Isingeniso: Indlela Ingqondo Eba Ngayo Umthetho Wezwe

Inqubo yomthetho igumbi le-injini le-demokrati emelela intando yeningi. Iguqula izinto ezikhathaza umphakathi, ukutusa kochwepheshe, nezinto eziza kuqala kwezombangazwe zibe imithetho ebophayo elawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke — kusukela kwisilinganiso sejubane nemithetho yentela kuya ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi. Abafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi ezibophele izakhamuzi, ukuqonda isinyathelo ngasinye sokuhlongoza ukudlula akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yesikole; kuyilungiselelo elidingekile lokuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuwohloka okubanzi kwenqubo yomthetho wemithetho eUnited States Congress, kanye nezicingo zandisa izindima ezibucayi zekomiti, izinqubo zengqungqungquthelanano, nesemkhankambisweni kamongameli. Nakuba lenqubo ingahlukahluka nje ngesimiso sezwezwezwe noma isimiso semithetho, isibonelo sikahulumeni sinikeza umfanekiso ogcwele wendlela yokuhlulwa, ukuhlehla, nokuhlola kwemithetho ehlala njalo.

Ukumiswa Kwemithetho: Lapho Imibono Yamaqalo

Umthetho ngamunye uqala njengomqondo. Izehlulelo zomthetho ezilawulayo eKhongosweni, okusho ukuthi yilungu lendlu noma iSigele kuphela elingasungula ngokusemthethweni umthetho. Nokho, iziphetho zemibono yezomthetho zibanzi kakhulu kune-Capitol Hill. Izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe, ohulumeni, izinhlangano zezemfundo, nochwepheshe bezemfundo, kanye nezingalo ezivamile zinikela zonke iziphakamiso. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Cec Air Act amentments ka 1990 yadonsela kakhulu ekucwaningeni i-Capitol Protection eMrinda i-Mbali ye-Nvironmental, kuyilapho ama-Agenistrigit akhiwe ngotshani enziwe iminyaka eminingi yi-ultsroult, i-smoliv nesakhiwo sotshalo sobuhlangano.

Uma nje umgcini wesigqebhezana ephawula isidingo somthetho omusha, umqondo kumelwe ufakwe esikwenzweni esingokomthetho. Lencwadi yodwebo ihlanganisa isihloko, isethulo esichaza injongo, kanye nezingxenye ezibhalwe ngokucophelela ezichaza izimfuneko ezintsha, izijeziso, noma izinhlelo. Iseluleko somthetho somthetho — abasebenzi bendlu neSigeqe — basiza abenzi bomthetho abasebenza ngolimi oluqondile olugwema inselele engokomthetho. Imali ingaba umthetho obanzi obala [imposiso] [iimposiso] noma obala] [] [i] abenzi bomthetho] abasebenzayodwa [indlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-visa], kodwa enkulu kakhulu njenge-visa, kodwa enkulu kakhulu yemithetho ye-omthetho.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uMongameli angamisa futhi umthetho. Nakuba uMongameli engakwazi ukuveza isimemezelo ngokuqondile, ngokuvamile umqondisi uthumela udwebo kumphathi womthetho onobungane osixhasayo — umkhuba obizwa ngokuthi "umthetho wezesimiso sokuphatha" Izibonelo zamuva zihlanganisa i-Inflactiation Reduction Act ne-Infracustre Invement and Jobs Act, zombili ezisuka ezintweni eziza kuqala eWhite House.

Izinhlobo Zokuthatha Imithetho

Ngalé kwesivumelwano esivamile (esimisiwe iH.R. eNdlu, iS. eSigele), uMkhandlu usebenzisa ezinye izinhlobo eziningana zezimoto ezimisayo:

  • Izinqumo ezifihlwayo (H.J.Res. okanye S.J.Res.) — zifana nemali kodwa ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa ukuguqula noma ukugunyaza ukusetshenziswa komthetho-mthethweni. Zidinga isigqebhezana sikaMongameli ngaphandle kokuba zihlongoze ukulungiseka, okudinga ama-tria amabili emagumbini nasemagumbini okuhlalwa asemthethweni.
  • Izinqumo ezikhona (H.C.Res. noma S.Con.Res.) — ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlela uhlelo lwemali, ukumisa imithetho yokufushanisa, noma ukuveza umqondo weSishaya-mthetho. Abanawo amandla omthetho futhi abanikezwanga kuMongameli.
  • Izinqumo ezilula (H.Res. noma S.Res.) — singatha izindaba zangaphakathi zegumbi elilodwa, njengokuthatha imithetho noma ukudumisa abantu ngabanye. Azisayinwa nguMongameli.

Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kubalulekile ngoba igama elithi “bill" ngokuvamile lisetshenziswa kalula, kodwa indlela yokuveza imvelo ihluka kancane kuye ngemoto.

Isimemezelo Sencwadi: Isiqalo Sendlela Efanele

Ngemva kokudweba, isikweleti sifakwa ngokusemthethweni egumbini elilodwa. Endlini, ilungu lifaka isikweleti ku-"okhethe" — ibhokisi lokhuni edeskini lonobhala wendlu. ESigeqeni, isigele silethula phansi. Isingeniso siveza izenzo ezintathu eziyinhloko:

  • Umthetho uthola [[QL:0] inani (umzk., H.234 noma S. 567) elinikeza isikhombi esihlala njalo.
  • [[UMTL:0] i-spover iyaqoshwa — ngokuvamile umqambi nommeli oyinhloko.
  • Imali yabelwe iboshelwe esekelwe endabeni yendaba (umzk., imali yempilo iya eHealth, Education, Imisebenzi, nePenssion Committee).

Isethulo siqala futhi irekhodi lomphakathi. Umbhalo ogcwele wesikhwama, isimemezelo, nokwaziswa okukhombayo kukhishwa kuyi-intanethi nge-Romagement Office yoMasipala kanye nezingosi ezinjenge-.Gov[ — umthombo omuhle kakhulu kubafundisi nakubafundi abalandela umthetho wangempela wesikhathi.

Indima Yezinsimbi

Ngenxa yokuthi isikhwama esisodwa singaba nethonya elilinganiselwe, abaxhasi bavame ukuthola izinkampani — abanye abaphathi bomthetho abaphawula ukusekela ngokunezela amagama abo ngaphambi nangemva kokuthulwa. Uhlu olukhulu lwemali lubonisa ukusekela okukhulu futhi luthuthukisa amathuba okuthola ukunaka kwekomiti. Nokho, ikhosponsorship ayiqinisekisi ukudlula; izikweletu eziningi ezinabakhosheli abangaphezu kwekhulu abakhokhi abakhokhi abangelwayo abatholanga ivoti ephansi.

Ukubukeza KweKomiti: Ihhashi Lomsebenzi Lomhlangano

AmaKomiti avame ukubizwa ngokuthi "izishaya - mthetho ezincane" ngoba zenza umsebenzi omkhulu oningiliziwe. Uma amalungu angu-535 e-Congress, akunakwenzeka ukuba wonke umenzi womthetho acubungule zonke izikweletu. Kunalokho, umthetho ufanelekela amakomiti akhethekile asebenza ngochwepheshe bezimiso abagcina ukuqulwa, bahlole amaqiniso, futhi baphawule isikhwama.

Ukuzwa Nobufakazi

Uma sekubhekiswe esikweletini, isihlalo sekomiti — ngokuvamile ilungu leqembu elikhulu elinolwazi olude — lezi zikhathi ziqoqa ukwaziswa kofakazi abahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise:

  • Izikhulu zikahulumeni (isib., izinhloko zezinhlangano, amajaji kahulumeni)
  • Ochwepheshe nabacwaningi
  • Abameleli bamaqembu anenzalo, amabhizinisi, izinyunyana, noma abangayitholi inzuzo
  • Abantu ngabanye abathintwa umthetho ohlongozwayo

Izindaba ziqanjiwe obala futhi ngokuvamile ziqoshwe ngethelevishini, zinikeza ifasitela lenqubo yokuzinqumela. Zibuye ziveze umbhalo obhaliwe ongacashunwa kamuva engxoxweni esesitezi noma ngisho nasenkantolo.

Isimiso Sokuphawula

Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti ingena uphawu olungaphezulu — umhlangano lapho amalungu esikisela ukulungisa, izinguquko zenkulumo-mpikiswano, kanye nevoti enguqulweni yokugcina yomthetho ozothunyelwa phansi. I-Markup ingaba indawo yempi: iningi lizama ukusunduza iziphakamiso zalo, kuyilapho iqembu elincane linikeza ezinye izindlela. Inkokhelo ephumelelayo iveza "isikhwama esihlanzekile" noma "isikhala esiphansi esilungisayo" esithatha indawo yombhalo wokuqala ngokuphelele.

Akuzona zonke izikweletu ezisindayo. Abaningi "abasekomitini" ngoba isihlalo senqaba ukuhlela ukuzwa noma ukubhapathiza — umkhuba obizwa ngokuthi "i-pigeonholing"" ezimweni ezingavamile, isicelo sokukhulula (iningi lendlu) singaphoqelela ukuba ikhiphe isikhwama ekomitini, kodwa lokhu kunzima futhi akuvamile ukuphumelela.

Imibiko YamaKomiti

Uma ikomiti ivota ukuba ibike kahle isikweleti, iveza umbiko wekomiti [ — ibhukwana elichaza injongo yemali, ukufingqa ukuzwa, futhi lichaze noma iziphi izinguquko. Lombiko ubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani umthetho wakhiwe ngendlela owawuyiyo futhi ngokuvamile uhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwengxenye yengxenye. Kubafundi, imibiko yamakomiti iyimithombo eyinhloko ebonisa ukucaciswa kwemithetho nokuhlehla.

4. Impikiswano Nokukhuluma Esigungwini Sokuqala

Uma isikweleti sisekhona ekomitini, sithatha inombolo yesitezi ukuze sihlolwe phansi. Izinqubo ziyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwendlu neSigele.

Izindawo Ezisendlwini Eziyimidwebo

Indlu, enamalungu angu-435, incike kwimingcele eqinile yesikhathi nemithetho ehlelwe kahle. I-'FLT:0] enamandla ikhipha i-"rule" elawula ubude bengxoxo, inani lenguquko evunyelwe, futhi ukuthi izinguquko kumelwe zibe yi-grenane (i-revant). Umthetho "ovaliwe" unqabela noma yiziphi iziphetho; "ukulungiswa" umthetho ovumela abantu abathile kuphela. Ukubusa ngokwako kumelwe kuvunyelwe ngevotelwe kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba kuxoxwe.

Impikiswano e House ihlukaniswa phakathi kwabasekeli nabaphikisi. Amalungu akhuluma ngesimiso esingaphansi kwesikhathi esinqandayo — ngokuvamile imizuzu emihlanu hlangothi ngalunye. Indlu khona - ke ivota isebenzisa imishini yogesi; amavoti ayaqoshwa futhi anyatheliswe. Uma kudlula, i-"engrossed" (inyatheliswe okokugcina) futhi ithunyelwe eNdlunkulu.

Izindlela Zokulungisa Indlu Yezigele

ISigele, esinamalungu ayikhulu kuphela, sivumela ithonya elikhulu kakhulu. Akukho komiti yemithetho engokomthetho; kunalokho, iSigele sicabangela izikweleti ngaphansi "kwemvume yesivumelwano esenziwa yi-"unigne" exoxwe ngabaholi beqembu. I-seneti elilodwa lingase lilahle isicelo semvume evumelanayo, liphoqelele umholi ukuba asebenzise izinqubo zokuzihlela ezingokomthetho ezidinga amavoti angu-60 ukuze aqede impikiswano.

Isici esidumile sengxoxo yeSigele yi- filibuster — icebo lapho i-senetor ikhuluma khona amahora amaningi ukulibala noma ukubulala isikweleti. Esikhathini esidlule, i-paribusters iphoqelela izikhawu zomjaho; namuhla, usongo nje lwe-Reaulbuster lwanele ukucela amavoti angu-60 ukuncela [[ impikiswano eqhubekayo]. Izindleko eziningi ezibalulekile, kusukela emthetho wamalungelo omphakathi wokulungisa impilo, ziye zabunjwa yimpi yamahraliti. Isibonelo, i-Affordcable Act e-Arect ku-2010 inqubo ekhethekile ebizwa ngokuthi impikiswano elinganiselwe yamahora angu-20 nakancane kuphela.

Isobho

Uma impikiswano iphela, kubanjwa ivoti. ESigeqeni, uMongameli ongumsizi angavota i-copt. Uma imali idlula ekamelweni lokuqala, idlulela egumbini lesibili ukuze iqhubeke inqubo efanayo — i-pager, izindlebe, ukuvota, impikiswano yaphansi, kanye nokuvota.

5. Ukucabangela Kwenye Indawo Yomnyango: Ukuphindaphinda Igauntlet

U-Bhishobhi kumelwe badlulise amagumbi amabili afanayo ngaphambi kokuba athunyelwe kuMongameli. Igumbi lesibili (uma isikweleti sisuka eNdlu, liya eNdlu yeSigeqe, futhi ngokuphambene) alimane nje lidlulise isikhala sephepha. Libhekisela kumthetho ekomitini, liziphendulela ngokwalo, futhi lingase lenze izinguquko. Ngokujwayelekile, igumbi lesibili lidlulisela isibhamu somthetho — inguquko ehlukile ekhuluma ngesihloko esifanayo.

Uma igumbi lesibili lidlulisa izindleko ngaphandle kokulungisa, liya ngqo kuMongameli. Nokho, umthetho obalulekile kakhulu uphela ngokungezwani, ubangela isidingo sokubuyisana.

6. IKomiti Yengqungquthela: Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani

Lapho iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene zemali, ikomiti evumelanayo ihlangana ukuba ixoxisane ngokuhlehla. Ikomiti yakhiwa amalungu amadala avela emakomitini ombuso kuwo womabili amagumbi — ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "amalungu omthetho]. Bahlangana ngemva kweminyango evaliweyo besayisa umlomo owodwa womabili amakamu angawumukela.

Inqubo yengqungquthela iyisenzo esibucayi sokulinganisela. Izikhulu zingaxoxa kuphela ngezindaba ezihluka phakathi kwezinguqulo; azikwazi ukuletha amalungiselelo amasha ngokuphelele. Umbiko womhlangano wokugcina kumelwe usayiniswe iningi lalabo abanikezwayo abavela egumbini ngalinye, bese ubuyiselwa kuzo zombili izindlu ukuze kuvotelwe noma zibekwe phansi — akukho ukubuyiselwa okuvunyelwe. Uma igumbi elilodwa elingavumelani nemvume, igebe liyafa, futhi abanikazi bomhlangano kungadingeka baqale noma bavumele umthetho ukuba uhlehliswe.

Amakomiti engqungquthela ahlanganisa lawo aveza ukuhlehla kwango-1850, i-Social Security Act ka-1935, kanye ne-Tax Cuts no-Jobs Act ka-2017. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukusetshenziswa kwamakomiti engqungquthela kuye kwehla njengokusetshenziswa kwabaholi beqembu ngokuqhubekayo bethembela ezingxoxweni zethukela kanye nase "imvumi" yokulungisa — ukudlulisa isimemezelo ngezinguquko ezincane kuze kube yilapho elinye igumbi lamukela inguqulo.

7. Isinyathelo Somongameli: Isibonakaliso, iVito, noma i - pocket Veto

Ngemva kokuba womabili amagumbi egunyaza umthetho ofanayo, izindleko ziyabhaliswa ephepheni lesikhumba futhi zithunyelwe eWhite House. UMongameli unezindlela ezintathu ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 7 yoMthetho-sisekelo:

  • Uphawu lomthetho [ — uba umthetho ngokushesha noma ngosuku olucacisiwe oluphumelelayo.
  • Ukuvota [umthetho] — ukubuyisela kuKhongolo-mkhandlu ngokuphikisa. UKhongolo-kanye lungadlula ngevoti ephindwe kathathu kulawo makamu amabili, okunzima kodwa akuyona into engenakwenzeka. Ukuvota okungalawuleki ngokuvamile kudinga ukusekelwa kwe-bipartisan futhi akuvamile; njengoba ukusungulwa, ingaphansi kwesihlanu% sevetoes bekungaka-xhunyiwe.
  • ungathathi nyathelo. Uma uMkhandlu useqenjini, umlomo uba umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi (amaSonto adlule). Uma izingqungquthela zithatha lezozinsuku eziyishumi, umthetho ufa nge-veto i-pactet , engenakungagcwalwa.

Umbuso weveto usebenza njengesehlo esibucayi ekuphathweni kwemithetho. UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt vototet 635 (eziningi kakhulu emlandweni), kuyilapho uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wayenezingasi 12. Usongo lwevetous lungahlela futhi okuqukethwe umthetho ngaphambi kokuba ufike kumongameli, njengoba abenzi bomthetho bezama ukukhokha izikweletu zendlu yabamhlophe luzosayina.

Imiphumela Yesiyalo

Uma uMongameli esesayina isibeko somthetho (noma uKhongolose udlulisa iveto), umthetho uyakhishwa ufundisa kukhulu futhi ugunyazwe enqubweni ye-United States Code[[[[FLT:]]. Nokho, inqubo yomthetho ayipheleli lapho. Imithetho eminingi iphathisa igunya lezinhlangano zegatsha lokubhala iziqondiso ezichaza futhi ziphoqelele umthetho omusha. [[FLT:]] Lenqubo yokushaya umthetho [[FLT:]] ihilela isaziso somphakathi, izinkulumo, futhi izinselele ezingokomthetho — enye indawo lapho izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela khona.

Indlela Yokuyifeza: Ukusuka Ekubekeni Imithetho Kuya Ekufezekeni

Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho kuyisici sokugcina lapho umthetho uthinta abantu. Ingqungquthela ivame ukusho izinsuku eziphumelelayo, imithombo yezimali, kanye nezindlela zokuqinisekisa ukusebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, i-No Child Lend Behind Act ka-2001 edinga izifundazwe ukuze zithuthukise izimiso ezihambelanayo zokuhlola nokulandisa phakathi kwesikhathi esithile, kuyilapho i-Affordable Care Act yabekwa phakathi neminyaka eminingana. Ukukhubazeka kungalitshazwa ngezinselele zenkantolo, ukuntuleka kwemiyalelo, noma ukushintsha kwendlela yokuphatha lapho umongameli omusha ethatha isikhundla.

Othisha bangasebenzisa isigaba sokusebenza njengesikhathi sokufundisa: imithetho ayiziqedi. Bafuna izisebenzi zikahulumeni, izikhulu ezilalelayo, abahluleli, nezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zibalandele futhi bazibophe. Umthetho odlula ngemishini ungathatha iminyaka ukuyisebenzisa ngokugcwele, noma ungakhutshwa ngemithetho engagunyaziwe kanye nemithetho enqanda ukuthatha.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Inqubo Yokushaya Icala Ibaluleke

Ukufuna imvume yokudlulisa inqubo yentando yeningi ngokwezenzo — ewubuhlanya, eyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ekugcineni inqubo ithatha isinyathelo. Lenqubo ithatha ijubane futhi ihlanganisa ukuthatha i-veto kaningi ukukhomba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho iveza ukuvumelana okubanzi nokuhlola. Kubafundi, bafunda inqubo yomthetho wokulawula ithuthukisa ukufunda nokubhala umphakathi, ukucabanga okugxekayo, nokwazisa ngomklamo womthetho-mthetho. Kubafundisi, inikeza isihloko esicebile esihlanganisa umlando, uhulumeni, izifundazwe, nezenzakalo zamanje.

Ukuze unyukele kakhulu, cabangela ukuhlola izinto eziyinhloko zemithombo yeZinqolobane zeNational, ulandela incwadi ebhalwe .gov, noma ubukele indlu noma isimiso esiphansi esiphilayo esidlula i-C-SPAN. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho enikezwa ngayo amandla ukuze ikwazi ukwenza izinto ngokubaluleka — kungaba ngokuthinta abameleli babo, ngokufaka ubufakazi, noma ngokumane uvote ngolwazi ngendlela imithetho elawula ngayo ukuphila kwabo.

Ngemibandela eyengeziwe yendlela izimiso zephalamende ezihluka ngayo, ingosi yePhalamende UK inikeza ukuqhathanisa okuhle kakhulu, kanye ne .gov inikeza ukufingqa okufingqiwe okungokomthetho. Ukufunda izinyathelo zenqubo yomthetho akuyona nje indlela yokusebenza yekilasi — kuyikhono eliyisisekelo lesabelo esingokomthetho kunoma yisiphi idemokrasi.