Indima Yezinkantolo Ekushintsheni Kwezomthetho: Ukugxila Ekutheni Imithetho Ibekelwe Inselele Futhi Ishintshwe Kanjani

Isimiso somthetho asisona isakhiwo esikhona; siyisici esiphilayo, esiphefumulayo okumelwe sivumelane nokushintsha izindinganiso zesolithi, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, nokuqonda okusha kobulungisa. Izinkantolo, njengegatsha lesithathu likahulumeni, zisemqoka kule nguquko. Kusuka ekusebenziseni imithetho ekhona, izinkantolo zichaza imithetho, ukuxazulula izingxabano, futhi ngo-"ngokungangangatshazwa" ukuhlelwa kwendlela okungashintsha-shintshiwe, okungashintshwa kuyo imithetho engekho ngokomthetho, noma imithetho engekho ngokomthetho. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabafundi ababopheleli, baqonda indlela lenqubo esebenzayo ngayo ekuqondeni ubuhlobo obunamandla phakathi komthetho nomphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso, izibonelo zezindawo, nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezichaza indima ye-judiary engokomthetho.

Indima Ebucayi Yomjaho Ekushintsheni Ngokomthetho

Kumthetho-mthetho olawulwa ngokomthetho, akukho gatsha likahulumeni elinamandla aphelele. Amajaji asebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokuhlola kokubili amagatsha emithetho nezikhulu ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana nomthetho-sisekelo nezimiso eziyisisekelo zobulungisa. La mandla awezobushiqela , angagunya lokumemezela umthetho ongagunyaziyo.

Izinkantolo azimane nje zithi "yebo" noma "no" emthethweni; zinikeza izincazelo ezicaciswayo ezivame ukubeka izimpawu ezibophayo emacaleni azayo. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi stares decis, idala ukuzinza nokubikezela kuyilapho ivumela ushintsho oluqhubekayo olukhona njengoba amacala amasha eveza amaqiniso ahlukene noma ibekela inselele ukuqonda kwezimiso zakudala. Indima ye-judiciary enguquko engokomthetho ingagobhozwa ibe yimisebenzi eminingana eyinhloko:

  • Ukuvikela Amalungelo Omuntu Ngamunye namaLungelo: izinkantolo zokugcina zokuvikela abantu abamalungelo abo aye oniwa umbuso noma abadlali bomuntu siqu. Ngamacala, abamangalelwa bangafuna iziphetho, futhi, kulenqubo, izinkantolo ziphoqelele ukuba ziphinde zihlole izinga lesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo.
  • Ukuveza imishini yokunikeza ama-address Grievance: Isimiso somthetho sinikeza inqubo ehlelwe kahle, enokuthula okuqhathaniswa ekuxazululeni izingxabano. Lo msakazo uvimbela ukubhebhezela ubudlova noma ukwahlulela ngokuphaphama futhi uvumela ukuhlelwa kwemicikilisho engokomthetho.
  • Ukuguqulwa kwemithetho engalungile: Lapho isishayamthetho simisa umthetho ophula amalungelo avikelwe ngokomthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo zinamandla okuwushaya. Lo msebenzi ubonakala kakhulu lapho umthetho uphikisana noBill of Rights noma amanye amalungiselelo omthetho-mfamesethi.
  • Ukuchaza iziphakamiso eziqinile: Kaningi, incazelo yomthetho ayicacile. Izinkantolo zicacisa injongo yomthetho futhi zigcwalise izikhala, zikwazi ukuguqula indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo. Le misebenzi yokuchaza ingaguqula kakhulu ithonya langempela lomthetho.

Inkantolo engaphansi kokucindezelwa kwezombangazwe noma ubandlululo ayinakuyifeza indima yayo njengommeli ongathathi hlangothi nowengawulawuli umthetho - sisekelo. Ukuzimela kwezomthetho kuyimfuneko yokuguqula izinkantolo ezingokomthetho okunenjongo.

Indlela Imithetho Ebekelwa Ngayo Inselele: Izindlela Zokuya Enkantolo

Imithetho ayibekelwe inselele, kunezindlela zomthetho ezikhethekile ezisetshenziswa abantu ngabanye, izinhlangano ngisho nohulumeni ukuze balethe umthetho phambi kwenkantolo ukuze babukeze. Ukuqonda lezindlela kwembula ukuthi inqubo esebenzayo yokuguqula ihlelwe futhi iguqulwe.

Ukumangalelwa: I - rehicle Eyisisekelo

Indlela eqondile yokubekela umthetho ingeyokumangalela. Umthetho uthi ulimaza umuntu onecala. Uveza isikhalo enkantolo yamacala. Ukuze kube umile, ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi uzwakele ukulimala okuqinile okunganqunyelwa umthetho futhi ukuthi isinqumo esihle senkantolo singakulungisa lokho kulimaza. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo aziyichazi imibono eyimfihlo ngemibuzo engokomthetho kodwa kunalokho zixazulule izimpikiswano eziphilayo.

Ukushaya imilomo kungaba ngezindlela eziningana:

  • Izinselele ezingokobufazi: U-paltiff uphikisa ngokuthi umthetho awusebenzi kuzo zonke izisebenziso zawo. Lezi zinzima kakhulu ukuwina ngoba umphikisi kumelwe abonise ukuthi akukho zimo lapho umthetho usebenza khona.
  • [[NTL:0] Njengoba izinselele ezicushwe: I-paltiff iphikisa ngokuthi umthetho awusebenzi ngokwemithetho ngokwendlela ehambelana nesimo sabo esiqondile, ngisho noma kungenzeka usebenza kwezinye izimo. Lokhu kuyindlela evame kakhulu futhi ephumelela kakhulu.
  • Class Action Lawsuits: Uma umthetho usho ukuthi ulimaza iqembu elikhulu labantu ngendlela efanayo, i-patritiff eyodwa noma ngaphezulu emeleleyo ingamangalela isigaba sonke. Lendlela inciphisa ithonya lendaba eyodwa futhi isetshenziswa njalo ekuvikeleni umphakathi, isivikelo sabathengi, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwendawo ezungezile.

Uma icala seliqulwe, inkantolo izonquma ukufaneleka komthetho ngezenzo, ngokuthola, futhi uma kudingekile, icala. Uma inkantolo ishaya umthetho, uhulumeni angadlulisa icala; uma inkantolo isekela umthetho, umphikisi angadlulisa icala. Lenqubo ingathatha iminyaka futhi ihlanganise amazinga amaningi okubukezwa komthetho.

Amafishane E - Amicus Curiae

I- curasiae (ngesiLatini se-"umngane wenkantolo") i-odoct egcinwe umuntu noma inhlangano engeyena umhlanganyeli walelicala kodwa enesithakazelo esinamandla kumphumela. Le mifushano inikeza inkantolo ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, ukuhlaziya, noma imibono okungenzeka ukuthi amaqembu ngokwawo awatshelwanga ngokugcwele. Izici ezimfushane zivamile kakhulu emazingeni enkantolo e-Amicle neNkantolo Ephakeme.

Amaqembu anesithakazelo − njengase-American Civil Liberties Union, i-National Association for the Advanced of Colored People Legal Defense Fund, i-Chamber of Commerce, nezinhlangano zenkululeko engokwenkolo (ihele le-appsus) ukuze ithonye inguquko engokomthetho. I-computer ebekwe kafushane ingaqokomisa imiphumela ebanzi yecala, imininingwane ekhona ye-colorpided, noma ukudwebela izibopho kwezinye izindawo zomthetho. Nakuba inkantolo ingaboshiwe yilezi zimpikiswano, ngokuvamile ithonya ukucabanga kwenkantolo futhi ingavezwa embonweni yokugcina.

Umqondo Womphakathi Nezinhlangano Zomphakathi

Izinkantolo azivikelekile ngokuphelele emzwelweni womphakathi. Nakuba amajaji kufanele anqume amacala asekelwe emthethweni nasemaqinisweni, isimo sezenhlalo nezombangazwe singathonya indlela imithetho ebekwe ngayo inselele futhi ekugcineni, indlela eshintshwa ngayo. Izinhlangano zezenhlalo (ukusuka emzamweni wamalungelo omphakathi ukuya emzamweni wokulingana komshado).

Imikhankaso ehleliwe ngokuvamile iqala ngokukhetha ngokucophelela ama-paltiff namagalelo. Abameleli bafuna abalaleli abanozwela abazindaba zabo zibonisa ukulimala okubangelwa umthetho ongalungile. Bakhetha futhi imibuso evumayo lapho umthetho ungase ushaywe khona. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubhikisha komphakathi, ukudluliswa kwezindaba, nemikhankaso yemfundo kwakha ukuqaphela kanye nabenzi bemithetho ecindezelayo, kuhlanganise nabahluleli. Brownn v. Board of Education[[FLD:1], ngokwesibonelo, yayiwumvuthwandaba yamashumi eminyaka yecebo elingokomthetho i-NACP, ihlangene nezimo zezemfundo ezishintshashintshayo zezentengo ngokuqondene nokuhamba kwemithetho.

Inqubo Yenguquko Engokomthetho Ngezinkantolo: Ukuwohloka Okuncane Kancane

Ushintsho olungokomthetho ngejaji alusona isenzakalo esisodwa kodwa inqubo ethatha iminyaka eminingi noma ngisho namashumi eminyaka. Ukuqonda isigaba ngasinye kusiza ekuqinisekiseni indlela inselele enzima ebekweni eqala ngayo ekukhonondeni kuya esibonelweni esiqinile esishintsha isimo esingokomthetho sezigidi.

Ukuphonsa Icala

Le nqubo iqala lapho umkhandlu osuququlwe ufaka isikhalo enkantolo equlwa icala. Ukukhononda kumelwe kuveze ngokucacile amaqiniso abangela impikiswano, umthetho othile obekelwe inselele, nesisekelo esingokomthetho senselele (umz., ukwephulwa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala noma isivikelo esifanayo). Umkhankasi kumelwe acele nekhambi elikhethekile, njengesimemezelo sokuthi umthetho awuvumelani nemithetho noma uvimbela ukugcinwa kwayo.

Ukuqhubeka Kwangaphambili

Ngemva kokuba icala lidlulisiwe, icala lingena eqenjini lokuthola. Bobabili abachaphazelekayo baqoqa ubufakazi, bathatha amafaktha, bashintshane amabhukwana, futhi bangathatha amafayela ngokunyakazisa (kuhlanganise nokuhamba ngezinyawo ukuze baxoshe (ukuthi ngisho noma amaqiniso eyiqiniso, akukho ukuvuma okungokomthetho) noma ukuthatha isahlulelo esifingqiwe (ukuthi akukho qiniso eliphikisanayo futhi icala linganqunywa njengendaba yomthetho). Izinselele eziningi ezingokomthetho zixazululwa kule nkundla ngaphandle kokulingwa, ikakhulukazi uma amaphutha omthetho womthetho wesitholo ecacile ebusweni balo.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala liqhubeka, umahluleli kumelwe anikeze ubufakazi ukuze afakazele izinkulumo zabo. Kwezinye izimo, umahluleli yedwa uzwa ubufakazi; kwezinye, ukwahlulela kunquma imibuzo eyiqiniso. Uma ubufakazi bunikezwa, umahluleli usebenzisa umthetho ohlobene nomthetho futhi akhiphe isinqumo. Uma uma ijaji ethola umthetho ungekho emthethweni, uhulumeni ungavinjelwa ekuwugunyazeni.

Ukukhanga

Iqembu elilahlekelwayo cishe njalo linelungelo lokudlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme. Esimisweni sikahulumeni, lokhu kusho ukukhanga kusukela enkantolo yesifunda kuya enkantolo yesifunda yezicelo, futhi ngethuba eliyikho, futhi kuseNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngokwezinga le-apellate, ukugxila emaphutha angokomthetho awenziwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, hhayi ekuhloleni amaqiniso futhi. Izinkantolo zihlola iziphetho ezingokomthetho zenkantolo de novo (entsha) kodwa ukuthatha inselele ekutholeni okuyiqiniso ngaphandle kokuba zinephutha.

Inqubo yokudlulisa izicelo ingathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka. Uhulumeni angafaka izikhalo eziningi.

Ukubukeza KweNkantolo Ephakeme

Isinyathelo sokugcina esimisweni sikahulumeni siyisicelo se-certiorari e-United States eNkantolo Ephakeme. INkantolo ayibophekile ukuzwa zonke izikhalo; yamukela cishe inombolo eyodwa kwezimbili yezicelo. Amacala anikeza imibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu engokomthetho-sisekelo, noma axazulula ukuhlukana kwezinkantolo zesifunda, maningi amathuba okubukezwa.

Uma iNkantolo inikeza i-certiorari, izigigaba zinikeza imishwana ephelele, futhi kubekwa izimpikiswano ngomlomo. Amajaji abese enikeza umbono obhaliwe. Isinqumo seNkantolo siba umthetho wezwe, sibopha kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi. Isinqumo sokuthi umthetho kahulumeni awuvumelani nemithetho silulaza lowo mthetho ezweni lonke. Ukuchaza umthetho kahulumeni ngokuphumelelayo "ukubhala" umthetho wezinhlelo zesikhathi esizayo, ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu ulungisele umthetho ukuba ususe umthetho wokuchaza.

Ukufezwa Nemiphumela

Ngisho nangemva kwesinqumo senkantolo, inguquko engokomthetho ayiphazanyiswanga. Igatsha eliphethe kumelwe livumelane nesinqumo, futhi izinkantolo eziphansi kumelwe zisebenzise lesi sibonelo esisha. Kwezinye izimo, izishaya-mthetho zingadlulisa imithetho emisha ukuze zikhulume ngezikhala ezingokomthetho ezakha inkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iqedise amalungiselelo ayinhloko e-Voing Rights Act in Shelby County v. I-Hander (203), iSishaya i-Hulumeni singayidlulisi inqubo entsha yokukhombisa, sishiya imbobo enkulu ekugunyazweni kwelungelo lenkantolo. Lesisigaba siqokomisa ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yesinqumo nezenzo zokuvota.

Izici Eziwuphawu Ezishintsha Umthetho

Umlando ugcwele amacala lapho izinkantolo, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, zashintsha khona isimo somthetho nesezenhlalo.La macala abonisa amandla okuhlaziya ukwahlulela nenqubo yokulungisa izinqubo ezingokomthetho.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mhlawumbe isibonelo esidume kakhulu sokuguqula okungokomthetho phakathi kwezinkantolo, Brown v. ibhodi lemfundo yaqeda ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, igumbuqela i-"Parace kodwa ilingana" imfundiso eyasungulwa ePelby v. Ferguson (1896). Isinqumo esihlangene, esibhalwe nguNkulu LweziNkulu u-Earl Warren, sasekela ukuthi izikole ezithathelwe unyawo ngokugqibele futhi ziphula iSivikeli sika-Clausle seSinyusi se-145. Icala laliwumphumela wecebo lokubambisana ngeNaACP, eliholwa nguThregrall. Yakha indlela yamaLungelo eSivumeni ka-196565, nakuba iphiselwa phambili ngeminyaka eminingi. [Foglyn Fromest]

URade (1973)

Isinqumo seNkantolo sazehlisa imithetho eminingi yezwe eyavimbela ukukhishwa kwesisu. saqaphela ilungelo elingokomthetho lowesifazane lokukhetha ukukhipha isisu, lisekelwe elungelweni lokuba wedwa eliboniswa yi-Century Procession ye-145th Refection. Isinqumo seNkantolo sanciphisa amandla emithetho yombuso eyavimbela ukukhishwa kwesisu, ibangela ukuqhutshekiselwano okuhlala njalo kwezombangazwe kanye nomthetho. Icala lihlala liyindinganiso yezingxoxo zezezezenzo zokwahlulela, isimiso sesayensi nezimiso zokuziphatha ezichazwa ngomthetho-mthetho. Nakuba iNkakhulu kamuva yaguqula izinga le-Platest Planthod Parentsbrease v. Case (I-6) futhi ekugcineni yabusa e-Dobbs.[2] I-Jackson org22]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Kweyase-Obergefell v. Hodges, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi imibhangqwana exubile inelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada ngaphansi kweNkathi Emisiweyo ne-Uncimel Programme Clausss of the Intelligence. Isinqumo esingu-5-4 sasifuna ukuba zonke izifunda ziqaphele imishado-ex eyenziwa kwezinye izindawo futhi zenze imishado ngokwayo. Isinqumo sasiwumvuthwandaba wenguquko esheshayo yombono wasobala nempikiswa yi-LGBTQ+ izinhlangano zamalungelo engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nendaba ye-United States v. Windstor (2011), eyayihla i-Devicence of Marrial Act. [FLMF:] .[2]

UGideon (1963)

Gideon v. Wainwright wamisa ilungelo lokunikeza abamangalelwa abanecala likahulumeni ezicini ezingezona eziphambili ngaphansi kweSixhumi seSithandathu seSiphendu. UClarence Earl Gideon, indoda empofu emangalelwe ngokugqekeza igumbi le-parpine, yazenqaba ukunikeza ummeli. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ngazwi linye ukuthi kumelwe inikeze abamangalelwa abangakwazi ukubakhokhela. Lesinqumo saholela ekudalweni kwezimiso zomphakathi ezivikela umphakathi ezweni lonke futhi ngokuyisisekelo saguqula isimiso sobulungisa. Yafunda okwengeziwe ngoGideyoni. VV.

Izinselele Esimisoni Senkantolo Nomphumela Waso Ezinguquko

Nakuba izinkantolo ziyizisekelo ezinamandla zokuguqula umthetho, zibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu ezingazilinganisela ekuphumeleleni kwazo. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ukuze kube nombono ongokoqobo ngendima yejaji.

Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela Kusongelwa

Ikomiti yezomthetho ezimele ibalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingakhethi, kodwa ingaphansi kokusongela kakhulu. Ukuhlasela kwabahluleli, imizamo yokumisa izinkantolo, nezinqubo zokumisa eziba izinkundla zempi ezilwayo konke kululaza ukuthemba umphakathi. Uma izinkantolo zibhekwa njengabadlali bezombangazwe kunokuba zithathe izimemezelo zokungathathi hlangothi, ikhono lazo lokuguqula izinguquko ezingezona ezithandwayo kodwa ezidingekile ezingokomthetho liyancipha. Kwamanye amazwe, ukuzibusa kwamacala kuhlaselwa ngokuqondile ngokususwa kwabahluleli noma ngokwenqaba ukugcinwa yimithetho yasenkantolo.

Ukufinyelela Izithiyo Kumahluleli

Ukuqamba imilomo kuyabiza. Ukukhokha izigqebhezana, ukukhokha izindleko zokukhokha, ukusungula, nokufaka isikhalo kungabiza amashumi ezinkulungwane noma ngisho nezigidi zamaRandi. Abantu abaningi ababhekene nokuphulwa kwamalungelo bamane nje abanakukwazi ukuletha icala. Nakuba izinkampani zomphakathi zezentengiselwano, izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho, nezinhlelo ze-probono zisiza ekugcwaliseni igebe, ngeke bahlangabezane nayo yonke imfuno. Umphumela uwukuthi imithetho eminingi engalungile ihamba ingadingwa iminyaka eminingi ngenxa yokuthi akukho muntu onemali yokuzingela ukulishwa. Lena kuyimpikiswano eyinhloko engoko engokomthetho.

Ukuzicabangela Nokwethemba Umphakathi

Ukwethembela komphakathi enkantolo kuye kwancipha emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise ne-United States. Uma ingxenye enkulu yenani labantu ibheka izinkantolo njengezinobandlululo, ezingenakhono, noma ezingekho emthethweni, amandla emithetho yokwahlulela ancipha. Abantu bangashalazela noma bamelane nemithetho yenkantolo, njengoba kubonakala kwezinye izimo lapho isikole sincishiswa noma isilinganiso somshado sifezeka. Ukwakha nokugcina ukulondeka komphakathi kudinga izinqubo ezibonisa ngokucacile, ukuziphatha okuhle kwabahluleli, nokukhulumisana okucacile ngendima yejaji.

Ukuzimisela Ukusingatha Izindaba Ezithile

Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo ziba manqikanqika ukusingatha izindaba ezibucayi zezombangazwe noma zezenhlalo, zikhomba izimfundiso ezifana nombuzo wezezombangazwe noma ukuma [ ukugwema ukubusa ngezindlela ezifanelekile. Lokhu kulawula kokwahlulela kungaba uhlobo lwezethukuzenzela, kodwa futhi kungashiya imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho ingaxazululwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo zilinganiselwe enkantolo phambi kwazo; azikwazi ukufuna ngokuphindwayo ukungalungi ukuze zilungise. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi izinkinga eziningi zesimiso somthetho zingafiki enkantolo.

Ikusasa Lezinguquko Ezingokomthetho Ezinkantolo

Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka uguqukela, kuyovela imikhawulo emisha yenguquko engokomthetho, futhi izinkantolo ziyocelwa ukuba zivumelane nezimo. Izimo eziningana cishe ziyohlela ikusasa loshintsho olugunyaziwe.

Ubuchwepheshe Namalungelo Ezobuchwepheshe

Izinkantolo zilwa nezimpikiswano zomthetho ezintsha ezivela ngobuchwepheshe bezemishini: ukukhululeka enkathini yokuhlola, izinga lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile eziteji zezokuxhumana, ukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela ekugwetshweni kobugebengu, kanye nezinto ezisezingeni le-tektroniki. Icala elinjengo- Carpambert v. United States [2018], elidinga isiqinisekiso se-project yezindawo zocingo, libonisa indlela izinkantolo eziqala ngayo ukuchaza kabusha isivikelo somthetho-mthetho-geometry ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe.

Izinhlangano Zomphakathi Nezimpande Zokuthakathisa

Izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle zizoqhubeka ziqhuba impoqo. Umzabalazo we-Black Live Matter uye wabangela izinselele ezinkolweni zamaphoyisa nasemahlolweni okuvikela izifo. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwabangela ukumangalelwa kohulumeni nezinhlangano ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuthatha isinyathelo ekulimaleni indawo ezungezile. Lezi zinhlangano zivame ukuhlanganisa ukubhikisha kwasemgwaqweni, ukumelana kwemithombo yezindaba, nokumangalelwa kwemithetho ecindezelayo ezinkantolo kanye nezishaya umthetho ngokufanayo. Ukuphumelela kwaleyo mizamo kuxhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwezinkantolo ukwandisa izimfundiso nokuqaphela izimfundiso ezintsha ezingokomthetho.

Umthetho Womhlaba Wonke Nokuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke

Izinkantolo zicelwa ngokwandayo ukuba zicabangele izinqumo zezizwe zonke zomthetho nezomthetho wakwamanye amazwe. Izimemezelo, umthetho wezizwe, nezinqumo zezikhulu zomhlaba zingathonya ukuchazwa komthetho wasekhaya, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana namalungelo abantu nokuhwebelana. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kusho futhi ukuthi inguquko engokomthetho kwelinye izwe ingaba nemiphumela eguquguqukayo kwezinye izindawo, njengoba abaxhasi nabameleli behlanganyela amasu aphumelelayo emingceleni. INkantolo ePhakathi yezwe lonke behlukene ngezinga umthetho wangaphandle okufanele wazise ngalo ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho-mfandeni, kodwa ukuthambekela ekuxazululweni kwe-diliqualion kusobala.

Ukukhethwa Kokwahlulela Nokubekwa Kwecala

Ukuqanjwa kwezinkantolo, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, kuzakunquma isiqondiso sokuguqula umthetho amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Abameli nezishayamthetho ngokuqhubekayo basebenzisa ukumiswa kokwahlulela ukuze baqhubekisele phambili izigigaba zemibono. Inqubo yokugunyazwa iye yaba ephikisana kakhulu, futhi ukumiswa okuthatha isikhathi eside kwamajaji kahulumeni kusho ukuthi ukumiswa okukodwa kungamisa umthetho wesizukulwane. Indlela umphakathi obheka ngayo ukufaneleka kwalokhu kumiswa kanye nokuqanjwa kwenkantolo okuwumphumela okuyo kuthinta ngayo igunya lenkantolo lokuqhubekisela phambili inguquko.

Isiphetho

Izinkantolo ziyizinhlangano ezibalulekile zokubekela imithetho inselele nokushintsha. Ngokufaka inselele, nge-amicus i-advocacy, kanye nokucindezela kombono womphakathi, abantu ngabanye namaqembu bangaletha imithetho engalungile phambi kwejaji futhi bafune ukukhululeka. Inqubo `kufaka isikhalo eNkantolo Ephakeme ebusayo enzima, ethatha kancane, futhi ebizayo, kodwa iye yaveza ezinye zezinguquko ezingokomthetho ezishintshekayo emlandweni. Imicimbi enjenge Brown v. ibhodi yezemfundo, , ] ibonise izinzuzo zezinkantolo. [[FLT:] v[FLT] [FLT]] [FLT]]

Kodwa inkantolo ayisona isisekelo esiphelele sobulungisa. Izinselele ezinjengokusongela ukukhululeka kokwahlulela, isithiyo sokungena, nokuncipha kwethemba lomphakathi zingaphazamisa inguquko. Ikusasa loshintsho olungokomthetho ngezinkantolo liyoxhomeka ekutheni lezi zinselele ziqondiswa kahle kanjani nokuthi izinkantolo zivumelana kanjani nezobuchwepheshe obusha, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, kanye namathonya embulunga yonke. Kubafundisi bafundisa izakhamuzi, umthetho, noma uhulumeni, futhi kubafundi abafunda ngomthetho, ukuqonda lesi sici esishukumisayo phakathi kwezinkantolo nezishaya umthetho kubalulekile. Kusikhumbuza ukuthi umthetho awusona isimiso esimisiwe semithetho kodwa udinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ukuqapha, ukuphatha umthetho, kanye nezikhathi zezikhathi ezithile.