IJapane imi ekuncipheni kwenguquko yembulunga yonke. Njengoba inani labantu lincipha iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi nenkathi yemithombo yezindaba likhula ngokushesha kunanoma yiliphi elinye izwe emhlabeni, leli zwe libhekene nenhlekelele yokwakha ebhekene ngokuqondile nokuvivinya amandla alo ezomnotho, ukubambisana kwezenhlalo, kanye nokuzichaza kwesizwe. Ukuncishiswa kokuzalwa okuphansi okugciniwe kanye nenkathi ephakeme yokuphila emhlabeni kuye kwadala isimiso esisabekayo kuhulumeni waseTokyo: indlela yokusekela ngayo inani labantu asebekhulile abahlala ndawonye nabakhula ngokushesha abasebenza.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okunegunya kwezindlela amaqembu ezombangazwe ahlukene aseJapane — kusukela eLiberal Democratic Party ende (LDP) kuya emaqenjini amancane aphikisayo − kusungulwa izimiso zokulawula lendawo engokwenani labantu engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili. Nakuba kungekho qembu elinekhambi eliphelele, inkulumo yezombangazwe ngokwayo iyindawo yokuhlola ehlanganisa amasu amanye asebekhulile emhlabeni wonke awabuka ngokuseduze.

Inkinga Yokungalingani Kwenani Labantu EJapane: Isenzakalo Sembulunga Yonke

Inani labantu baseJapane lafinyelela inani eliphakeme ngezigidi ezingu 128.1 ngo-2002. Ngo-2025, liye lehla labalelwa yizigidi ezingu-123, ilahleko enenetha elingana nayo yonke indawo yedolobha elikhulu eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi nanhlanu. Imisebenzi evela kwiNational Institute of Population and Social Security Research ibonisa ukuthi inani labantu lingase lehle cishe izigidi eziyikhulu ngonyaka ka-2060 uma inqubo yamanje iqhubeka.

Impande ebangela lokhu kuncipha yingqikithi yenani lokuzala (TFR), ewele ku-1,2 kumfazi ngamunye ngo-2023.(i-partimeter) ngaphansi kwenani elithatha indawo le-2.1. Okwamanje, amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-29 abantu akhona aneminyaka engu-65 noma ngaphezulu, inani eliphakeme kunawo wonke amazwe emhlabeni. Inani labantu abasebenzayo (15-64) liye lathathelwa inani labantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyishumi kusukela ekwinani eliphakathi konyaka ka-190.

Imiphumela yezomnotho mibi kakhulu. Ukuswelakala kwezisebenzi kusuka ekwakheni nasekunakekeleni amakhono nabadala kuya ekunakekeleni ezolimo nasekukhiqizeni. Imiphakathi yasemaphandleni iyagobhoza, enamakhulu "amadolobha angenisa izimpondo naso sonke isifunda esibhekene nokuncishiswa kwenani labantu. Isilinganiso sesizwe sesikweletu ukuya ku-GDP, kakade sesiphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni ngaphezu kuka-250%, singaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu ekukhungathekeni kwezentengo zezeko zenhlalo nezokunakekelwa kwempilo. Ukuxoxa ngalendaba iyinselele eyinhloko yamaqembu ezombangazwe eJapane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikuphi ukucabanga.

Izimbangela Eziyinhloko Nezimo Zomphakathi Zibangela Impikiswano

Iziphakamiso ezibekwe amaqembu ezombangazwe aseJapane azikho ezimweni ezingezinhle. Ziwukusabela okuqondile ekushintsheni kwezomnotho namasiko okuye kwaguqula umphakathi waseJapane phakathi namashumi amathathu eminyaka adlule.

Izimbangela Zezomnotho Zokwehla Kwezinga Lokuzalwa

Ukungaqiniseki kwezomnotho phakathi kwezizukulwane ezisha umshayeli oyinhloko. Iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu eJapane yokungahlangani kanye nokukhubazeka kwamandla aphezulu kwadala isizukulwane sezisebenzi (isikhathi esingesiso, isivumelwano, isikhashana) ezingenakho ukulondeka emsebenzini, izinzuzo, nemali edingekayo ukuze kuqalwe umkhaya. Izindleko ezinkulu zokuhlala nemfundo, zihlangene nokukhuliswa kweholo okulinganiselwe, zenza isinqumo sezimali ukuba nengane ibe nzima kakhulu ngemibhangqwana emisha.

Ukushintsha Kwesiko Emkhayeni Nasemshadweni

Inani elikhulayo labantu abadala baseJapane liveza ukuthi bathanda ukuphila kokungashadi noma ukuhluleka ukuthola umngane ofanelekayo. Izimiso zomphakathi ezingokwesiko ezake zakhuthaza umshado nokuzala abantwana ziye zawohloka, kuyilapho amasiko ezinhlangano enqaba kakhulu ukulinganisela komsebenzi, ukujezisa izisebenzi ngokuhlukanisayo. /_____________abesifazane abathatha ikhefu noma abaholayo kuqala emkhayeni wabazali.

Ukusinda Komphakathi Wokuguga

Asebekhulile baseJapane baphila isikhathi eside, ukuphila okunempilo kunanoma isiphi isizukulwane esidlule. Isilinganiso sobude bokuphila sidlula iminyaka engu-84. Nakuba lokhu kuwukunqoba kwempilo yomphakathi nempilo yendawo yonke, kwakha umthwalo obalulekile. Isilinganiso sabantu abasebenzayo kubantu abadala (isilinganiso sokusekela) siye saphela kusukela ku-10:1 ku-1960 kuya ku-2:1 namuhla. Lokhu kushintsha kubangela ubunzima obukhulu esimisweni sempesheni yezwe, izakhiwo zezokwelapha, kanye nezindawo zokunakekela abantu abadala.

Izindawo Ezibukekayo Zezombangazwe Nezimiso Zokuxhumana Nezwe

Amaqembu ezombangazwe aseJapane ahlanganisa umehluko kusukela ekuzinzeni okungaguquguquki kuya ezinguqukoni eziqhubekayo, futhi izindlela zawo zokufinyelela inhlekelele yamanani abantu zibonisa ukuvumelana kwawo okuyinhloko nokuza kuqala kwemibono.

I - Liberal Democratic Party (LDP): Ukuzinza Ngenguquko Engangenwayo

I-LDP iye yabusa iJapane cishe ngokuqhubekayo kusukela ngo-1955. Indlela yayo yokufinyelela inani labantu ingokwemvelo iyaqapha, ilinganisela isidingo esiphuthumayo sesenzo esiphuthumayo kanye nokukhetha kwayo okuyinhloko: abavoti basemaphandleni, asebekhulile, kanye nesikhungo sezebhizinisi.

Abantwana noMakhaya Agency: UNdunankulu uFumio Kisida wenza ukubuyiselwa kwenqubo yokuzalwa kwe-octal, wamemezela ngodumo ukuthi iJapane yayi "engcupheni yokungakwazi ukulondoloza imisebenzi yomphakathi" uhulumeni wakhe wamisa i-Children and Families Agency ngo-2023 ekuhleleni uhlelo lwezimiso. Icebo le-LDP lihlanganisa ukuphindeka kabili uhlelo lwemali oluhlobene nengane, ukuqiniswa kwemali yezingane, nokwanda kwemvume yabantwana, kanye nokwanda kokungena kwendlela yokusebenza ngosuku.

Ukungena: I-LDP yayimelana nomlando wokufuduka kwabantu abaningi. Nokho, amaqiniso ezomnotho aphoqelela ukushintshwa kwenqubo. Isimiso se-visa sonyaka wama-2019 "Izisebenzi eziqinisiweyo" sakha indlela engokomthetho yezisebenzi zangaphandle ezingaphandle ezisukwe yi 14 eziqondiswe embonini ezimisiwe, kusukela ekunakekeleni asebekhulile ukuya ekwakheni. Lokhu kwakuwukuhamba kwemibono engokomhlaba, nakuba isimiso sihlala siqinile. I-LDP isesilinganisweni sesikhashana sezisebenzi zomsebenzi kunokuba kube inqubo yokuhlanganisa abafuduki, edala izinselele zenqubo yesikhathi eside ngokuphathelene nezakhamuzi.

Ukuthuthukisa ukulondeka: i-LDP ngokuyinhloko igxila ekulondolozeni imali. Kancane kancane iye yanyusa intela (intela yesizwe yokuthengisa) yaba yi 10% ukusekela ukulondeka komphakathi. Isekela ukukhushulelwa kobudala obufaneleyo ukuze kuzuze impesheni, ukukhuthaza abantu asebekhulile ukuba basebenze isikhathi eside, nokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokuvimbela impilo ukuze kulawule izindleko zokwelapha.

I - Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP): Ukugcinwa Kwemali Kwezenhlalo Nokugcinwa Kwayo

Njengeqembu elikhulu lokuphikiswa, i CDP izimisa njengendlela yokukhetha engokwenhlalo ebeka phambili ukutshala imali yomphakathi ngaphezu kokuzisebenzela. ICDP iphikisa ngokuthi izimiso ze-LDP ziye zahluleka ukusingatha izimbangela eziyinhloko zezomnotho zokuzala okuphansi nokuthi kudingekile ukuba inhlalakahle engcono kakhulu.

Ingxenye ephambili kwintsha: Abasekeli beCDP ngokuphawulekayo ekusebenziseni imali ephakeme kakhulu emfundweni, kuhlanganise nokusunduza ukuze iyunivesithi ikhululeke noma ifakwe phansi kakhulu. Iphikisa ngokuthi ukukhathazeka okungokwezimali kwezizukulwane ezisha kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokuzala okuphansi, hhayi ukuntula nje kwezakhiwo zokunakekela izingane.

I-CDP ingumsekeli oqinile wemithetho eqinile yamahora amaningi asebenzayo, ukugcinwa kwemithetho eqinile yokushiya abazali, nokukhokhela ukwanda kwezisebenzi ezingezona izisebenzi ezingekho emthethweni. Isekela ukukhokha inzuzo yezimali kanye nenzuzo yenkampani ukuze ixhase kakhulu ukusekela izinkonzo zomphakathi kunokuba ithembele ekukhokheleni intela elandelanayo.

Komeito: Unembeza wezokuzinza

Njengoba i-LDP eyisisebenzi esingaphansi kwe-LDP, iKomeito iyiqembu eliboshelwe ngokukhanyayo enhlanganweni yenkolo, i-Soka Gakkai, egcizelela inhlalakahle yomphakathi. i-Komeito isebenza ngokungaguquki njengegunya elilawulayo, iphindisela emuva ku-LDP eqondene kakhulu nobuntu bemvelo. Iye yaba usizo ekuthuthukiseni ukunakekelwa kwabantwana nokudlala indima eyinhloko ekuklameni imvume yomntwana. I-Komeito futhi ingumsekeli onamandla wezimiso zokuhlanganisa nokufuduka nokusekela izakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe.

Nippon Ishin no Kai (Iqembu Lokubuyisana LaseJapane): Ukunqatshelwa Kwesizwe Nokuncishiswa Kwemithetho

Isekelwe ngokuyinhloko esifundeni sase Kansai (Osaka), i-Ishin imelela uhlobo lwenguquko olunamandla kakhulu, olusekelwe emabhizinisini. Leliqembu liphikisa ngokuthi izinkinga zenani labantu eJapane zibhebhethekiswa kakhulu ngemithetho ephakeme nokulawula kweTokyo.

Inguquko efundisayo kanye nokuncintisana: Ishin iqhutsheka phambili yemfundo ephakeme yangaphandle kodwa ibhanqwane ngokugcizelela okukhulu ekususeni imingcele nasekuncintisaneni kwembulunga yonke. Baphikisa ngokuthi iJapane idinga ukudonsa isiphiwo sembulunga yonke, hhayi nje umsebenzi oncishisiwe, futhi kufanele isungule izifunda ezikhethekile zezomnotho ezinemithetho yemisebenzi eguquguqukayo.

Ishin ingummeleli onolaka wenguquko yezimiso zikahulumeni ukuze kuncishiswe isimiso sokuhlela nokuthuthukisa ukuphumelela kwezomnotho, ikhulula abantu abayinhloko yezindawo ezikhiqiza kakhulu zezomnotho.

Rewa Shinsengumi neQembu lamaKhomanisi laseJapane (JCP): Ubulungisa Besizukulwane Nokulwa Nezimo Ezilwayo

Lamaqembu amelela uhlangothi lwesobunxele lokuphikiswa. UReiwa Shinsengumi, iqembu elisha eliholwa yi-actor prolician Taro Yamamoto, uzuze ukuthakazelelwa kwentsha ngokugxila ngokuphelele ekungalinganini kwezizukulwane.

Le zinhlangano ziphikisa ngokuthi inkinga yamanani abantu baseJapane iwumphumela oqondile wezimiso zenkululeko yamuva kanye nokuzithoba kwe-LDP ezithakazelweni zenkampani. Basikisela ukuba kuqedwe ukukhokha intela esetshenziswayo, ukusetshenziswa komphakathi okwanda kakhulu ekunakekeleni impilo nemfundo, nokusebenzisa izintela zengcebo eziqinile kubantu abadala nabezinkampani ukuze basekele isivumelwano esisha sezenhlalo. Nakuba benezihlalo ezilinganiselwe, imibono yabo ithonya ukulandisa okubanzi kwezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti abasebasha abaqeshiwe.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Eziwuhlelo

Ngaphandle kwamapulatifomu edili, izinyathelo ezithile eziqondile zibusa ingxoxo yesizwe.

Ukunakekela Izingane Ngokunakekela Nokusekela Komkhaya

Bonke amaqembu amakhulu bayavuma ukuthi ukunakekela izingane kulula futhi kubiza kakhulu. Uhulumeni uye washukumiseleka ukuba asuse uhlu lokunakekela usuku lokulinda (taiki kodomo). I-LDP iye yagxila ekwandiseni izikhungo zomsebenzi wenkulisa nokunciphisa izindleko. I-CDP kanye nentela yesobunxele yokuhlalisa izingane zidlulela phambili, isikisela ukuba uhulumeni "ukukhathalela izingane kushiye imvume yokuthola imali engcono kakhulu" esilinganisweni esingcono kakhulu sokuthola iholo elingcono kanye nesikhulu sokunakekela izingane ezineminyaka engu-0.

Ukuphumelela kwalezi zinhlelo kusalokhu kuyindaba yempikiswano enkulu yezombangazwe. Naphezu kokwanda okuphawulekayo kokusetshenziswa kwemali, amanani okuzala ayaqhubeka ehla, okusikisela ukuthi izinkinga ezijulile zezomnotho zokwenza izakhiwo − njengezindleko zezindlu nokuholelwa kweholo — kudinga nesenzo sobudlova.

Ukufuduka Nezisebenzi Zakwamanye Amazwe

Ushintsho oluyimpikiswano ekwamukeleni izisebenzi ezengeziwe zakwamanye amazwe lungesinye sezinguquko eziphawuleka kakhulu eJapane yangemva kwempi. Isimiso se-visa esinobungcweti" i-vsavs siwukusabela okuqondile ekuntulekeni kwemisebenzi yabadala, ekwakheni, emahhotela, ekwakheni imikhumbi, nakulima.

I-PLP ithatha ukufuduka njengesidingo se-pragmic kodwa igwema ulimi lwe-"multulturalim" ukuze ivimbele umthandi wesizwe. i-CDP ne-Komeito ngokuvamile isekela isilinganiso esibanzi sokuhlanganisa, kuhlanganise nokuqeqesha ulimi nezindlela zokuhlala unomhlala. I-Nippon Ishin isekela ukusungulwa kwekhono lesiphiwo sembulunga yonke elinonya. I-JCP no-Reiwa Shingumi baqaphile, baxwayisa ngokudalwa kwezisebenzi zangaphandle ezixhaphazekile ngaphansi kwesimiso se-visa esikhona.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe Nokukhiqiza Izisebenzi

IJapane ingumholi wembulunga yonke wezobuchwepheshe nokusebenza ngemishini, futhi amaqembu ezombangazwe kuwo wonke amaqembu abheka ubuchwepheshe njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokuvala ukuswelakala kwezisebenzi.

Ukusekela kwezezimali kuhlanganisa ukuxhasa izinkampani ezifaka imali eqongelela ukuvotelwa kwemishini, ikakhulukazi ekunakekeleni abadala (amarobhothi okunakekela) kanye nokulima (ogandaganda abazimele nomabhuleki). Uhulumeni futhi uye wasebenzisa imali eningi ekwakheni "a 5.0," umbono wesizwe womphakathi omkhulu osebenzisa i-Al kanye ne-inthanethi Yezinto (IOT) ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nokuncipha kwenani labantu. Impumelelo yalenqubo iphikisana kakhulu, njengoba umkhiqizo wemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yaseJapane iyonke ihlala iphansi uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izizwe ezakhazi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yenani elikhulu lamabhizinisi omkhaya omncane amelana nokushintshwa kwezimiso zesayensi.

Ukulondeka Komphakathi Nokulahlwa Kwezinguquko

Inguquko yepensile iyindaba eyingozi kwezombangazwe. I-LDP iye yakhetha icebo lokushelela kwezezimali, elinciphisa kancane kancane izinga lempesheni uma kuqhathaniswa nenzuzo ekhona ukuze ithole iholo. Inkathi yomhlalaphansi engokomthetho ikhuliswe yaba ngu-65, futhi kunengxoxo yokuyinyusa iqhubekele phambili kuya ku-67 noma 70.

I-CDP imelene nokugawulwa kwezinzuzo kanye nabasekeli besimiso so "impesheni eqinisekisiwe" esixhaswe ukuthunyelwa kwemali yentela ngempela. Amaqembu adonsa ipeni asekela ukuhlenga ngokuphelele nokukhushulelwa kwemali kahulumeni elungiselelweni, aphikisa ngokuthi asebekhulile akumelwe bathwale umthwalo wenhlekelele abangayidalanga. "Isimiso seSilver Human Resource Center" esinikeza abantu abathatha umhlalaphansi isikhathi esincane nesesikhashana, kungenye indlela eyingqayizivele eJapane ejabulela ukusekela okukhulu kwezombangazwe njengendlela yokugcina abantu abadala bekhuthele futhi bebolekile.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwesifunda (Chiho Sosei)

Ukuze kunqandwe ukunqwabelana kwenani labantu nemisebenzi yezomnotho eTokyo, uhulumeni unikeza izimali zokuxhasa abantu nemikhaya ezimisele ukuthuthela ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ezinabantu abambalwa.

Uhlelo lunikeza ukusekela okungokwezimali ekuthuthweni kwezindleko, ukuvuselelwa kwezindlu, nokuqala amabhizinisi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Nakuba iye yaphumelela, iqashelwa kabanzi njengenganelanga ukuqeda ukusakazeka okukhulu kwezindawo zasedolobheni osekudlule ikhulu leminyaka. Izimpikiswano zezombangazwe zigxile ekutheni lezi zinzuzo ziwukutshala imali ngokuhlakanipha noma uhlobo "lokunakekela kwasekhaya" ekufeni kwezindawo ezidinga ukuhlelwa kabusha okungokomnotho okuyisisekelo ukuze zikhange inhloko - dolobha.

Ukuhlangana Kwamaphoyisa Nezinselele Eziphikelelayo

Impikiswano yezombangazwe eJapane yembula ukuthi izinselele zokuzalana kwabantu azinakuxazululwa ngokuhlukaniswa. Isimiso sokuhlukana sihambisana nokuhlangana kwezenhlalo namalungelo ezisebenzi. Inqubo yokunakekela izingane ayihambisani nenkokhelo yeholo nemali yokuhlala. Ukushintsha kwenani lokuhlala kuhambisana nokulingana kwezizukulwane.

Ukulingana no-"M-Shudding Head" Inselele eyisisekelo elwisanayo nayo yonke imibango iyigebe lobufana elingapheli laseJapane. Abesifazane abaningi bayayeka ukusebenza ngemva kokuba nabantwana futhi babhekane nobunzima bokuphinda imisebenzi enenjongo. Nakuba ama-LDP' "inqubo yabesifazane" ngaphansi kwe-Abe ihlose ukwandisa ukuhlanganyela kwabesifazane emsebenzini, abagxeki bayawaphikisa ngokunezela umsebenzi wabo wengxenye yomsebenzi okhona njengabanakekeli abayinhloko ngaphandle kokusekela okwanele kokwakha. ICDP neRewa Shinmimesmi idinga ukuvava kakhulu indlela yokusebenza yenkambiso ye-"i-Acline" amahora amade" asebenzayo.

Intela encitshiswe ngokusemthethweni: isikweleti somphakathi waseJapane siphakeme kakhulu. Noma iziphi izikweleti ezintsha ezichithwayo emikhayeni noma kwasebekhulile zidinga izinqumo ezinzima zezombangazwe mayelana nentela. I-LDP incike ekusebenziseni intela eyandayo, ephinde yaphucwa. ICDP futhi iyeke ukucebisa izintela eziphakeme emankampanini enkampanini nasezicebini. Umbuzo obalulekile uwukuthi iJapane ingalithenga yini inetha yokuphepha kwezenhlalo edinga ukuhlehlisa ukwehla kwenani layo ngaphandle kokufaka engozini isikweletu senkosi.

Imiphumela Yesikhathi Esizayo

Impumelelo noma ukwehluleka kwalamacebo ezombangazwe kuzakunquma isimo sesikhathi esizayo saseJapane. Uma isimo samanje sikhona, inani labantu baseJapane lingancipha libe 88 yizigidi ngo-2065, futhi ingxenye yabo bonke abantu ineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-65. Lokhu kungadala umphakathi obhekene nokuswelakala kwemisebenzi, imithwalo yemali ephezulu, nokuwohloka kwezenhlalakahle ezindaweni zasemaphandleni.

Uma izinqubo ziphumelela − uma izinga lokuzalwa lizinzile noma lishintsha, uma ukufuduka kuhlanganiswa ngokuphumelelayo, uma ubuchwepheshe busiza ukuba umkhiqizo ophakeme ube yizisebenzi ezincane − iJapane ingaba isibonelo sezwe. Izwe lingabonisa ukuthi umphakathi ungaguga kahle, ulondoloze izindinganiso eziphakeme zokuphila, futhi uvumelane nempucuko nesilinganiso esisha senani labantu.

Isiphetho: Ukulwa KwaseJapane Njengendawo Yokulwa

Impi yaseJapane yokuzama ukuphinde ilinganisele inani labantu iwucwaningo olunzima lwesizwe, olunezifundo ezibucayi zeplanethi eguga ngokushesha. Ukusuka e-South Korea kuya e-Italy kuya eJalimane nase-United States, amazwe athuthukile abhekene nezingcindezi ezifanayo, uma zingabi zimbi kakhulu. Izingxoxo zenqubo ezivezwayo kuyi-Japanese Diet ayizona nje izindaba zasekhaya; ziyizinto ezibonisa ikusasa lembulunga yonke.

Amaqembu ezombangazwe aseJapane, kusukela ekuhlelekeni kwemithetho kodwa eqaphile ekuboneni kwe-CDP komphakathi kanye nesifiso sokuqeda uhulumeni, ngalinye linikeza ukuxilonga okuhlukile nomthetho. Nakuba ikhambi elingcono lisenzima, ukujula kwenkulumo - mpikiswano nokuzimisela ukuzama izimiso okwakungacabangeki ngaphambili − njengokufuduka kwezisebenzi eziningi − kubonisa ukuthi izwe lingashintsha. Kunoma yiliphi izwe elibhekene nemiphumela yezomnotho nezenhlalo yabantu asebe eligugile, iJapane iyindawo yokucwaninga lapho ikusasa lisungulwa khona, livivinywe, futhi lincintiswa khona.