Izindlebe ze-Congregation zisendaweni eyinhloko enqubweni ye-Melika yezomthetho, esebenza njengenye yezinqubo eziyinhloko abakhi bomthetho abaqoqa ngazo ukwaziswa, abaqondisi bamagatsha abaphethe, kanye namabomu ezinqunyweyo. Emiphakathini yesizwe, lokhu kulalela akuyona nje imithetho engokwesiko; ngokuvamile izikhathi eziyisisekelo ezingaqondisa inqubo yomthetho we-Indiya ye-oversical, zithonya ukuphatha amazwe esizwe, futhi zibuye zibuyise ubuhlobo phakathi kwamazwe aphezulu e-Orientracy, nohulumeni wase-United States. Kusukela ezivumelwaneni zakudala kakhulu zesivumelwano ezithinta izingxoxo zezezomthetho wemvelo yekhulu le-19 kuya ekuhlolweni kwezomthetho wendawo ezungezile nobukhosi besizwe, ikamelo elingokwezezezezezentengisweni, igumbi lokulalela izibalo elingokwesiko, izinselele ezingokwezinhlonzele, izinselele zezentengosi, izinselele eziqhubekayo, izibalo zesizwe, izibalo eziveza izibalo zesizwe, izibalo zesizwe, izibalo sesizwe, izibalo eziveza izibalo zesizwe, futhi izibalo ezi

Indima Yezindlebe Zomphakathi

Izindaba ze-Congress zinqunywa amakomiti noma amakomiti angaphansi endlu yabameleli noma iSigele. Zifeza izinjongo ezintathu ezibanzi: ukuqoqa izishaya-mthetho (ukuqoqa ukwaziswa kokuhlela izindleko), ukuqondisa (ukuhlola ukumiswa kwemithetho ekhona nezenzo zokuphatha), kanye nophengululo (ukuhlola izinkinga ezithile noma ukuchazwa njengokuziphatha okubi). Izindaba zomthetho, ukuzwa kuvame ukuba khona kweKomiti yeSigele yezindaba ze-Indian Affaiaiant (SCIA) ne House Navy Resociance Comments Committee of Ivations of the United States. La makomiti anegunya ezindabeni ezisukela ekuziphatheni kokuziphatha okubi ngokwesizwe nasezweni kwezemfundo, ekunakekeleni impilo, nasekuqondiseni imvelo.

Phakathi nokuqulwa komthetho okuvamile, iqembu lofakazi elibunjwayo (ngokuvamile) labaholi besizwe, abameleli benhlangano kahulumeni, ochwepheshe bezemfundo, kanye nenhlangano yokulawula izikhululo) abahleli abalungiselele ubufakazi bese bephendula imibuzo evela emakomitini. Irekhodi levidiyo libe yingxenye yomlando womphakathi, linikeza umthetho olandelayo futhi linikeze isisekelo sobubonisi besikhathi esizayo. Emiphakathini yama-Invorica, amandlebe angaba ithektelekathana ukukhuluma ngokuqondile nabenzi bomthetho bezemthetho, ukudlula izingqimba ze-computer nokuletha amaqiniso ezwe ekunakekeleni kwesizwe. Inqubo futhi ivumela ukudluliselwe kobufakazi obubhaliwe, amabalazwe, ukuhlolwa kwezeliziwe, nokuhlolwa kwekhono lokuthiwa okungase kuhlale kugqiwe emibhalwe emithonjeni yezo yezo.

Okubalulekile, ukuzwa kungabangela ukusakazwa kwezindaba ezifundisa umphakathi obanzi ngezindaba zezakhamuzi. Uma impikiswano enkulu − njengokwakhiwa kophayiphi kawoyela ezindaweni ezingcwele noma ukungcoliswa kokhokho kungena endlini yokulalela, ngokuvamile kudonsela ukunakekela kubenzi bezimiso ukuba bathathe isinyathelo. Ukuba khona kwamakhamera ethelevishini nezintatheli kungaphakamisa ukuxabana kwesizwe nempikiswano yendawo yempi yesizwe nenkulumo yesimiso sezwe.

Ithonya Ekwahluleleni Nesimiso

Imiphumela eqondile yomthetho wokuzwa ingumthetho omkhulu. Ubufakazi kanye nokubuza kwamalungu kungasusa izikhala ezisemthethweni okhona, ukuhluleka kwezinhlangano zezincwadi, futhi kunikeze isisekelo esiyiqiniso sezinhlelo ezintsha zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, isibonakaliso se-Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGRA) , esenziwe ngo-1990, sabunjwa ukuzwa okuningi phakathi neminyaka eminingana. Abaholi besizwe nochwepheshe beminyuziyamu bafaka ubufakazi ngokuthatha izidumbu ezindabeni zoMdabu namathumbu akhona ngaphandle kwemvume. Izindlebe zaveza umbhalo oqinisekisa ukubuya kwezinsalela nezimpahla zesizwe namasiko emigqa.

Ngokufanayo, ukuzwa nge- kwe-Indian Self-Dreintation and Education Act UMthetho (ISDEAA), wadlula okokuqala ngo-1975 futhi walungisa izikhathi eziningi kusukela ngo-1975, uye wasinda ekulawuleni izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Phakathi nokuqondisa, ofakazi baye babhala indlela ukumelana kwezenkolo nokungaxhaswa kwesizwe okulula ngayo ukuthatha umngcele wesivumelwano sobuzwe. Ngokuphendula, i-ISDEAA i-a i-a i-celine i-procementationss nokwandisa izinqubo ze-propans, ivumela izizwe ukuba zilawule ngayo impilo yazo, imfundo, nemisebenzi yezenhlalo.

Ukuzwa futhi kuthonya uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni. Inqubo yaminyaka yonke ihlanganisa ukuzwa lapho iBureau of Indian Affairs, Indian Health Service, nezinye izinhlangano zithethelela izicelo zazo zezimali. Ubufakazi besizwe obuqokomisa izidingo zezezimali ezingenele zokwenza izimali . Ngokungathi izindawo zokunakekela impilo ezilinganiselweyo ezibekwa izikhalazo zezindawo ezithile noma ukugcinwa komthetho okungalawuleki kakhulu, buholela ekwandiseni imali yokugcina. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukuzwa nge- Umthetho omelene noMthetho wabesifazane [FLT [VAM] [VA] [VA] [VA] [i

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqulwa kwamacala kungashukumisa ukuma kwenqubo yokulawula. Uma inqubo yokushaya umthetho, amarekhodi okuzwa angasetshenziswa yiWhite House, uMnyango Wezimo, noma uMnyango Wobulungisa ukuze kuthethelelwe izinguquko zenqubo ngemithetho noma ngeziqondiso zezikhulu.

“ Amaqiniso avezwa lapho singalandisa khona uhulumeni ngaphandle kokuzwa amarekhodi, ukunqoba okuningi esiye sakuthola ebukhosini besizwe bekungeke kwenzeke.” — ubufakazi bukasihlalo wesizwe phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala lika - 2021 SCIA.

Ukuhlola Izindaba Ezinethonya

I-Dakota Access Pirline Livings (206-2019)

Impikiswano nge-Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) yaba indawo yesizwe engenisa amalungelo esizwe, ubulungisa bemvelo, kanye nezinqubo zokuvumela uhulumeni. Kwabekwa ukuzwa okuningi, kuhlanganise ne-procomponeont 2017 phambi kweSigele seKomiti ye-Indiya enesihloko esithi “i-Dakota Accessition Diverline nesidingo sokuthuthukisa i-Complicationtion.” Kuleyo ndlela, ukuzwa, i-Rock Sioux Chairman Archabant II kwafaka ubufakazi ngosongo lwe-parter ezindaweni zamanzi nasezindaweni ezingcwele. I-Auto of Enginers yabhekana nombuzo owehluleka kwazo ukubukeza ngokuphelele indawo ezungezile noma ukuzuza okubalulekile kwesizwe. Nakuba i-Trumpmp ekugcineni i-partsss egunyazwe kakhulu, ukuzwa kwemibhoshongo yomphakathi futhi ihosholo efuna ukulawulwa kwenkantolo ye-Evironment, njengoba kuqhubeka, izikhulu zikahulumeni ezingu-Fract:[23]

I - Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) Izindlebe (206-2022)

Isinqumo seSigodi [[FLT: 0] UMthetho we-Indian Child Welfare[[FLT: 1], sadluliswa ngo-1979 ukuze kuvinjelwe ukususwa kwezingane zoMdabu emikhayeni nasemindeni yazo, siye sabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho eziphindaphindiwe. Ekulandeleni kwesinqumo seNkantolo yeSithiliyoni ka-2018 2018 Brackenbv. Zinke [[FLT] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] [3] ezahlasela i-ICWAP] ilungiselelo, i-Congresss zabamba izindlebe zecala ukuze zihlole ithonyazwe isinqumo sawo kodwa zasiza ukusekela ukusekela izivumelwano zemithetho emishazweni, kodwa zasiza ekusekeleni izivumelwano zemithetho yemithetho yemithetho eMnyango Ephakathi ye-IFogravelvel [F] futhi yaveza ukuqeqeshwa kwe-UT] futhi i-ORN, [A] futhi yandisa i-URN.[A

Izwe Lithenga Isimiso Sangemva Nezwe Ukulethemba Izindlebe

Izwe iThenga-Buyela-Isimiso seTribal Nations, elakhiwa ngaphansi kwendawo yeCobell ehlukaniswe ngokwezindawo, liye laba yindaba yokuzwa kabanzi kusukela laqala u-2013. Ubufakazi bembula ukuthi uhlelo, nakuba luphumelele ekuthengeni izigidi zamahektare, ukubhekana nokuthatha igalelo lokulawula amabhodlela kwezinye izizwe. Ekuphenduleni, uMkhandlu wabamba ukuzwa ukuze uxoxe ngenqubo futhi wandise igunya lesizwe phezu kwesimiso sobugadaba. Ngokufanayo, ukuzwa koMnyango weMooval’sting “ukungena emkhakheni weze kunyaka ka-190.". Inqubo engoko yokukhokha izizwa izizwe ezithembela ekuthembeni isikhundla samazwe athile. Izizwe ezingezokwenziwa zichayeke futhi zivene ukuva izinhlelo ezilandelanisa ukuphatha izinhlelo ze-Biden ezisethi ezintsha ezihlela izinhleloni ezintsha futhi zivumele ukuphatha impumelelo ezindaweni zezomnotho ngenxa yezindawo zezindawo zezindawo.

Amandla AmaNdiya Nemithombo Yezinto Ezimbiwayo

Ukuzwa ngentuthuko yamandla e-Indian Country kuye kwalungisa izimiso zokulawula isizwe, ukubukeza indawo ezungezile, nokuhlanganyela kwemali. Ngokwesibonelo, u-2005 ukuzwa kwe-Indian Tribal Energy Development ne-Self-Dterminitination Act [ [U-UMGA)] (U-UMGANGA) wavula indlela yokuba izizwe zingene entweni yamandla ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa nguhulumeni. [FLT] Ingxoxo ephambili ekwakhelini okuzihambelayo. Kumuva nje, amalungu e-Congress Congresstings nestionss aphikisana ngokuncitshiswa kwemisebenzi yamandla (amaplanethi, ilanga ne-langa) emazweni nakuviseleni kwezindawo ezingcwele. Le zingxoxo ziye zathonya ukuthuthuka kwe [FFoct:]

Izinselele Namathuba

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, ukuqulwa kwamacala ezinhlangano kubhekene nezinselele ezinkulu zezakhiwo nezombangazwe ezinganciphisa ukuphumelela kwayo emiphakathini yakhona.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe Nezikhundla Ezinamandla

Ukuhlukana kwezizwe kuvame ukuthinta iziphakamiso zokuzwa, ukukhetha ukufakaza, kanye nendlela yokubuza. Uma iqembu eliphethe libheka ubukhosi besizwe njengosongo lokuthola inzuzo yemvelo noma amalungelo empahla, ukuzwa kungaba yisigebengu, ofakazi bezizwe bebuzwa ngemibuzo ephikisayo. Ngokuphambene, ukusekela okuhlangene kwemithetho yesizwe kungakhulula ukudlula. Ikomiti ibhekene nombuso ovela esizweni esinabantu abaningi base-Indiya.[1] I-SCIA futhi ithonya ukujula kokunakwa kwezindaba ze-Ivoligist. Ku- 118, i-SCIA ibilokhu isekela ngokubambisana kodwa izisebenzi eziphethe abaphathi bengahambi ngejubane, yenza kube nzima ukuziphatha ekuhlolweni kwe-eqolo.

Ukusakazwa Kwemithombo Yezindaba Elinganiselwe Nokuxwayiswa Umphakathi

Izinsuku eziningi zokuzwa zingacishwa ezinye izenzakalo zezwe. Nakuba i-pane ye-pane yemeta ephezulu ingadonsa amakhamera ethelevishini, ukuzwa okuvamile ngemfundo, impilo, noma izindlu kungadluliswa. Lokhu kuntuleka kwezindawo kusho ukuthi umphakathi awusoze wezwa ngokugcwele izidingo zesizwe, futhi abenzi bezimiso babhekana nokucindezela okuncane ukuze bathathe isinyathelo. Abameleli bezembubhiso bamazwe baye basebenzisa ithelevishini futhi basebenzisa igebe ukuze bagcwalise igebe, kodwa lemizamo ayinakufinyelela izindaba ezivamile.

Ukulibala Kwezikhulu Zaseburhulumenteni Nokulandela Ukwehluleka

Ngisho noma ukuzwa kuveza ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda nokutusa okucacile, ukusebenzisa lokho kutusa kungathatha iminyaka. Izimo zingase zimelane nezinguquko zemithetho, noma uMkhandlu ungahluleka ukuthola imali edingekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa ngesidingo sezindlu ezingcono ezisezindaweni ezihlukene kuye kwaholela ezikweletini ezivinjelwe ekomitini, kuyilapho abaholi besizwe bebuya unyaka nonyaka beyofakazela ukuthi kusweleka okunganqamuki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntula kwenqubo engokomthetho yokulandela ukuthi izenzo zezinhlangano zivumelana yini nokutusa kokuzwa kusho ukuthi ubufakazi obuthile bushaywa indiva ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlaziya Isizwe Okwanele

Ukuzwa akuthatheli indawo ukuxoxa nohulumeni. Nakuba benikeza i-umum yobufakazi, ukuhlelwa kwendlela kuvame ukulinganisela ukujula kwengxoxo. OFakazi ngokuvamile bavunyelwa imizuzu emihlanu kuphela ukuba bakhulume, futhi i-Q&A ingajahwa noma ibuswe abenzi bomthetho abakhuluma ngezombangazwe. Abaholi abaningi bezizwe baphikisa ngokuthi ozwayo kufanele bapheleliswe ukuzwa okusensimini okubambene nezindawo zokuhlala, lapho amalungu omphakathi angahlanganyela khona ngokugcwele. Izindawo ze-Interbooth[FLT] iqala ukwamukela izinqubo zokuxoxa okwengeziwe, kodwa amakomiti enhlangano athatha izithuba zokuhlela izimo bezingasheshici.

Amathuba Obuchwepheshe Nokwakha Ngobunye

Ukuzwa kwezibalo, okwaba okuvamile phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, kuye kwanda ukutholakala kofakazi abangakwazi ukuya eWashington. Ubufakazi obukude buye bavumela abadala, intsha, namalungu esizwe sasemaphandleni ukuba bahlanganyele ngaphandle kwezindleko namalungelo angokonyaka wokuhamba ngezikhathi ezinqamlezi. Nakuba amanye amakomiti aye abuyela kumafomu kuphela, amanye alondoloza ukukhetha okuxubile. Ukusetshenziswa kokuzithoba okubhaliwe namazwi evidiyo nakho kuye kwandisa umlando. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imifelandawonye phakathi kwezizwe nezindawo ezizungezile, amalungelo omphakathi, nezinhlangano zezisebenzi ziye zaqinisa ithonya lokuzwa. Uma amaqembu amaningi ehlela imiyalezo yawo, angadonsa ukunakekela okukhulu nokucindezela okwengeziwe kwabaenzi bomthetho.

Imikhuba Yamuva Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, kuye kwavela izinqubo eziningana ezishintsha ithonya lokuzwa kwemithetho yobuzwe.

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT: 0]Oklama v. Castro-ibrta

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yo-202 ethi i-Oklahoma inegunya elihlangene ngobugebengu obungahlangene nabamangalelwa abangebona abamaGawulayo emazweni esizwe. Ngokushesha ngemva kwesinqumo, iKhothamethi Lesizwe e-Indian Affairs yaphakamisa isihloko esithi “Izinqumiso Zecala ze-livtro-livtrata [ ze-Umthetho wobuGcino] [ize-Pro ye-Tuvi noBuso-Trealthicture.” OFakazi baphakamisa izikhangiso mayelana nokubekwa komthetho kanye nokukhukhuleka kwesizwe. Nakuba kungekho mthetho oye wadlula ukuze ususe isinqumo, izikweleti zecala ezikhiqiniswayo zezeze ukucana kwemithetho eNdiya. Futhi yabangela ukuba umnyango wezomthetho wesizwe ugcizelele ukuthethwa kwemithetho yemithetho yesizwe engokomthetho.

Ukugunyazwa Kwe - VAWA Nokukhula Kwemidanti

Ukuqulwa kwezincwadi ze-Dolphine Against Women Act ngo-2021 nango-2022 kwakugxeka ukunwetshwa kwemithetho yesizwe yobugebengu ukuze kuhlangatshelwe izaphulamthetho ezingezona ezesigaba ezisecaleni zokuhlaselwa ngokobulili, ukunyundelwa, nokushushumbiswa ngokobulili. Abaholi nabasindi bamazwe bafakazela izikhala zobulungisa ezashiya abaphangi abaningi bengenasijeziso. I-VAWA 20222 ihlanganisa uhlelo lwezeluleko lobugebengu (hhayi nje ubudlova basekhaya) ngenani elilinganiselwe lezizwe. Ukuzwa okungaphezu kwalokho kuyoba okubalulekile ekulandeleni impumelelo yalo mshayeli wendiza nokugqugquzela ijubane elihlala njalo.

Ubulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile NoMthetho Wokuncipha Kwamandla Emali

Izindlebe ze-Congress ezimayelana nobulungisa bendawo ezungezile ngo-2021 nango-2022 zanikeza iqophelo leqophelo ezizweni ezithinteke ngokungcoliswa, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokukhishwa kwe-. Ubufakazi obuvela kwiNavajo, i-Gwich’in Sexering Committee, kanye nezinye zasiza ekulolongeni i- I-Recuction Recuction Act [ [amandla ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-40] ekufakeleni izimali zesimo sezulu, kuhlanganise nokubekwa kwezindawo eziseceleni kwemiphakathi yezizwe. Imali esikhathini esizayo izohlola ukuthi zisakazwa kanjani futhi zifinyelele kanjani emiphakathini ngesidingo esikhulu.

Ukuqinisa Ukuhlolwa Kukahulumeni

Iziphakamiso zokuhlanganisa izimfuneko zokuhlola kwesizwe zibe yimithetho ziye zavela ngemva kokuzwana okuye kwafaka ubufakazi obubonisa ukwehluleka kwezinhlangano ukulandela uhlelo lwamanje lwezikhulu. Izikweleti eziningana, kuhlanganise ne- Truth neHealing Commission on Indian Boarding School Policies Act, ziye zathuthuka ngemva kobufakazi obungokomzwelo obuvela kwabasindayo. Izindlebe zesikole esiboshiwe, esiphethwe ngo-2022 no-2023, zaveza indima kahulumeni engokomthetho ephoqelelwe ukuba asebenzele futhi zaholela kuMnyango wezincwadi zencwadi yezentengosi. Lokhu kubonisa indlela ukuzwa okungashintsha ngayo isimiso sokubona izinto ngisho nasezindaweni ezingokomlando.

Isiphetho

Izindlebe ze-Congregational zisalokhu zibalulekile ekuqondiseni izimiso zokulungisa amalungelo ezakhamuzi namazwe. Zinikeza uhlu oluqondile lokuxhumana phakathi kwabaholi boMdabu nabenzi bomthetho, ziveza amarekhodi omphakathi asekela ukusekela nokuqondisa, futhi zingasheshisa ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulawula umthetho nesikhulu. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwazo kulawulwa ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe, ukunganaki, ukubuswa kwezokuxhumana, ukuhlelwa kwemidanti, nokulinganiselwa okuyisisekelo kwendlela yokuzwa esemthethweni. Ukuqinisa amandla abo, iSishaya iSishaya isibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuzwa kuhambisana nezinselele zikahulumeni oweqiniso, ukuthi ofakazi besizwe banikezwa isikhathi esanele nenhlonipho, nokuthi ukuzwa kulandelwa nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Ukusebenza kwezobuchwepheshe kunikeza izindlela ezintsha zokuhlanganyela, futhi ukukhula kwezizwe nezinhlangano phakathi kwezinhlangano zezinhlangano ze-Ilpartens. Njengoba kushinswe ukushintshe ukuphatha kwenkinga yezokuzwa nokulawula isikhathi kusemkhazinde kakhulu, kuqhubeke inqubo yombuso yezomthetho, lapho ngisekela khona, futhi ngiyophikiswa, futhi ngisekela phambili, lapho inqubo yezobuthe, futhi ngiyo

[[UMTH:0] Imithombo e-operal:[[[UMTL:1]