Indima Yamadokhumende Angokomlando Encazelweni Yokuqala YeziNhloko

Imibono yokwahlulela yakuqala inqubo efuna ukuchaza i-United States Constitution ngokwencazelo eyayinayo ngesikhathi sokwamukelwa kwayo. Kunokuba baphathe uMthetho-sisekelo njengencwadi ephilayo enenjongo eguquguqukayo nomphakathi, ososayensi baphikisa ngokuthi umbhalo wawo kufanele umiswe futhi amajaji afakwe ngencazelo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi noma injongo yokuqala yabalawuli bawo. Ngaphandle kwencazelo yawo, le mibhalo yokuqala isho ukuncika kakhulu ezibhalweni ezingokomlando. Le mithombo eyinhloko − isekelwe emaphepheni nasemaphepheni ezincwadini ezincwadini ze-Revigioctic nezincwadi ze-ontactives (isisekelo) iveza isisekelo esisobala sokunquma ukuthi uMthetho-mthetho wawuhlongophi, wagunyaza, futhi wasebenzisa kanjani kuqala. Ngaphandle kwalezi zincwadi, ukukhomba kokuqala, ingabhekisela kakhulu ekuqondeni komthetho wokwahlulela. Ukuqonda le zindlela zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho kungokodwa nje kuphela okungabalulekile ukunquma noma iziphi ezinye izigwebo, izigwebo zomthetho, izigwebo, izigwebo, futhi zinqume, ezingo, ezivumayokuqala

Izinsika Ezimbili Zezindlela Zokuklama Imvelo

Incazelo Yomphakathi Yokuqala

Ubufandamentali abuyona i-monolith. Izikole ezimbili ezinkulu ziye zavela: inhloso yokuqala nencazelo yokuqala yomphakathi. Injongo yokuqala igxila ezimgomweni eziphambili zamaFramers . [1] ibhekisele ezimfanelweni ze-Frames , James Madison, u-Alexander Hamilton, noma uGeorge Mason ngokwakhe wakholelwa ukuthi i-readry isho okuthile. Lendlela incike kakhulu emibhalweni yangasese njengezinhlamvu, izinkondlo, imidwebo, nenothi evela eMthethweni we-Calgastical Convention. Incazelo yomphakathi iye yaba yinkinga enkulu kusukela kuJastice Scaline, noma i-Alenadia, kunalokho ibheka indlela umuntu onengqondo ayiqonda ngayo imibhalo ebanzi. Le mibono iveza ngayo imisuka ezindaweni ezibanzi: izichazamazwi, imibhalo ethandwayo yezombangazwe, nolimi oluthandwayo lwezikole.

Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko Zamadokhumende Omlando Nokusetshenziswa Kwawo

Amaphepha Ohlelo Lokuhlela

Mhlawumbe iqoqo elikhulu elikhonjiwe lamabhukwana encwadini yokuqala ye-jurisprudence i-Federalist Papers. Le zincwadi ezingu-8 eziyisihlanu, ezibhalwe nguPublius (i-Hamilton, i-Madison, ne Jay) phakathi kwe 1787 ne 17888, zazihloselwe ukuqinisekisa i-New Yorkers ukuba ifake i-Constitution ehlongozayo. Abahluleli-o kuqala baphendukela kuzo njalo ngenxa yencazelo yezimiso ezithile. [FFF:] ngesibonelo, [4] i-FFFFOLT] inguquactive.[3] izikhulu eziye zathola izikhulu ze-Estern.[9][9][9]

Izimpikiswano Zemisebe Kahulumeni

Ibalulekile ngokufanayo imibhalo yezimpikiswano emihlanganweni yesifundazwe. Isifunda ngasinye saba nomhlangano wokuvota eMthethweni, futhi lezi zimo zakhishwa (nangoba ngokuvamile zibambezeleka futhi zihlelwa). Izimpikiswano zembula indlela uMthetho-sisekelo owaqondwa ngayo amadoda empeleni avota ukuba awumukele. Kubantu bokuqala abaqalayo ukubheka phambili, lemiqondo yasobala ibaluleke kakhulu kunemicabango yangasese yabaFramers ngenxa yokuthi babonisa ukuqonda kwe-ratifis kanye ne-'scrobist's's's's's's. Impindatho yabantu abanike igunya layo elingokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, [FLT] [FLT] v.[FLT1] [18], uMast Marshall], iSikhulu sabhekisapy' izikhulu zika-Romsbooks's provicencesss Couragess (ir) ephethe i-Grectortiventiants (ist).[4] ku-Genetics provices provices provi

Amarekhodi Emithetho Akuqala Nemithetho Emisiwe

Izenzo zeSivumelwano sokuqala (1789-1791) zivame ukubhekwa njengohlobo oluthile lokukhanyiselwa komthetho-sisekelo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Eziningi zalezo zi-Frames zasebenza kuleyo-Congress, nemithetho eyadluliselwayo zembula indlela ababeqonda ngayo incazelo yamandla abo siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Judiciary Act ka-1789 yamisa isakhiwo sezinkantolo zikahulumeni futhi yahlanganisa amalungiselelo akhanyisa ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kweSigqeqekezo III. Ngokufanayo, i-Allien neSikhundla samashumi ayisikhombisa ka-1798 ziye zafundwa ukuze kutholakale incazelo yokuqala yenkulumo yeSichibiyeli. Abahluleli baqala ukuveza izimpikiswano nemithetho njengobufakazi bezincazelo zokuqala ngenxa yokuthi bamiswa ngokushesha abantu ababesanda kuphikisana nencazelo yencwadi.

Izimpendulo ZeBlackstone Nomthetho Ovamile WesiNgisi

AmaFramers nama-ratifiers angenelwa e-coloning-mthetho ovamile wesiNgisi, futhi uMnumzana William Blackstone’s wanikeza izibalo eMithethweni yaseNgilandi (1765-1769) njengencwadi ephambili engokomthetho e-Clackstone. Abalandeli baqala ukubheka i-Blackstone engokomthetho yemishoshozo efana no-Blackstone,” “engaphambili,”“ inqubo ye-jury,” “i-" ne-akemigodi." [i] [iFLT] , ngokwesibonelo, uCalsalcial ukunaka okukhulu kakhulu kwengxoxo ye-Blackstone ye-ocle yomthetho we-Engle ngaphansi komthetho-Black. Incazelo ebucayi yomthetho womthetho ovamile, ukuhlasela, ukuhlasela, ukuhlasela, ukuhlasela, ukuhlasela, ukuhlasela, i-Gene, i-spear.

Imibhalo Yabantu Abaphila Ngezakhi Zofuzo Nezazi Zokulwa Nezifo

Izincwadi zangasese zinikeza izinhloso zomuntu ngamunye we-Framers. Nakuba izazi zomphakathi eziqondene nomthetho wokuqala ziqaphe ngokuncika kule mithombo kuphela, zingasiza ekuqondeni izinkolelo eziyisisekelo ezalo mbhalo. Amaphepha kaJames Madison, uThomas Jefferson, uJohn Adams, noGeorge Washington agcizelelwe kakhulu. Okunye okuyigugu yimibhalo ye-Anti-Fedalists (izinsiza ze-Cycs), ne-Foperances zomthetho onjengoBrutus, Cato, noFederal Farmer (ngoba baqokomisa lokho abagxeki Mthetho-sisekelo ababekucabanga ukuthi kwakusho. Ukuphikisa kwabo ngokuvamile kuye kwaphoqelela abaculi bezincwadi ukuba bacacise incazelo yencwadi ngezindlela zokukhanyisela umphakathi.

Ithonya Ezinqumweni Zokwahlulela Eziwuphawu

ISichibiyelo Sesibili

Isibonelo esivelele kakhulu samuva nje somlando we-Collegianism-divenism: isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kuyi-Dialium of Columbia v. Heller (2008). Ukubhalela iningi, uMahluleli Scalia wahlola imithombo engokomlando: i-Lill of Rights of English of 1689, Blackstone, i-posi-ratitudiationsmentments, i-dictritudes, i-rensimentals, i-Melika yakuqala i-St. George Tucker's program of Blackstone, futhi ngisho neye 19 yenkantolo yekhulu. Waphetha ngokuthi iSichimendezi sesi sesibili sivikele ilungelo lokuba nezikhali zomuntu siqu, zingahlanganiswe nenkonzo ye-Alvian. Ukuphikisana kwabhalwa ngu-Stephen, futhi kubhalwe ngoMasalson (interst) ezinyatheliswe yizinkonzo ewokuqala kodwa enziswayo.

Umphakathi KaClaus Necala Lezentengiselwano

i-United States v. Lopez (1995] kanye ne-United States v. Morrison [2000], iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya imithetho kahulumeni njengedlula amandla ezentengiselwano zeKhongolo. Imibono eminingi, ebhalwe nguMahluleli omkhulu William Rehnquist, yadweba kakhulu ukuqonda okungokomlando kwe-“Melika” kanye“ naphakathi kwamaZwe amaningana. [FLT:] [awubala] umbambo olunamandla eChwebe.[2] [FLT], imibhalo yeSishayamthetho somthetho, nezincazelo zasekuqaleni zezentengo ye-Classicast Clausss ukuphikisa ukuthi izimisele umsebenzi wobuthengiselwane kuphela, ingekhona kwezentengiselwane. Izincwadi eziqondiswe ngezincwadi zokuqala.[Flm]

Amandla Kamongameli Nelungelo Lokuqondisa

Ku Inkundla ye-Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California [2020], iNkantolo Ephakeme yahlola izinga legunya lesikhulu ekuthuthweni kwabantu. Lapho isinqumo siphendukele ekuchazeni imithetho, uJustice Thomas wasebenzisa impikiswano ye-presementrial impikiswano yokuphikisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni wawuqaphela ukuthi ukwahlulela okuhle kobumongameli ekubekezeni ukufuduka. Wakhomba izenzo zakuqala, izimpikiswano ze-Alien ne-Sedition zEnzo, kanye nokuzijwayeza komlando ukubuyela emuva kuMongameli Washington. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi imibhalo yomlando ayisetshenziselwa ukuchaza umthetho kuphela kodwa nokuqonda izinga lokuqala lezimiso.

Izinselele Zendlela Yokusebenzisa Amaphepha Omlando

Umlando Ongaphelele Nophikisanayo

Amarekhodi amaningi angokomlando ayizingxenyana. Amarekhodi amaningi avela ezimpikiswaneni zokuncintisana alahleka, ahlelwa abamemezeli abavelayo, noma awazange abhalwe. Umthetho odumile wokufihla imfihlo eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo wawusho ukuthi akukho ukubhalwa kwezindaba ezingokomthetho zengxoxo yaphansi; sincika kuJames Madison, leyo ayibukeza eminyakeni eminingi kamuva. Lokhu kungaphelele kulawula ukuhlola ukuthi imiphi imithombo ethembekile nemele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibhalo ehlala iphikisana ngezinye izikhathi. Izingxoxo zemithetho ehlukene yembula ukuqondwa okuhlukile kombhalo womthetho ofanayo. Umahluleli kumelwe anqume ukuthi ukulinganisa ukuqonda okukhulu kwezwe noma ukuthola inzuzo kahulumeni.

Inkinga Yokuwohloka Komlando Nokunganembile

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji anamuhla, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi akhuthele kangakanani, angakwazi ukuphunyuka ekufundeni izindinganiso zamanje emibhalweni engu-18 yekhulu leshumi nanhlanu. Yona kanye isenzo sokukhetha imibhalo engokomlando okumelwe igcizelelwe ihilela ukukhetha okuchazayo okungase kuthonywe umphumela othandwa umahluleli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagama afana ne- “commerce,” “izikhali,” kanye“ nengajwayelekile” zazinezincazelo ezicacisiwe zeshumi elinesishiyagalombili neshumi nanhlanu ezingakahle kakhulu ekululameni ngokunembile. Izazi ezinjengoProfesa Paul Breptaire ziye zakhomba ukuthi“ incazelo yokuqala” ivame ukuba ingaphansi kwe-denterten", kumane nje kunobufakazi obungoko bokuxazulula imibuzo eminingi yanamuhla. Oprish abalandeli baphendula ngokuthi ukufuna incazelo yokuqala ayiphelele kodwa abenzi abaqondisi.

Indima Yokukhohlisa Kwamaqaba Nezinkanyiso

Isinqumo sakuqala nesandulela singaphikisana. Uma isinqumo sangaphambili seNkantolo Ephakeme singaqondana ngokungeyikho incazelo yokuqala, kufanele kamuva abahluleli banamathele kuleso sibonelo noma balungise iphutha? Lokhu kucindezeleka kukhulu ezicabeni ezinjengo Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[[ (1954]), elawulwa Phonsolv] v. [[[FLT]]] [1866]] [18666] kodwa ngokungenakugwenywa ekuqondeni kwasekuqaleni kwe-145] Isichimende. Izazi zanamuhla eziningi zamukela indima ethile ye-screas, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemithetho emide enziswayo. Kodwa basasebenzisa imibhalo engokomlando ukuphikisa lezozimo ehlelwe ngokungalungile. Isibonelo, uTrencelence, u-kathe nokwe, u-Foctner, umlando, u-Foctive:[5]

Ukuhlelwa Imibono Yama - oritangist

Ukuwenqaba Komthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Abasekeli bomthetho-mthetho ophilayo baphikisa ngokuthi abasunguli ngokwabo balindele ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo uvumelaniswe nezimo ezishintshayo. Bakhomba ku-Fanetic noMfaneleko Claus, ulimi olubanzi lwe-Pregageing, neNkathi V yokulungisa inqubo yokuphikisa ukuthi ukuqonda kwakuqala akufanele kubopheke. UMahluleli uStephen Breyer, encwadini yakhe i-Actrictive Liberty[[, waphikisa ukuthi imibhalo engokomlando ibalulekile kodwa kumelwe ilinganiswe nezidingo zamanje. Abagxeki bemibhalo yokuqala iphikisa ukuthi imibhalo engokomlando ibhalwe amadoda amhlophe ayenezigqila.

Impikiswano Yokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi ubuKhomanisi abunamthetho wentando yeningi ngoba buhlanganisa umphakathi wanamuhla nesandla esifile sakudala. IJaji uWilliam Brennan ngokudume ngokuthi “ukuqamba okuqanjiwe njengokuthobeka.” Abakholelwa ekudalweni baphendula ngokuthi ukwethembeka kuMthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe kuwumongo wokubusa kwentando yeningi ngoba kuhlonipha imvume enikezwa abantu abagunyaza lencwadi. Amarekhodi angokomlando, athi, kuwukuphela kobufakazi obuqotho baleyo mvume.

Inselele Yokungazimisele

Isazi sezomthetho uCass Sunstein nabanye baye baphikisa ngokuthi imibhalo engokomlando ngokuvamile ayicacile kakhulu ukuba ingaveza izimpendulo ezingekho emthethweni. Kuyo yonke i-Federalist Paper esekela enye incazelo, kungaba khona i-Anti-Federalist esikisela okuphambene. Impikiswano efanayo ingafundwa ukuze isekele uhlangothi oluthile lwendaba yanamuhla. Izincwadi zomlando ziphikisa ukuthi nakuba ezinye izincazelo ezicacile zikhona, amalungiselelo amaningi omthetho-sisekelo anezincazelo ezicacile zesiqalo − qhaza, imfuneko yokuthi umongameli uneminyaka engamashumi amathathu nanhlanu ubudala. Izincwadi ezingokomlando zinikeza ingcingo enamandla ezicaciswe kahle kwezinga eziqinile.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Kubacwaningi

Ukuthola Imithombo Enokwethenjelwa

Kunoma ubani ofuna ukusebenzisa amabhukwana angokomlando ekuhlaziyweni komthetho komthetho, kubalulekile ukubheka izinguqulo ezigunyaziwe. I-Library of Congress’s Founders Online inikeza ukutholakala okungaphenyeka emaphepheni omsunguli omkhulu. I-Avanon Project eYale ikhipha izinguqulo zohlelo lwezinombolo ze-Foderalist Paper, imithetho ye-signi, nezincwadi zokuqala zezwe [[[FLTLT:]. [[FFLT:]] [FFFFFF:3]. I-Congression Recordive (icesss) ekhohlo ezibhalwe ngokusemthethweni, lapho ikhona kusuka eMtatsheni wemidanso (imposo-mthetho).

Ukunqamule i-pharkup Imithombo eminingi

Awukho umqulu okufanele uthenjwe ngokuhlukaniswa. Ukucabanga kobuqaba kunamandla kakhulu uma imithombo eminingi ezimele ikhomba hlangothini olufanayo: i-Federalist Paper, inkulumo ye-radiation, umthetho wakuqala we-constation, kanye nesichazamazwi samanje konke kusekela ukufundwa okufanayo. Ngokuphambene, uma umbhalo ongokomlando uhlukene, amajaji angokoqobo kumelwe achaze ukuthi kungani enelungelo lemithombo ethile phezu kwabanye. Ukubheka ngalendlela kuyisisindo kuyisiyalo esibalulekile esikhuthazwa yilendlela yokusebenza.

Isiphetho

Izincwadi ezingokomlando ziwumgogodla wokwahlulela komthetho wokuqala. Kusukela kuyiFederalist Papers kanye ne-ratiationss ukuphikisana neBlackstone’s Declaters nezimiso zikahulumeni zakuqala, le mithombo inikeza isisekelo esicacile sokunquma ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawusho ukuthini lapho uthathwa. Njengoba indlela yokusebenza ibhekene nezinselele ezingathi sína . Amarekhodi aphelele, ukuchaza ubandlululo, kanye nokungavumelani nezifundo zenqubo yesivumelwano kuhlala kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokunqanda ukuqondisela amaqhinga nomthetho-sisekelo kokuthile okuthile kunezinto ezithandwa yizahluleli zomuntu siqu. Njengoba iNkanto ephakeme iyaqhubeka isebenzisa izindlela zobuphi bokuqala ezimweni ezihilela amalungelo embazweni, amandla ombuso, ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela kwemibhalo yomlando ngeke nje kuhlale kuyindlela yomthetho wezemfundo kodwa umthetho waseMelika. Ukuqonda lezo zincwadi kusetshenziswa ngayo emfuthwaneni ezibaluleke kakhulu ngezikhathi zethu.