo bonke abantu phakathi kwe-U.S. i-guversation, hhayi nje izakhamuzi. Icala lalihilela umTshayina owaphucwa wabelwa imvume yokuhlanza nge-discripriminary, neNkantolo linqume ukuthi isivikelo esilinganayo sika-Clausle i-“profsons, i-” hhayi nje kuphela i-xquentiens. &quo; lesi simiso sesisekelo siyaqhubeka kumthetho-o-ocrencesss &quo; amalungelo esimiso somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho namuhla.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Njengebhuloho Elingokomthetho Labangaphili

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sisebenza njengendlela eyinhloko lapho i-Incorporation Doctrine idlulisela khona isivikelo somthetho-mthethweni kulezo ezingekho. Inqubo yayo elindelekile noMgangatho ka-Claus isebenza ku- “ noma ubani ongaphakathi kwe-umbuso we-United States, i-” ukwakha isitezi esibanzi sesivikelo esihlanganisa wonke umuntu okhona ngokomzimba ezweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umgangatho wokungena ezweni. INkantongamele le ncazelo engathi yi-Clauslausse futhi i-FLDYUM Protective Claus isebenza ku-([FLD:0]]] v. Doe [198]] [1], eyahlasela umthetho we-Texasmula ukwenqaba imfundo engekho emthethweni wokuvikela i-umthetho, futhi [FLD] v.[3]][FFFF]]]]]

Umehluko phakathi kwe “person ” ne- &lquo;citizen ” eSichibiyelweni seshumi nane awuzenzakaleli. Abakhi beziHlanzi zeSichibiyelo se-Reconstructen bakhetha ngamabomu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu ababekade begqitshwe izisulu namanye amaqembu angaphansi kwemingcele yamazwe babengafuna isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kukhethwe kombhalo kuye kwakha isisekelo esingokomthetho okuthi kuso okungesona esiqinile i-atics ’ amalungelo aphumile. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iqaphele ukuthi iSivumelo sinegunya elikhulu lokufuduka nokufuduka nokuguqulwa kwemvelo, kudala ukushukuma kwemithetho engokomthetho kanye namandla okufudukela kwamanye amazwe.

Amalungelo Aqondile Anqwabelanisiwe Kwabangawasebenzisi Ngokungahloniphi

Inkululeko Yokuchithwa Kokuqala

ISichibiyelo soMdanso Sikhulu siye sandisa isivikelo esiqondiswe eSiphakamisweni sokuqala ngezindlela eziphawulekayo. Inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukusebenzisa inkolo ngenkululeko, nenkululeko yokuhlangana isebenza kubo bonke abantu eUnited States, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-indawo yobuzweni. Abangakhokhi bangakhuluma ngezindaba zezombangazwe, basebenzise inkolo yabo, futhi bahlangane ngokuthula ngaphandle kokubhekana nokuvinjelwa kombuso ngenxa yesikhundla sabo sokufuduka. Nokho, kunemingcele ethile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela imingcele yenkulumo yezombangazwe engosini engekho-azentellian, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene neminikelo yezentengozo, iSishayamthetho onegunya lokulawula ngaphansi kokufuduka nokhetho.

Ngokwesiko, abantu abangasasebenzi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngokuvamile basebenzisa amalungelo ngokuqapha ngenxa yokukhathalela imiphumela yokufuduka. Ukuhlanganyela ekubhikisheni kwezombangazwe noma ukukhuluma kabi ngezimiso zikahulumeni kungadonsa ukunakekela ezinhlanganweni zokuqinisekisa ukufuduka. i-Alien neSikhungo Semisebenzi [ ibonise inkathi ebonisa indlela uhulumeni angasebenzisa ngayo umthetho wokufuduka ukuze avimbele ukukhuluma kwabantu ngokungavumelani nezenzo zokufuduka, futhi amandla ayaqhubeka namuhla. Noma kunjalo, isivikelo esingokomthetho sihlala siqinile, futhi izinkantolo ziye zazama njalo ukuvimbela isifunda isifundazwe futhi imithetho yendawo ezama ukuvimbela okungesona i-ctizens &ctersquo; inkulumo esekelwe ekuhleleni isimo sokufuduka kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Izivikelo Ezifanele

Izimiso ezifanele ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane ezisebenza ngokugcwele kulezo ezingekho enkantolo yobugebengu futhi ziphakathi kwezivikelo ezivame ukuvezwa ezingeni elingaphandle nasemithethweni yobugebengu. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi abantu abangabhekani nokudingiswa banelungelo lokuqaphela nokuqulwa, nakuba izivikelo ezinengqondo enkantolo yokufuduka zincane kakhulu kunalezo ezisenkantolo yobugebengu. Zaddas v. Davis, iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni awunakuyivala unomthetho ongayikhiphanga ngokungenasiphelo kodwa empeleni ungayixoxile, uphethe ukuthi ukuboshelwa okunjalo kungaphula inqubo eyingozi yokuboniswa noma yokubaleka.

Inqubo elindelekile futhi idlulela nakumacala angekho-sontweni. Isichibiyeli sesithupha lungelo lokweluleka, esifakwe ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, sisebenza kungakhathaliseki isikhundla sesizwe, okusho ukuthi abantu abangamele ukubhekana namacala obugebengu banelungelo lommeli. Nokho, Padilla v. Kentucky[ [2010] isinqumo saqaphela igebe elinzima: abameli bobugebengu kumelwe baxwayise abathengisi abangahlali macala abavela kwamanye amazwe ngemiphumela yezicelo zobugebengu, kodwa izinga lalesi seluleko lilokhu lihlukahluka kakhulu futhi linzima ukufakazela. [[FLT:] Padilla [FFF:]] ukunquma ekunqume [[FLD] [FLT]] [FFFFFF]]

Kumaphutha okususwa, abantu abangebona abakhiqizekile banamalungelo afanele okunikeza ubufakazi, ofakazi be-astampane-atamine, kanye nokudlulisa izinqumo ezingezinhle. Nokho, lamalungelo awafani nalawo asenkantolo yobugebengu. Izenzakalo zokuthatha izigwegwe zifana nomthetho kunokuba zibe ubugebengu emvelweni, okusho ukuthi uhulumeni akudingeki ukuba anikeze iseluleko esimisiwe kubantu abangathathiwe igebe elingangeni-mfa. Leligebe eliphawulekayo lithinta imiphumela, njengoba nje abantu abangekho ngaphandle komfanekiso ongokomthetho bengase baxoshwe, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuqonda imiphumela egcwele yezocawabo.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Ngaphansi Komthetho

I-Umeal Protection Claus Exect of the 1450 Reformation inqabela ukuphika noma ubani ophakathi kwegunya lakhe ukuvikelwa okulinganayo kwemithetho. Nge-Incorporation Doctrine, lesisivikelo sidlulela kubantu abangewona ama-intshi futhi sisebenza njengethuluzi elinamandla ekumelaneni nemithetho ye-digrisi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa inqubo ecutshuliweyo esekelwe ekuphambukeni, incazelo kazwelo-ozwelonke nohulumeni bendawo ngokuvamile abanakukhetha abangebandlula abangenomthetho, futhi [FLT] ngaphandle kokuba benobulungisa obunamandla. [[FFLT:] [0] [3] Kumthetho ongekhona umthetho wenkonzo yomphakathi], iNkadededela umthetho ongekho-mthethweno kwe-Conneticut, futhi i-octives produt]

Kukhona okuphawulekayo. I-United States ingadinga ukuba nesizwe sezikhundla ezihilela ukuhlanganyela enqubweni yentando yeningi noma ukumiswa kwesimiso somphakathi, njengokuvota, inkonzo yokunakekela amajaji, nezinye izindima zomthetho zokugcinwa komthetho. INkantolo ePhakamileyo iye yasekela ukuhlukana kwezakhamuzi nokwezingabo ngaphansi kwemfundiso yamandla angenamandla, enikeza iSishaya-Hulumeni igunya elikhulu ngokufuduka nokumiswa kwemvelo. Lokhu kudala ukucalula okungokomthetho: uhulumeni wezwe ungabandlulula abangezona izigebengu ngezindlela ohulumeni abavamile abangenakuzihlukanisa ngazo.

Isivikelo esilinganayo esishiwo abantu abangewona amabhungane siye sabaluleke kakhulu emfundweni, ezinzuzo zomphakathi, kanye nokugcinwa komthetho. Plyler v. Doe sifana nokunqoba okubaluleke kakhulu kwezingane ezingabhalwanga, okuphethe ukuthi amazwe awanakukwazi ukuphika imfundo yomphakathi esekelwe ekuziphatheni kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Enkundleni yenkundla, iNkantolo isekele imingcele engokomthetho engekhona embonini ye-&squosquo; ukufinyelela kwezinhlelo ezithile ngaphansi komthetho wobuProfecration noMsebenzi I-Ovectory Reconvectory ka-19, kodwa kunezimo ezithembekile ukunikeza izinzuzo zawo siqu ezisekelwe ekulawuleni komthetho.

Amalungelo Obugebengu

I-Incorporation Doctrine isebenzisa inqubo yobugebengu eminingi yokuvikela abantu ekuthatheni izenzo ezingekho ngqiqweni. ISichibiyelo sesine ’ isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka, okufakwe Mapp v. Ohio[, kusebenza kubo bonke abantu, okusho izenzo ezingezona ezezentengiselwano ezingabekela inselele ukuphenya okungekho emthethweni ngombuso nangemithetho yendawo. Umthetho ovimbela ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho, utholakala ekuzibekeleni kobungemthetho ongekho emthethweni. ISichimbiso sesihlanu sinelungelo lokuzimela ngokwaso. [FOLD:] [FOLD2] [FT]

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha esinelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi elisheshayo, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nelungelo lokuphoqelelwa konke kusebenza kubantu abangabhekene namacala obugebengu kahulumeni. ISiphendulo Sesishiyagalo Sesithupha ’ isivikelo ekuhlaseleni konya nesijeziso esingavamile, esifakwe Robinson v. California [1962], lisebenza kubo bonke abantu ababhekene ne-U.S. Isivikelo siqinisekisa ukuthi abangebonakali babhekene nesijeziso sobugebengu sithola isivikelo esifanayo se-procedrualturess, nakuba ukutholakala kwalamalungelo ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekufinyeleleni ukumelelwa okusemthethweni.

Amalungelo Agcinelwe Izakhamuzi

Akuzona zonke izivikelo zomthetho-mthetho ezidlulela ezakhamuzini ezingezona i-Incorporation Doctrine. Amanye amalungelo agcinelwe ngokuqondile izakhamuzi nge-textunigration noma ngesibonelo seNkantolo Ephakeme. Ilungelo lokuvota liyisibonelo esibaluleke kakhulu. Izentengiselwano zeshumi elinesihlanu, zeshumi elinesishiyagalolunye nezingamashumi amabili namashumi amabili ne-Sixteth zidlulisela amalungelo okuvota ezakhamuzi, futhi amazwe angafuna ukuba izakhamuzi zibe nesimo sokuvota kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, nakukhetho lwendawo. Amanani awekho awe-okeli evota yovota yomthetho kahulumeni, futhi amazwe amaningi anqabela abantu abangavoti-otiki ababoleki esifundazweni nasenkonzweni, nakuba amapulani ambalwa avumele ukuba zingabi abavoti-yo ebhodini ebhodini lokuvota esikoleni noma emigwa.

Ilungelo lokusebenzela isikhundla sikahulumeni lilinganiselwe ezakhamuzini, futhi uMthetho-sisekelo uphoqelela izimfuneko zezakhamuzi zobumongameli, izigebengu, nendlu yabameleli. Ilungelo lokukhonza ezinkantolo lilinganiselwe futhi ezakhamuzini, njengoba inkonzo yamajaji ibhekwa njengomsebenzi wesizwe oyinhloko oboshelwe ekuhlanganyeleni kwezombangazwe. ISimemezelo Sesibili seSimemezelo ’ sinelungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali lisebenza kubantu abangebona abamele, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni uvimbela ukuphatha izibhamu ngabantu ngabanye abanezibambiso ezingekho emthethweni, futhi izinkantolo zivame ukusekela lemithetho njengezenzo ezingokomthetho ze-Cressscrectrist &quo; igunya lokuthutha.

Ilungelo lokungena nokuhlala e-United States lihlukile kakhulu ezakhamuzini nakubantu abangezona izakhamuzi. Izakhamuzi zinelungelo lomthetho sisekelo lokubuyela e-U.S. ngisho nangemva kwezegwebo zobugebengu noma inkathi ende kwamanye amazwe. Iziqiwi, kuhlanganise nezakhamuzi ezingokomthetho ezisemthethweni, zingasuswa ngenxa yokuphulwa okucaciwe komthetho wokufuduka, futhi uMthetho-sisekelo awuqinisekisi ukuba zingene. INkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi abangezona izifunda ezifuna ukungena kokuqala e-U.S. zinezivikelo ezilinganiselwe ezingokomthetho, nakuba inqubo efanelekile yokungahlali emngceleni ihlala iyisihloko sokungena komthetho oqhubekayo.

Abafuduki Abangabhalwangobalwa Nemfundiso Yokuhlaziywa Kwabantu

Izifiki ezingabhalwanga zinokuma okunzima ngaphansi kwe-Incorporation Doctrine. INkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele ngokungaguquguquki ngokuthi isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo seSichibiyelo seshumi nane sisebenza kubo bonke abantu abakhona ngokomzimba e-United States, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sokufuduka sinjani. Wang Wing v. United States [1866] [186]), iNkantolo ibambelele ekutheni abafuduki abangekho emthethweni abanakunikezwa isijeziso sobugebengu ngaphandle kwesivikelo esiqinile se-Unictis. Izehlohlose i-intele ye-Univey. Nakuba i-UFLTrect:2]

Nokho, abafuduki abangabhalwanga ngephepha babhekene nezithiyo ezisebenzayo ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo. Ukwesaba ukuthola nokususa kuvimbela abaningi ekuqinisekiseni izivikelo zomthetho-mthetho, ikakhulukazi ekuxhumaneni nomthetho. Umthetho wezwe unzima nakakhulu ngemithetho yendawo ebeka imingcele engaqondile ku-ongeyo-antens ’ amalungelo. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu azinakuphika abashayeli i-’ amalayisense asekelwe kuphela esimweni sokufuduka, kodwa abaningi baye benza kanjalo ngezindlela ezisindayo empikiswaneni yokwahlulela ngaphansi kwemibono elinganiselwe engokomthetho.

Izenzakalo zokukhishwa kwecala zinikeza inselele eyingqayizivele ngoba ziwumthetho wesizwe kunezezemthetho, okusho ukuthi izivikelo zomthetho ezikhona ezisecaleni zobugebengu azisebenzi ngokugcwele. Abafuduki abangabikwanga ekususweni kwezinhlelo banelungelo lokuqaphela nokukhishwa kwecala, kodwa abanalo ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokumisa iseluleko. Padilla[ Isinqumo sisebenza kuphela kubameli abavikela izigebengu abanomthetho abavikelayo aba’ iseluleko ngemiphumela yokufuduka, hhayi enkantolo yokuthutha. Leligebe alidali lenza inqubo edingayo, ikakhulukazi kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe abangenalwazi lwesiNgisi, olwazi oluhle, noma ulwazi olungokomthetho.

Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo Nezindinganiso Ezishintshayo

I-Incorporation Doctrine ’ isebenza kubantu abangebona abakhona kuyaqhubeka kubangela impikiswano enkulu ezinkantolo, ezindlu zomthetho, nasezinkululweni zasobala. Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zanwetshwa futhi zathola amalungelo angangeni eSikhungweni Sasenyuklini saseCalifornia[FLT]; amalungelo, abonisa ubunkimbinkimbi bezimfundiso nekhono lezombangazwe kulezindaba. ICourt’ isinqumo i-Trect of Homeland Security v. Regents zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia[FLT:] 2020] yasekela iDefectord Actred Act for Childhoom Agetals, iqaphela ukuthi abangenamandla obuntu babo abaphila ku-o. kusukela ebuntwaneni besizwe.

Izifunda-zifundana eziningi nezindawo ziye zamisa imithetho ehlelelwe ukulinganisela i-ovalens ’ amalungelo, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokuthola izinzuzo, indawo yokuhlala, nomsebenzi. Lemithetho ngokuvamile ibhekana nezinselele zomthetho-sisekelo ngaphansi kwe-Supremacy Claus, enika uhulumeni igunya eliyinhloko ekuthuthweni kwabantu, kanye ne-Encictal Protection Claus Claus, enqabela izenzo zombuso zokubulala amacala ombuso. Izinkantolo zivame ukuphula imithetho kahulumeni ephazamisa ngokuqondile ukugcinwa kokufuduka kwamazwe noma ukudala imithetho engokomthetho eqinile elawula ukufuduka kwabantu abangewona ama-ctizen, kodwa ziye zasekela imithetho elawulayo engekho-maziquans &quo; ukuziphatha okungokwesiko kwezwe-mogoldtime.

Indawo eqalayo yempi iphathelene namalungelo abantu abangewona ama-paltin emongo we-colmunism kanye nokulondeka kwesizwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi abangewona amabutho alwayo baboshwa njengamabutho alwayo asemthethweni ukuba bavimbele ukuboshwa kwabo enkantolo, njengoba kusungulwe HAmdi v. I-Rumsteld [2004] [[FLT])] ne-BUMEDYYY inamandla okubekela imingcele engokomthetho ukuvalelwa kwabo enkantolo, njengoba kusekelwe [2008]. Lezi zinqumo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ama-Inquisition Relictries &quo; izimiso eziyisisekelo zinweba ngisho nangaphandle kwe-oticances, zilungiselele ukuhlobana kwezimiso ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ze-U. Izemthetho ziqhubeke ngomthetho zezezezemthetho.

Imisebenzi Ewusizo Kwabangabusebenzisi Nabameleli Babo

Ukuqonda i-Incorporation Doctrine kubalulekile kubantu abangezona izigebengu nakulabo ababalulekayo. Ukwazi ukuthi yimaphi amalungelo asebenzayo kuhulumeni nasendaweni kungenza umehluko phakathi kokuqashwa kwezephulamthetho nokuphuthelwa kwamathuba angokomthetho. Amanani angewona abhekene namacala obugebengu kufanele aqaphele ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-mthetho esifanayo esikhona esisebenza emacalani abo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuyala, ilungelo lokuthula, kanye nesivikelo ekucwaningeni okungacabangeli. Kufanele baqonde futhi ukuthi izinkolelo zobugebengu zithwala imiphumela yokuthuthela kwamanye amazwe, futhi kufanele bafune abameli abanolwazi kokubili ekuvikeleni ubugebengu nomthetho wokufuduka.

Kuhulumeni bamazwe nakuwo, i-Incorporation Doctrine imisa izithiyo zomthetho-mthethweni ezilawula izinqubo ezingezona ezezezentengiselwano. Imithetho yokulawula esekelwe ekuthatheni imingcele ayisebenzi futhi ingaphansi kokuhlola okuqinile kokwahlulela, isho ukuthi cishe bayogawulwa njalo ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni ubonise isithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo nezindlela ezilinganiselwe. Lokhu akusho ukuthi amazwe awakwazi ukulawula izimo ezingezona ezisezingeni eliphansi kuzo zonke i-— adinga ukuba abe yizakhamuzi zezikhundla ezithile zezimiso zomphakathi futhi abeke izimfuneko ezithile zenzuzo ze-&mmand; kodwa kumelwe enze kanjalo phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-mthetho.

Iziphathimandla zezethutho eziphethe futhi zisebenza phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo, nakuba imfundiso yamandla ibanika inkululeko ebanzi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yacacisa ukuthi ngisho neSishaya-mthetho i-’ igunya elikhulu lokufuduka alinakudlula izivikelo eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo. Izingameli ezibhekene nokususwa okufanelekile zinelungelo elifanele lokuqulwa ngokulunga, futhi zingabekela inselele ukuvalelwa okungekho emthethweni, ukwenza izinqumo ngokungenamthetho, nobandlululo ekusebenziseni imithetho yokufuduka.

Ukubheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lemfundiso Yokungavumelani Kwezigebengu

Imfundiso yokuHlakulela akuyona esendaweni ehleliwe, futhi ukusebenza kwayo kubantu abangakho kuyoqhubeka iguqukela njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iphendula imibuzo emisha nanjengoshintsho lwezezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Ukuthambekela okuningana kusikisela intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo. Okokuqala, izinga lenqubo yokuvikela ekufudukeni kwezokufuduka liyoqhubeka, abameleli belwela izivikelo ezinwetshiwe ze-procedro ehlanganisa nelungelo lokumiswa kweseluleko esibekwe abangesona izentengiselwano. Okwesibili, amalungelo abantu abangewona ama-ezen emongomongo kahulumeni aqhubekela ukuveza ukuvikelwa kwezindawo njengoba amazwe ezama kokubili izigwebo ezivimbelayo nezimiso ezihlanganisayo ezihlanganisayo ezithakazeni.

Okwesithathu, ukuhlangana komthetho wobugebengu nomthetho wokufuduka i-— ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi i-“crimmigation ” i-— kumelela eminye yemibuzo enzima kakhulu yomthetho-sisekelo. Imiphumela engemikhulu ibhekene nokufuduka kwezenzo zobugebengu, ukuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nezingozi eziphindwe kabili, inqubo efanelekile, kanye nokufakwa kwezimiso zobugebengu ezivikelwayo ekuthuthweni kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iqale ukusingatha lezindaba, kodwa eminingi ihlala ingaxazululwa. Okwesine, izenzakalo ezingokomthetho wezizwe zonke namalungelo abantu zingathonya ukuchazwa komthetho wezwe, ikakhulukazi lapho izinkantolo zicabangela amalungelo omthetho weze-okitiki eziboshweni nasemongweni.

Ekugcineni, i-Incorporation Doctrine engokomthetho-sisekelo ibonisa isibopho esiyisisekelo: ukuthi isivikelo seBhili lamaLungelo sisebenza kubo bonke abantu phakathi kwe-United States, hhayi nje ezakhamuzini. Lesisibopho sinezimpande ezijulile ezingokomlando futhi siyaqhubeka sihlela indawo engokomthetho yezindawo ezingezona ezinhlobo ezijulile. Ukuze ufunde, bheka ingxoxo ye-Incorporation Doctrine emongolweni [[FL:]] [FLT]] Intersss projectives systment Actives projectives [[Foctal Fromsssss] noma ukuhlazingela i-'uhlulogist, phakathi kwalegist, futhi kuhlala kanjani phakathi kwaleminyango.