Isingeniso: Ukuncishiswa Kwembangi Yezombangazwe

Ukumelelwa kwe-Prpotionel (PR) kungaphezu nje kwendlela yokubala amavoti − kuguqula kakhulu izisusa ezibumba amaqembu ezombangazwe, izakhiwo zawo zangaphakathi, nendawo ezungezile yedemokrati ebanzi. Ngokungafani nazo zonke izimiso ezithatha impumelelo ecindezela ukukhetha kwezombangazwe ezimbaleni ezimbili eziphethe, izimiso ze-PR zizimisele ukuguqula umvoti asekele ngokuqondile ezihlalweni zomthetho. Lokhu kushintsha kushintsha kuzo zonke izici zokuziphatha kweqembu: indlela abakha ngayo, indlela abanxusa ngayo ukuba bavote, indlela ababusa ngayo, nendlela abalawula ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuqonda lokhu kuguqulo kudingekile kudingekile kunoma ubani ohlola ushintsho noma ukuqhathanisa imiphumela yentando yeningi emazweni ahlukene.

Ukuqonda Umfanekiso Wendawo

Phakathi nendawo, ukumelelwa okulinganayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi iphesenti lezihlalo ezitholwa umkhandlu wesishaya-mthetho lifanelana kakhulu namaphesenti amavoti awatholayo. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu ezimisweni zezikhulu njengesiqalo sokuqala (FPTP), lapho iqembu lingawina khona izihlalo eziningi ngokuncane kakhulu kunalezo eziningi zokuvota. Izimiso zePR zivela ngokwezigaba eziningana, ngasinye sinemiphumela ehlukile yentuthuko yeqembu.

Izinhlobo Zokumelela Okuvela Kuhulumeni

  • Uhlu PR: Amadili afaka uhlu oluyaliwe lwabazobhapathizwa. Abavoter bakhetha idili, futhi izihlalo zabelwa ngokwesilinganiso ngokwengxenye yevoti yeqembu ngalinye. Lapho amavoti amaningi emukela, lapho kukhethwa khona abavoti abengeziwe ohlwini lwabo. Lesi simiso sinikeza ukuqondisa okunamandla kokukhetha umfunda nesigaba.
  • I Vote edluliswayo eyodwa (STV): Abavote bahlela abantu ngabanye abazothatha izikhundla ngamaqembu ezifunda eziningi. Ama-Sett abekwa ngesimiso se-quarter, avumele abavoti ukuba banqamule imigqa yeqembu futhi baveze okuthandayo phakathi kwamalungu anye. STV yenza amandla okulawula umphikisi ozo okhethiwe futhi akhuthaze umncintiswano wesigaba.
  • Isihlalo esilinganiswe-Momber Propotionel: Abavoli bafaka izihlalo ezimbili zebhola(enye yomfundi wendawo) (ngokuvamile usebenzisa i-FPTP) kanye nesohlu lweqembu. Isabelo sesihlalo silinganiswa ukuze kufinyelelwe isilinganiso, ngakho iqembu eliwina izihlalo eziningi zendawo lingathola izihlalo zohlu ezimbalwa. I-MMP ixubanisa izikhombo zendawo ngokulinganayo futhi isetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-Australia ne-New Zealand.

Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zithonya icebo leqembu, ukubusa ngentando yeningi, kanye nezinhlangano ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Umphumela Ezidilini Zezombangazwe

Izimpawu ze-proparement zibuye zithathe amaqembu ezombangazwe kusukela emhlabeni kuya phezulu() ubukhulu bawo, inani, ukuhlelwa kwangaphakathi, amasu omkhankaso, nokuziphatha kokubusa. Ushintsho alusona nje isici esiphezulu kodwa luyikho.

Isikhuthazo Sabancane Nabasezikhungweni Ezintekenteke

Esimisweni se-PR, iqembu elithola 5% yamavoti ngokuvamile liphumelela cishe ku-5% yezihlalo. Lo mnyango ophansi wehlisa isithiyo sokungena ezindaweni ezintsha nezincane. Amaqembu aluhlaza, izinhlangano ezihamba ngokufanele, amaqembu anezimo ezihlukene, kanye nemifelandawo eyodwa ingathola izimpawu zephalamende ngaphandle kokudinga ukuphulwa “izinto ezithathene" zonke izikhawu. Lokhu kukhuthaza isayensi ehlukene yemvelo. Abathandi bamaProteins abasazelelwe ukuhlanganisa izinhlangano ezimbili ezihlukene. Abathathiwe bangasadingi ukukhetha“ okuncane kwezimbimbini”. [iqembu] Ngokuqotho lingavotela iqembu elifana eduze nezinto elizithandayo. Ngesikhathi esiphakathi, le zenza indawo ephakathi lapho imiklasa khona futhi ihluziwe. Nokho, abagxeki abagxeki bangawa futhi bayakwazi ukukhuthaza amaqembu amaqembu ahlukene.

Ohulumeni Abasekelanayo Nokubambisana Kweqembu

Ngenxa yokuthi alikho iqembu elilodwa elivame ukuwina iningi, izimiso zePR ziqinisekisa ohulumeni abahlangene. Ama-parimen kumelwe axoxe ngemithetho yezikhulu, izikhundla zekhabethe, nezikhundla eziphambili zomthetho kubantu abangase babe abangane. Lokhu kuguqula ukuziphatha kweqembu ngezindlela eziningi:

  • Izivumelwano zokhetho oluthatha indawo: Imikhosi ingakha amaqoqo phambi kokhetho ukuze iphawule ukuvumelana okungahambisana, kanjalo ilololonga amathemba amavoti.
  • Umshini wokuhlela iposi : Abaholi beqembu kudingeka babe abaqondisi abanekhono, ngokuvamile bemisa izikhundla eziphezulu ukuze benze imifelandawo iphumelele.
  • Imithetho yesonto iyekethisa[: Imikhosi ifunda ukuyeka imfuno engabalulekile kakhulu eziza kuqala. Lokhu kungaholela ekulawuleni okuqinile, okunganyakazi, okungabangela ukubusa kwe-centriset (kodwa nasekumangaleleni izikhangiso zegumbi lokulala elikhipha izithembiso zomkhankaso.
  • Amaqembu aphakathi[[FLT: 1]: Ukucindezela kokukhokha kungandisa izimpikiswano zangaphakathi, njengoba amaphiko eqembu engavumelani ukuthi kuvunyelwa kuphi.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezempi Nokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

Ngaphansi kwe-PR, abavoti abavamile ukuzwa ukuthi ukuvota kwabo “kwamukelekile.” Ezimisweni zamaqembu amancane, abasekeli bamaqembu amancane bavame ukuhlala ekhaya noma ngokusemthethweni .PR uphengulula umfutho owengeziwe. Ukucwaninga kuveza ngokuqhubekayo umvoti ophakeme emazweni ePR uma kuqhathaniswa nezimiso ze-FPTPP, ngisho nalapho elawula ezinye izici. Umqondo wokuthi zonke izindaba zokuvota zihlela ngokuqondile indlela amaqembu ahlala ngayo. Kunokuba zihlasele amasifunda ajikelezayo kuphela, amaqembu kumelwe adlulise izigodlo zawo yonke indawo. Lokhu kungandisa izimpande zotshani futhi kukhutha amathengi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba uvotensi u-Fotairets bangathatha isikhundla (underV) noma bakhetha phakathi kwezinhlangano eziningi zezombangazwe, banomuzwa omkhulu phakathi kwenqubo yokuvota phakathi kwezombangazwe.

Ukuhlelwa Kweqembu Nokukhethwa Kwe - Candidete

Izimiso ze-PR zivame ukukhuthaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi okukhulu. Ngaphansi kohlu lwe-PR, amaqembu alawula uhlelo lwabazohlolwa, kodwa iziphakamiso zangaphakathi noma imibuthano yemihlangano inganquma ukuthi kuhlelwe kanjani. Ezimisweni ezivulekile kakhulu, abavoti bangathonya labo abazohlolwa eqenjini abakhethwayo, abakhuthaza abazolandela izibophana zomuntu siqu kanye nezibophana zendawo. Lokhu kungaholela ekulandeleni izikhundla ezihlukahlukene ze-PR. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulawula komphakathi, isigaba sezizwe, kanye nezombangazwe ezingezona ezenkolo ehleliwe ngokuvamile kungcono ngaphansi kwezimiso ze-PR ezithathelwa phambili, ngoba amaqembu angalinganisela amathikithi awo ekudlulisweni okubanzi. Ngokuphikisana, abaholi beqembu, ababhisholi bemithetho ephakathi naphakathi kotshani.

Izinselele Zokumelela

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo zentando yeningi, i - PR isebenza ngezindleko. izici ezifanayo ezikhuthaza ukumelelwa kungadala izinkinga zokubusa.

Ukuhlukana Kwesimo Sezombangazwe

Uma izigaba eziningi ziwina izihlalo, ukwakha uhulumeni ozinzile kuba yindida eyinkimbinkimbi. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, njengoba kuboniswa kwa-Israel nase-Italy ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene, okhetho oluvamile nohulumeni abahlala isikhathi esifushane bangalulaza ukwethenjwa komphakathi. Ukwehlukana kunganika amandla amancane “umenzi” akhipha izimvume ezingenakulinganiswa, akhungathekisa amalungu amakhulu kanye namavoti ngokufanayo. Imithetho ye-Createct (umz., 3% noma 5% yevoti) ivame ukubekwa ekunqandeni ukwahlukana, kodwa futhi angayifaki namazwi aqotho. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okulungile kuyinselele.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Kokubusa

I-coliation coliation idinga ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo, okunganciphisa ukumiswa kwesinqumo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ohulumeni abahlangene baveza “ingxenye ephansi kakhulu yemithetho efanayo” engekho ojabulisa ngokugcwele. Ezindabeni eziphuthumayo − njengezinkinga zezomnotho noma ukulondeka kwesizwe . − lokhu kungaba yinkinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izivumelwano ezihlangene ngokuvamile zihlela imisebenzi phakathi kwamaqembu, okuholela ezimpini nasenkambisweni yokungavumelani. Isidingo sokuyekethisa kungenza ohulumeni bangabi nasibopho esitheni: i-voti ayikwazi ukujezisa iqembu elilodwa ngenxa yokungalungisi kwemithetho lapho liboshelwa izivumelwano.

Ukudangala Nokudumazeka Kwezinto Eziphilayo

Ngokuhlekisayo, isimiso esifanayo esinika amandla amaqembu amancane singalahla futhi abavoti. Lapho izingxoxo zemifelandawonye ziveza ohulumeni abangabonisi umphumela oqondile wokhetho (umz., iqembu elifikayo okwesibili lingase liholele i-mult), abavoti banomuzwa wokuthi ukukhetha kwabo kwaphambukiswa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinguquko ezivamile kuhulumeni kanye nokungaboni ngqindilili kokusebenzelana kweqembu elihlangeneyo zingabangela ukungakholelwa. Lokhu kungcono kakhulu uma amaqembu amakhulu egcina isigaba esithandwayo esisemifelaneni, aveza amavoti aso abonakala engenanjongo engathi angenanjongo ngokwethonya langempela lesimiso. UVoter angase ajike noma alahle uma abantu benomuzwa wokuthi akukho lutho oluvotelayo, “isiteshini lokulawula impumelelo.

Ukuqhathanisa: I - PR v. Geoditarian Systems

Umehluko phakathi kokumelelwa okulinganiselwe nezimiso eziyinhloko ucacisa ukudayiswa kwesimiso ngasinye sokhetho esiphoqelela emaqenjini.

Izimiso Ezinkulu

Kuqala-okuphambili kwe-veto-presedpost kanye nezimiso ezifanayo kuvame ukuveza ukuncintisana okunezingxenye ezimbili. Lokhu kulawula: omunye umkhakha owehlelayo ngokuvamile unqoba iningi elicacile, wenza ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso ngokushesha. Kunciphisa inani lama-veto amaphuzu, kwenza uhulumeni abe nokuzimisela. Nokho, ukwenza kanjalo ngokuhlelekile ukumelela iqembu elikhulu kakhulu futhi ngaphansi kokumelela amancane. Ukuhola ezihlalweni ezilondekile kungase kuzizwe sengathi amavoti abo awabalulekile, futhi amaqembu agxilise imithombo emibanweni emincane. Imfuduzo yokudlulisela izigaba eziphakathini eziphakathi, ishiya imiphesaneni yemibono ingangeni ekhona futhi ngezinye izikhathi ikhipha amandla aphambili. Iqembu eliphethe amavotime ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene livame ukuzwa ukuthi i-octivementtactives.

Izinzuzo Ze - PR Ekuthuthukeni Kweqembu

  • Ukumelela ukumelela [: Imikhosi ibonisa ukuhluka kombono womphakathi.
  • ukulandisa ngesilinganiso: Imishini ingajezisa iqembu ngaphandle kokunikeza amandla emibono ephambene.
  • Ukunikezwa kokuphikiswa okwakhayo: Amaqembu amancane angathonya umthetho ngisho nasemabhentshini okuphikiswa ngolwazi olukhethekile nangezinhlangothi eziphambanayo.
  • Umvoti ophezulu uvota: Njengoba amavoti ebalwa yonke indawo ngokulinganayo, amaqembu amema abavoti kulo lonke izwe.

Izingozi Ze - PR Ekuthuthukeni Kweqembu

  • Ukungahleleki komphakathi : Ikakhulukazi emiphakathini ehlukene, ukuwohloka kukahulumeni njalo kungalimaza ukuhlela isikhathi eside.
  • Ukulandisa nge-Weak [: Amavoter alwa ukuveza imiphumela yeqembu elilodwa uma imifelandawonye ihlanganyela amandla.
  • Ukubekwa kwamasigaba aphezulu : Ohlwini oluvaliweyo PR, abaholi abalawula izikhundla zaphezulu banamandla amakhulu phezu kwabazo.
  • Isu lokungalawuleki okungenzeka: Ngisho namaqembu amancane angenamthetho angathola amandla, ikakhulukazi amagophe amancane.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zokumelela Inkulumo

Ukuhlola indlela i - PR eye yathonya ngayo abantu abahlukahlukene ezweni, kusiza ekuhlaziyweni kombono wobufakazi bezwe langempela.

IJalimane: Impumelelo Yenkulumo Exutshiwe Ye - Member

Isimiso se-MMP saseJalimane sihlanganisa izihlalo zendawo (ingxenye ye-Bundestag) nezihlalo ezilinganisiwe. Umnyango we-5% (noma uphumelele izihlalo ezintathu ezizimele) uvimbela ukuhlukana okukhulu. Ngokomlando, lokhu kwaveza isimiso esiqinile esinezingxenye ezintathu (CDU/CSU, SPU, FDP, futhi kamuva i-Greens). Ohulumeni bamakholiji babeyisiko, kodwa balawula imibandela egcwele. Izinhlangano zasungula inqubo enamandla yangaphakathi yokuxoxa ngokuphumelelayo. Isimiso sakhuthaza amaGreenland nama-Creadlyce ukuba akhulele ezinhlangothini eziphethe kakhulu. Nokho, imikhuba yamuva nje njengokuphakama kwe-früsch (DH) (D [D]) yenza izivumelwano ezinzinyana ezintathu, ngezinye izikhathi zifuna ukuhlangana kwezindawo ezintathu noma ezintathu ezidinga ukuhlangana kohulumeni abambalwa. I-PR i-rignome.

ESweden: I - High Turnout Nomgomo KaConsenus

ISweden isebenzisa isimiso se-PR esilungisiwe esinomnyango wezwe lonke owenziwe ngo-4%. Ifaka i-vota phezulu njalo (ngaphezu kuka-85%). Indawo egcwele ihlanganisa i-democraticcrates, izibalo ezilandelanayo, i-operaclist, i-propulists, i-ogreans, neyakukhulu. Ohulumeni bacishe babe yimifelandawo ehlangene noma ohulumeni abambalwa abathembele ekusekeleni kwe-hoc. Amaqembu ase-Sweden akhud hoc kakhulu kodwa futhi aqhuba “izombangazwe ezihlangene”", . . .Isimiso sivumele amaqembu amancane ukuba abe nethonya elikhulu, njengeqembu eliphakathi kwesizwe phakathi kwesobunxele nesokudla. Nokho, ukuthuthwa kwe-Democrat Sweden kubekela inselele isakhiwo esingokwesiko, ukuhlanganiswa nokuzinziwa kakhulu, kodwa kunezingalo ezinhlangothini eziphambili kuphela.

INew Zealand: IDelibrate Shift to PR

I-New Zealand yashiya i-FPTP ye-MMP ngo-1996 ngemva kwe-tempendams ezimbili. Ushintsho lwashintsha ngokuphawulekayo isimiso se-MMP. Ngaphambili kwe-MMP, amaqembu amabili ayinhloko abusayo . Ngokulandelayo, amaqembu amancane njengaseNew Zealand Kuqala, iGreens, ne-Acttic avele njengabadlali abahlala njalo. Amakhonsathi aba yisiko, aphoqelela amaqembu ukuba axoxe ngokulinganayo. Isivumelwano se-Voter ekuqaleni siphakame. I-MMP, ikakhulu, isimiso siye savela: umnyango nezinhlelo. I-meodethi ye-transchemetic projectivesss iveza ukuthi i-palement, i-magcond engcono kakhulu engathi i-MMP i-PR ehambisana namashumi eminyaka.

Ezinye Izindaba Eziphawulekayo

  • I-Neterlands: Ilinganiswa kakhulu ngaphandle komnyango, iholela esimisweni esihlukene samaqembu ayishumi/13 ephalamende, idinga imifelandawonye ebanzi. Amaqembu amaDashi ngokuvamile ayizingcweti ezihlangene, kodwa ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni kungathatha izinyanga.
  • u-Israel: I-PR enomnyango ophansi yabangela uqhekeka olungapheli kuze kube umnyango owenziwe wangu-3,25% waze wakhushulelwa waba ngu-3,25% (futhi kamuva 4%) ukuze kuncishiswe ukuqhekeka. Ngisho noma kunjalo, isakhiwo esihlangeneyo sidume kakhulu, futhi ukuntengantenga kuphezulu.
  • Brazil: Isebenzisa uhlu oluvulekile lwePR nezifunda ezinkulu, ikhiqiza isimiso seqembu elihlukene kakhulu (ngaphezu kwamaqembu angu-20 engqungquthela). Lokhu kwenza ikhasimende libe buthaka nesiyalo seqembu, nakuba izinguquko ngo-2017 zasungula imikhawulo ekhethayo ukuze zikhuthaze ukuhlanganiswa.

Isiphetho: Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okuqhubekayo Ngaphansi Kwe - PR

Ukumelelwa kwe-propotical akushintshi nje kuphela izibalo zokhetho .Izisusa ezikhuthaza wonke umkhakha wezombangazwe. Izindawo ziba ziningi, zihlukene, futhi zithambekele kakhulu ekuxoxisaneni. Abaqondisi bazuza ukukhetha okuqinisekile kodwa kumelwe basebenzise izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukudayisa phakathi kommelelo nokubusa kuyinto yangempela nephikelelayo. Nokho, ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi i-PR, lapho iklanywe ngokucophelela ngemikhawulo nezakhiwo ezifanele, ingakhuthaza amaqembu amele futhi anekhono lokubusa. Akukho simiso somthetho owe-cconganter siphelele, kodwa i-PR inikeza isisekelo esiqinile se-demodefacratic sholo ebaluleke ngaphezu kwakho konke. Njengensela ngisho nezimiso zezombangazwe ezinkulu nezokuvota, izifundo ezibaluleke kakhulu emazweni aphambili ePR, izihloko ezihambisana nezingxoxo ezihambisana nezingxoxo eziphambili eziwulweni eziwuhlelayo emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i-IDEA yesimiso se-Electoral System Umklamo we-Diana , iprojekthi ye-Electoral Systems[, kanye [[FLT] nesiqondiso senhlangano yenguquko yezeNguquko yezeNguquko .