Isisekelo Sokuzibusa Kokwahlulela Ekubuseni Komthetho

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela kuyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zisebenza ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa, inkohlakalo, noma ukulawula kwezombangazwe. Lesi simiso sivumela abahluleli ukuba banqume amacala asekelwe kuphela ekugunyazweni okungokomthetho, ubufakazi, nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Endaweni yomthetho omelene nobuphekula, lapho ukwesaba komphakathi kungacindezela ohulumeni ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha, ikhothasi elizimele lisebenza njengesehlo esibucayi emandleni egunya lempatho. Ngaphandle kwalo, izingozi zokulwa nezenzo zobuphekulanga zingene emahhovisi okulawula, zisusa khona kanye inkululeko ehloselwe ukuvikela.

Ngokomlando, umqondo wokuzimela kokwahlulela ulandela emuva ekuhlukaneni kwemfundiso yamagunya ebekwe yi-Montesquieu. Kulokhu kwanamuhla, kudinga isivikelo sokwakha esinjengesici esiphambili sabatahluleli, amaholo avikelwe, nezinqubo zokumisa ezibonisayo. Lezivikelo zomthetho akuyona nje inqubo yomthetho kuphela − ezibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukuthenjwa umphakathi esimisweni sobulungisa, ikakhulukazi uma kuboniswa izimo ezihlobene nezokulondeka kwesizwe okuphawulekayo. I-jaji elizimele lingahlola amaqiniso obuphekula imingcele yobuphekula ngaphandle kokukhomba kwezombangazwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulondeka akudluli ezimisweni ezingokomthetho.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Njengommeli Wemingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo

Elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu umuntu ozimele ophethe ikomiti yamajaji ukubukeza kokwahlulela, “‘ igunya lokubulala imithetho noma izenzo eziphethe eziphula isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Emongweni omelene nobuphekula, lo mbuso uvimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho ebanzi engase iphazanyiswe, ivinjelwe ukuvalelwa kwejele okunganqunywanga. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo ziye zalahla imithetho echaza ubuphekula ngokungaqondakali, idinga izincazelo eziqondile ezingase zithathe imingcele engekho cala.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuyasebenza nasezimisweni zikahulumeni zokuqapha. Uma uhulumeni ethi kunesidingo sokuqondisa ukuxhumana noma ukuthengiselana kwezezimali ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlasela, izinkantolo ezizimele zingahlola ukuthi izinyathelo ezinjalo ziyavumelana yini namalungelo omthetho-mshado. Lesisenzo sokulinganisela asiyona incazelo; sinemiphumela yangempela yezwe. Ezimikhandlwini eziningi, ukuqondisa kokwahlulela kuye kwaphoqelela izinhlangano ezihlakaniphile ukuba zithole imvume ngaphambi kokuthola ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, ziqinisekisisa isimiso sokuthi umbuso awunakuba yiyo kuphela umahluleli wezenzo zawo siqu.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukulingwa Okuqotho Kobuphekula

Amalungelo afanele okuqulwa kwecala awanakugwenywa kunoma yisiphi isimiso somthetho esithi sihlonipha isithunzi somuntu. Kuso ababheki, izigxobo ziphakeme kakhulu − cishe izigxobo zigcwele izijeziso ezinzima, kuhlanganise nokuboshwa kokuphila noma ngisho nokufa. Isiqinisekiso sokuzimela somthetho esiqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zivivinyo zinamathela enqubweni efanelekile: ilungelo leseluleko somthetho, ukubekwa kobumsulwa, nethuba lokuphikisa ubufakazi.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zimelane nokucindezela kokudlulisa amacala noma ukwamukela ubufakazi obungabazisayo, obunjengobufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlushwa noma ngokuhlakanipha okuyimfihlo okungenakuvezwa empilweni yokuvikela. Amajaji azimele ahlola ukungaqiniseki kobufakazi. Uma ohulumeni bezama ukusebenzisa izinto ezibalwayo ngaphandle kokuvumela ummangalelwa ukuba azibone, izinkantolo zingaphoqelela isimiso esikhethekile sokusekela noma zifune ukudalulwa. Umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkolelo zisekelwe ebufakazini obunokwethenjelwa, hhayi ngokwesaba ummangalelwa.

Amaqumrhu amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, njenge Komiti yamalungelo abantu ye-, aye agcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi inqubo yokulwa nobuphekula kumelwe ihloniphe isiqinisekiso esilungile. Izikhulu zejaji ezizimele zingabavikeli abaphambili balezindinganiso, futhi imithetho yazo isebenza njengezibonelo zokugcinwa komthetho nabaphathi bomthetho emhlabeni wonke.

Umthetho Wokulinganisela Ongaxazululeki: Ukulondeka Nokukhululeka Kwangaphakathi

Imithetho elwa nobuphekula ivame ukunikeza umbuso amandla angavamile: ukuboshwa okungakhokhwa: ukuboshwa okuthathelwa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwemvume, ukuqapha ngaphandle kogunyazo, imithombo yempahla, nemithetho evimbela ukuqhubekeka. Nakuba izinyathelo ezinjalo zingadingeka eziphuthumayo, zisengozini enkulu yokuxhashazwa. I-jaji elizimele linikeza uhlelo lokuhlola la magunya ngesisekelo secala, liqinisekisa ukuthi asetshenziswa ngokwesilinganiso futhi awasetshenziselwa ukuhlasela abaphikisi bezombangazwe noma amaqembu amancane.

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlaziya ukulingana: uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi isilinganiso esithile sidingekile, ukuthi kunendlela engcono yokuvimbela, futhi ukungenela kuyalinganiswa ngokumelene nenzuzo yokulondeka. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo ingashaya umthetho ovumela ukuvalelwa okunganqunywanga okungaphelele kwanoma yibuphi ubuphekula obungasolwanga ngaphandle kokukhokhiswa, ngoba ihluleka ukunikeza isivikelo esifanelekile somthetho. Ngokuphambene, izinkantolo ziye zasekela izinhlelo zokuhlola lapho zihlanganisa ukuqondisa okunenzuzo nemingcele yesikhathi.

Lendima yokulinganisela ayikhona yokukhetha ukulondeka ngaphezu kwenkululeko noma ukukhetha okuhlukile. Ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bobabili bayahlonishwa phakathi komthetho. Ijaji elizimele lingazenza lezi zinqumo ezicaciwe ngoba livikelekile ekuweni kwemithetho engathandwa engokombangazwe. Lingasekela amalungelo amaphekula amangalelwe ngaphandle kokubekwa icala lokungabi nabuntu obuphekula, ngenxa nje yokuthi ukufaneleka kwawo kusuka ekungakhethi.

Izinselele Zokuzimela Ekwahluleleni Inkululeko Emelene Nezenqabela - mbuso

Nakuba icala elicatshangelwayo lokuzimela kokwahlulela linamandla, ukucindezela kwangempela kwezwe kulokhu kusongela. Izenzakalo zobuphekula zibangelwa yimvelo eziphezulu futhi zigcwele imizwelo. Ukuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi, futhi ohulumeni balingeka ukusebenzisa ijaji njengethuluzi lezinhlelo zokhuseleko. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ekuklameni izimiso zomthetho eziqinile.

Ukungenela Kwezombangazwe Nokubusa Kwabantu Ngokweqile

Kwamanye amazwe, amagatsha aphethe azama ukuthonya ukumiswa kokwahlulela, ukususa abahluleli ababusa ngokumelene nohulumeni, noma ukumisa izinkantolo ezikhethekile ezingenabo ububonisi obuzimele. Ukungenela okunjalo kungaba kukhulu, njengalapho umongameli efuna isiqinisekiso ecaleni lamaphekula (hhayi futhi efuna ukuqashelwa, njengokusebenzisa imali noma ukugxekwa komphakathi kwabahluleli. Ngisho nasembusweni wentando yeningi omisiwe, abaholi bezombangazwe ngezinye izikhathi bayakungabaza ukushisekela izwe kwabahluleli abafaka isivikelo somthetho ngokomthetho.

Izikhungo zokwakha eziqinile njengemikhandlu yokwahlulela elawula ukumiswa nokukhushulwa kwezindawo zokwenza izinto zibe lula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucindezela kwezizwe zonke kanye nezivumelwano zezombusazwe kungasiza ekuhlukaniseni izigebengu ekugxambukeni kwezombangazwe. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Internationalpolate Commission of Jurist zihlola izinsongothi ezisongela ukukhululeka kokwahlulela futhi zisekele izinguquko. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi umahluleli kumelwe alondeke ekuthatheni kwawo iholo, ukuze angasabi ukuphindiselwa kwesinqumo esingathandeki.

Ukusetshenziswa Komphakathi Nokucindezela Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Inkantolo yomphakathi inamandla amakhulu. Uma kuhlasela amaphekula amakhulu, imithombo yezindaba ifuna ukwahlulela okusheshayo nesijeziso esinzima. Abahluleli abasola ukusolwa ngezizathu zobuchwepheshe − njengobufakazi obungekho emthethweni obuqoqwayo . Lokhu kucindezela kungathonya inqumo, ikakhulukazi ezimisweni lapho abahluleli bekhethwa khona noma bephinde bamiswe khona ngokusekelwe ekudunyisweni.

Ukuze bamelane nalokhu, abahluleli-mthetho kumelwe bahlanganyele ngenkuthalo ekufundiseni umphakathi ngendima yenqubo efanele. Banganikeza izahlulelo ezicacile nezinengqondo ezichaza ukuthi kungani ubufakazi bungahlanganiswanga noma ukuthi kungani indinganiso ethile engokomthetho ingahlangani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubika kwezindaba kufanele kugcizelele ukuthi izivikelo zezemibukiso akunacala kodwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi abangenacala abajeziswanga. Amajaji azimele azuza futhi emithethweni e-rekhohla: umahluleli onomuzwa wokuthi abanakungakhetha ukuhlangana komuntu siqu noma ukuthatha isinyathelo esiwundlululwa umphakathi. Ukulondoloza ubuqotho benqubo kubaluleke kakhulu, ngisho noma kuphumela emiphumeleni engathandwa.

Ukufihla Ukulondeka Kobuzwe Nokuqhubeka Okuvalekile

Ohulumeni bavame ukuphikisa ngokuthi ubufakazi obuthile abunakwembulwa ngoba bungaveza imithombo yokuhlakanipha noma izindlela.

Ezinye izimiso zomthetho ziye zasungula izinkantolo ezikhethekile zezokuphepha, kodwa izinga lokuzimela liyahluka. Uma lezi zinkantolo zakhiwa yizisebenzi zezikhulu zempi noma amajaji amiswe ngokuqondile yisikhulu, zingase zinganikezi isivikelo esanele. Ikomiti ezimele ngempela ifuna ukuba ngisho nasemicimbini yokuvinjelwa, umahluleli usebenza njengommeli ongathathi hlangothi, aziqaphele ngokugcwele iziphakamiso zikahulumeni kodwa futhi aqaphele amalungelo aso. Izindinganiso zezizwe zonke, njengalezo I - UNIDC Handbook on Criminal Justice Resources Resourcess to Terrorism ], inikeza isiqondiso sokungathwa kwezimo ezikamelweni ezimelelweni ezisemthethweni.

Ubufakazi Obusekelwe Ebuhlakani Nesivikelo SoFakazi

Izehlakalo ezilwa nobuphekula zivame ukuncika kukuhlakanipha okuvela ku-accounts, ukuqapha, noma izinhlangano zakwamanye amazwe. Lobu bufakazi bunganzima ukuqinisekisa ngaphandle kokuyekethisa imithombo. Abahluleli abazimele kumelwe bahlakulele ikhono lokuhlola ukwethenjelwa kokwaziswa okunjalo, futhi bangadinga ukuqinisekiswa. Izinhlelo zokuvikela zoFakazi zivamile futhi, kodwa ilungelo lokumelana nommangaleli owencenga. . . Izinkantolo zivumele ofakazi abangaziwayo ukuba bavikelwe ngokuqinile, njengobufakazi obungathembekile nesahlulo sokuvota, kodwa njalo ngomahluleli oqaphela isimo sofakazi.

I European Court of Human Rights iye yasungula indikimba ecebile yomthetho wecala kulendawo. Emacaleni anjenge A. nakwamanye. i-United Kingdom, iNkantolo yaphetha ukuthi nakuba kungase kudingeke izinyathelo ezikhethekile, akumelwe ilungise isivikelo. Izinkantolo zesizwe ezizimele zingamukela lezindinganiso ngokusebenza, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukumangalelwa kokuhlakanipha kusahlangabezana nenqubo efanelekile.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuqinisa Inkululeko Yokwahlulela Ekulweni Nobugebengu

Ukwakha inkantolo engamelana nezingcindezi zobuphekula kudinga ukuklanywa kwamaqembu nokuqapha okuqhubekayo.

Ukuzuza Kokwahlulela Okulondekile Nenkululeko Yezimali

Abahluleli kufanele babe nemibandela emide noma ukuphila, futhi amaholo abo akufanele ancishiswe umphathi. Ukuthatha isigwebo kufanele kube nokwenzeka kuphela ngokuziphatha okubi kakhulu noma ukugogeka, ngendikimba esobala nezimele. Lokhu kuvikela abahluleli ekujezisweni ngezinqumo ezingajabulisi uhulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lwemali lwamajaji kufanele lubekwe ngejaji ngokwalo noma ngekhomishane engathathi hlangothi, ukuze kuvinjelwe ukucindezela kwemali.

Ukuqeqeshwa Okukhethekile Ngamalungelo Abantu Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Abahluleli abakhuluma ngezindaba zobuphekula badinga ubuchwepheshe kokubili emthethweni wezokuphepha namalungelo abantu. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha njalo kufanele zihlanganise izihloko ezinjengezimiso zokulingana, ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi bokuhlakanipha, kanye nemiphumela engokwengqondo yobuphekula ezisuluni nasemiphakathini. Izikhungweni zokwahlulela kufanele zizimele futhi zihambisane nezindikimba zomhlaba wonke njenge-International Bar Association.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Okuphangayo Kwamandla Alwa Nawobuphekula

Imithetho kufanele ivumele ngokuqondile ukuba ihlolwe ngokusemthethweni nganoma yikuphi ukuboshwa kokuphatha, ukuqapha, noma ukufakwa kwempahla. Imithetho yangaphambi kwe-applet kufanele idingeke ezinyatheloni zokuphambanisa. Ngemva kwalokho, izinkantolo kufanele zibe negunya lokuvimbela ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungekho emthethweni nokukhulula noma ubani ovalelwe ngokungekho emthethweni. Amakomiti azimele aqondisayo, njengekomiti yokuhlakanipha yasepalamende, angasekela ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kodwa angabuthatheli indawo.

Ukuvikelwa KwabAhluleli Ekuhlukunyezwani Noma Ebudloveni

Amaqembu amaphekula angase ahlasele abahluleli abawabeka icala amalungu abo. Ohulumeni kumelwe banikeze ukulondeka, kuhlanganise nesivikelo esingokomzimba, ukuzifihla uma kudingeka, nokuthutha. Umahluleli kufanele azizwe ephephile, engasatshiswa.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Nezifundo Eziqhathanisayo

Ukubheka izimiso ezihlukene zomthetho kungakhanyisa ukuthi yini esebenzayo nengasizi.

Izimiso Zomthetho Ezivamile: I - United States ne - United Kingdom

E-United States, ijaji livame ukwenza indima enkulu ekubukezeni izinyathelo zobuphekula. INkantolo Ephakeme, ezimweni ezinjenge HAmdi v. Rumsfeld kanye ne [FLT]] Boumediene v. Bush, igomela ukuthi ngisho nesitha esiphethwe eGuantanamo Bay sinelungelo lokuhlola i-habeas corpus. Lokhu kubonisa ukuzimisela okukhulu kokwahlulela ukuhlola amandla omphathi, ngisho nangesikhathi sempi. Nokho, i-USA PATOTriot Act yokwengamela ngokulawula okulinganiselwe, nokulungisa okulandela kuphoqelelekile ukuguqula inguquko.

I-United Kingdom inendlela ehlukile. Yamisa izinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuvimbela amaphekula nokuhlola (TPIM) ezigunyazwa yinkantolo. I-Intelligence and Security Committee inikeza ukuqondisa kwephalamende, kodwa ukulawula kokwahlulela kusetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ngeNkantolo Ephakeme Ephethe. Izinkantolo ze-UK ziye zasebenzisa futhi i-Human Rights Act ekukhipheni iziyalezo zokuhlushwa lapho ukuhlushwa kuyingozi khona, igcizelela ilungelo lokuphila nokulondeka.

Izindawo Ezifinyelela EYurophu Emazwekazini: IJalimane NeFrance

INkantolo ye-Federal Constitution ingumphathi onamandla wamalungelo. Iwahlile amalungiselelo e-Anti-Trorism Act awephula umthetho wezobucala, njengeqoqo eligcwele ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezokuxhumana. INkantolo igcizelela ukuthi noma ikuphi ukuqapha kumelwe kuhlolwe futhi kusekelwe ekusolweni okuqinile. Lokhu kubonisa indlela inkantolo ezimele yomthetho-mthetho engaconga ngayo imithetho yokuvikela ngaphandle kokuyikhipha.

IFrance, ngokungafani, inomlando wokulawula kwezikhulu ezinamandla. Ngemva konyaka ka-2015 wokuhlasela, isifundazwe sesimo esiphuthumayo sanikezwa amandla amakhulu amaphoyisa, kodwa ukuqondisa kokwahlulela kwahlala kulinganiselwe ekuhlaziyweni kwecala elingaphambili. Izinguquko ezilandelayo zahlanganisa izinyathelo eziningi eziphuthumayo emthethweni ovamile. Amajaji aseFrance aqala ukuhlehlisa izilinganiso ezingenakulinganiswa, njengokuvalelwa kwezindlu ngaphandle kobufakazi, okubonisa ukuthi ngisho nakumthetho wesizwe, i-jajiji elizimele lingaziveza ngokwalo.

Imibuso Ehlanganisa Izikhundla: Izifundo Ezivela Ezindaweni Ezishintshiwe

Amazwe aphuma ezimpini noma ekubuseni ngempoqo ngokuvamile alwa nokucindezela komthetho obuthakathaka. Angase abhekane nokucindezela kokwamukela imithetho eqinile ngaphandle kokuhlola okufanele. Izinhlelo zosizo zomhlaba wonke kufanele zimise ukwakha izinhlangano zokwahlulela ezizimele, kuhlanganise nokuqeqesha, izakhiwo, nezindlela zokulwa nokunganyaniseki. Isimiso sobulungisa kumelwe sibhekwe njengesingakhethi ukuze sizuze ukuthemba umphakathi, okubaluleke kakhulu lapho simangalela amaphekula noma amaphekula.

Isiphetho: Indima Engenakuxazululeka Yeziculo Ezizimele

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela akuyona into yokunethezeka engabekwa eceleni ngezikhathi zenhlekelele . Imithetho elwa nobuphekula ingamathuluzi anamandla, kodwa ngaphandle kwezinkantolo ezingakhethi ukuba ziyisebenzise futhi ziyicindezele, iba izikhali zikahulumeni kunamathuluzi obulungisa. Ijaji elizimele liqinisekisa ukuthi ukulwa nobuphekula kuhlala kungaphakathi komthetho, kulondoloza ukufaneleka kombuso futhi kuvikela amalungelo ombuso.

Amazwe alulaza ukuzimela kokwahlulela ngenxa yokulondeka avame ukuzithola engenakho ukulondeka okukhulu, ngoba alahlekelwa ukwethenjwa umphakathi futhi adala izikhalo ezibangela ukugabadela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lawo asekela ukuzibusa aveza imiphumela ehlala isikhathi eside: izinkolelo ezimelana nokukhanga, ukuhlakanipha okuqoqwa ngokomthetho futhi okusetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo, futhi umphakathi owaziyo imithetho yawo usebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke. Ukuqinisa ukuzimela kokwahlulela kufanele kube umgomo oyinhloko wanoma yiliphi isu lokulwa nobuphekula.

Ekugcineni, umthetho uyindawo eqinile yokuzimela kwentando yeningi. Izinkantolo ezizimele zingabavikeli bazo. Lapho zivunyelwa ukuba zisebenze ngaphandle kokwesaba noma ukuvunyelwa, azigcini ngokukhonza ubulungisa kuphela, kodwa zivikela nezindinganiso zentando yeningi amaphekula afuna ukuzibhubhisa.