Izimiso zokukhetha ezinkulu zihlela indlela ukusebenza kwentando yeningi okuthonya ngayo, hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi kuthonye okhethweni kodwa futhi nezinga nokugxila kwenkulumo yezombangazwe. Ukuqonda imidlalo ephakathi kwalezi zimiso nenkulumo yomkhankaso kubalulekile ekuqondeni amandla nokulinganiselwa kwezinqubo zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela izimiso ezinkulu ezithinta ngayo izimpikiswano ezikhethiwe namasu okukhankasela, ukudweba ngezibonelo eziqhathaniswa nokucwaninga kwezazi ukuze kunikeze umqondo ocacile.

Ukuqonda Izimiso Zezikhulu

Izimiso ze-majoritarian, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-winner-all" noma "ububanzi" bezimiso, zisekelwe esimisweni esilula: umvoti noma iqembu elamukela amavoti amaningi livikela isihlalo noma ihhovisi. Lokhu kuphambene nokulinganiswa kwezimiso ze-(PR), ezibeka izihlalo ezisekelwe engxenyeni yamavoti atholwa yiqembu ngalinye. Inguquko evame kakhulu yileyo yokuqala eyi-stent (FTPP), esetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-United Kingdom, i-United States, i-Canada, neNdiya.

Ezinye izifektha ezinkulu zihlanganisa isimiso esijikelezayo esisetshenziswa eFrance kanye nokhetho oluningi lukamongameli, kanye nevoti ehlukile (i-instant-runoff), esetshenziswa e-Australia. Uhlobo ngalunye luhlose ukuveza umnqobi ocacile, kodwa luhluka ngokuthi amavoti agwenywe kanjani nokuthi yini iningi (ngaphezu kuka-50%) lidingeka. EFPTPPP, umvoti ofundelwayo angawina ngobukhulu obulula [1] ngisho nangedlanzana lamavoti (hjoyina) ukuze liphumele lapho iqembu eliwinayo lingase lingase lingabi nasomele ukusekela okukhulu kwevoti.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso zezikhulu zikhuthaza uhulumeni oqinile, onecala ngokuveza imiphumela ewujuqu. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi ngokuvamile basonta izikhundla zovoti futhi balulaza amaqembu amancane. Lokhu kucindezeleka kunemiphumela ejulile yenkulumo yezombangazwe, njengoba abafuna ukubhapathizwa namaqembu bevumelanisa imiyalezo yabo nezisusa ezibangelwa imithetho ekhethayo.

Impikiswano Engokwezigaba Ezinkulu

Izimpikiswano ze-Electoral zisebenza njengendawo yokuhlola abavoti ukuze baqhathanise abazovota nezimiso. Ngaphansi kwemithetho elawulayo, izimpikiswano zivame ukugxila kakhulu, ngokuvamile zigxile kwinani elincane labancintisanayo abasebenzayo. Ngenxa yokuthi munye kuphela ongaziwina isihlalo esikhethekile, izimpikiswano zivame ukugcizelela ukuma okuwusizo ekuhloleni inqubo ejulile. Lokhu kungabonakala ngezindlela eziningana:

  • Ithumela ngokufaka umyalezo oqondiswe ekuvoti abajiyile: Izicelo ezivame ukwenza izicelo ezibanzi, ezigayeka kalula kunokuba zibe namapulatifomu esimiso esiningiliziwe, ikakhulukazi lapho behlasela abavoti abangahlosile ezifundeni zokuncintisana.
  • Igcizelela kakhulu umehluko wezimiso oguquguqukayo: nabaphikisi ababili noma abathathu abakhulu, abaphikisi benkulumo-mpikiswano namathemba ezilaleli ashukumisela abazokwehlukanisa ukuhlukanisa kunokuchaza ukuthutha okuyinkimbinkimbi.
  • Ukugxila ebuntwini nasebusweni: Njengoba izinhlanga ezinkulu zivame ukuzuzwa ngemigqa emincane, izici zomuntu siqu (njenge-likability, ikhono lokuphendula, kanye nokuqonda ubuqiniso) kufihla izimpikiswano ezingaphansi.

Ngokwesibonelo, ezimpikiswaneni zobumongameli wase-U.S. ngaphansi kwe-all Electoral College ewinayo, abazohloniphi bagxila kakhulu ekuvuleni amazwe futhi bagweme ukuvota ngokulinganisela. Ngokufanayo, ezimpikiswaneni zokukhetha ze-UK, abaholi abavela eLabour nase-Conservatives babusa kakhulu emoyeni, kuyilapho imibuthano emincane njenge Liberal Democrats noma Greens ithola intembezelo elinganiselwe, naphezu kokuba ngezinye izikhathi ibambe isilinganiso samandla.

Ukucwaninga kwe Electoral Reformation Society [ kuqokomisa ukuthi izimiso ezinkulu zinciphisa isikhuthazo sokuba amaqembu ahlangane kakhulu noma amukele izikhundla zokuvumelana phakathi nemikhankaso. Kunalokho, izimpikiswano ziba indawo yokulwa nobuthakathaka balabo abamelene nabo, ingxubevange engavimba ukuvota nokwethembana.

Inkulumo Yomkhankaso: Izinkulumo Eziqinile Nokuphumelela

Ukuphumelela kwenkulumo yomkhankaso ezimisweni eziyinhloko kuxhumene kakhulu nokuhlasela. Ama-Candida agxila kakhulu ezifundeni zokuncintisana − ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi "izihlalo eziphezulu" e-UK noma "izifunda ezinamanzi" e-US", lapho umphumela ungaqinisekile. Lokhu kugxila ekuthumeleni imiyalezo ngendlela ejulile:

  • Imiyalezo edluliselwe, e-operance: Iqembu lomkhankaso wesizwe lihlola iziqubulo kanye nokunxusa amaqembu abhekiswe phambili, bese lizifaka emijahweni yendawo ngaphandle kokuzivumelanisa. Le ngxoxo ye-homogenizese futhi inciphisa ukuhluka kwenqubo yendawo.
  • Umkhankaso wezesayensi wezepolitiki: ngoba ukunqoba ngokuvamile kudinga ukuvela kwesisekelo somuntu kuyilapho ukucindezela kuhlasela abaphikisi, izikhangiso zokuhlasela nokubulala izimpawu zomzimba kuba yisijwayezi. Ukuhlola kwezesayensi yezepolitiki ye- kwathola ukuthi izikhangiso ezingezinhle zivame kakhulu ezimisweni zeFPTP kune-PR (Lawu & Pomper, 2004).
  • [ ukuvota okungaqondakali okungaqondakali: ubuciko be-Kampeni ngokuvamile bukhuthaza abavoti ukuba bakhethe ngoku ngokomthetho", ukuvala umuntu ongathandwa kakhulu ongase akhethe okuthandwayo, kunokuthile okuthandayo okuqotho. Lokhu kungaguqula izingxoxo zenqubo futhi kunciphise ukucaciswa kwemibono.

Izimiso zamakhulu zingathuthukisa "ingxenye ezimbili ezithiya ukuthatha iqhaza lesithathu. E-United States, amaqembu ahlalisanayo avamile ukufinyelela emnyango ophenduphendukayo ofunekayo ukuze angene ezimpikiswaneni zomongameli, elinganisela ikhono lawo lokusungula eminye imibono. Lokhu kugcizelela inkulumo encane ezindabeni ezinjengokunakekela impilo, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kanye nentela.

Nokho, ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi izimiso eziyinhloko ziveza izimvume ezicacile zokushintsha kwesimiso.

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: Izimiso Zezokuxhumana

Ukuze uqonde amandla ayingqayizivele enkulumo yomkhankaso, kuyasiza ukuwaqhathanisa nezimiso zokuveza i-paliniki. Ezimisweni ze-PR, ukuncintisana okunhlobonhlobo kuba yisiko, futhi ukuvumelana ngemva kokhetho kulindeleke. Lokhu kuthonya impikiswano nokuthumela imiyalezo ngezindlela eziningi:

  • Izimiso ze-PR zinikeza iphimbo emaphathini amaningi, ngakho izimpikiswano zihlanganisa izimpikiswano eziningi kakhulu.
  • Lihlengisa umkhankaso ongakhi: Njengoba amaqembu edinga ukubambisana ehlangene, ayakugwema ukuhlasela abantu abangase babe abangane. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuhlasela komuntu siqu kanye nokuhlasela kwe-hominem.
  • Izingxoxo zokuhweba ngezimiso zigxile kakhulu ekuthengiseni: idinga izinqumo ezicacile eziza kuqala, eziholela engxoxweni ebanzi phakathi nemikhankaso.

Ngokwesibonelo, esimisweni saseJalimane sokuhlanganisa amalungu axubile, izimpikiswano zihlanganisa abameleli besimiso sobumongameli baseFrance esivela kwi CDU/CSU, SPD, Greens, FDP, AfD, ne-OfD. Lokhu kuveza uhlu lwezimiso ezikhethelwe ukufuduka namandla. Ngokungafani, impikiswano ye-presidenti ye-France ngaphansi kwesimiso sobumongameli esinezinhlangothi ezimbili iveza kuphela izigigaba ezimbili ezihambayo, zicindezela umshini.

Ukuhlola kwa 2019 [ku- i-British Journal of Political Science yathola ukuthi abavoti ezimisweni zePR babika ukwaneliseka okukhulu ngohlu lwezinqumo ezinikezwa phakathi nemikhankaso, kanti abavoti abakhulu bathambekele kakhulu ekuqondeni izimpikiswano ngokuthi "kakhulu" noma "izibhalwe ngokwezinsika".

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwenkulumo Enkulu

Nakuba izimiso ezinkulu zinikeza ukunquma, ziveza nezinselele zokwakha abagxeki abathi ziyalulaza ukuhlobana nentando yeningi.

  • Ngaphansi kokumelelwa kwamaqembu amancane: Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ographic yesizwe, ulimi, noma amaqembu amancane kungawashiya ngaphandle kwezwi elikhethiwe, ngoba angakhishwa njalo ezifundeni eziyingxenye eyodwa. Lokhu kungabangela ukuba izimpikiswano zingahlanganisiwe.
  • Ukuhlukanisa nokuhlukanisa: Isimo sesikhala-isimo semincintiswano enqobayo sikhuthaza abazozuza ukudweba ukuqhathanisa okubukhali, ngokuvamile ngokweqisa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kungaqinisa ukuhlukanisa futhi kunciphise ingxoxo ephambanayo.
  • Izimiso ezihlukene: ngokuncintisana okuphumelelayo kulinganiselwe kumaqembu amabili, izimpikiswano ezinkulu zivame ukungazinaki izindaba eziye zaphenjelelwa yiqembu elincane − njengenguquko yezekhethelo, inzuzo eyisisekelo, noma ukungakhiqizi kweqembu elikhulu.
  • Ukuhlanekezelwa kwenhloso yomvoti: ukuvota kungafihla okuthandwayo kwangempela, kwenza ukukhetha kube nemiphumela ephelele yombono womphakathi. Lokhu kukhubaza inani lokwaziswa lenkulumo yomkhankaso.

Lezinselele azikho emhlabeni wonke kuzo zonke izimiso zezikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, enye ivoti ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake izigaba, inciphise isidingo sokuvota okusemthethweni futhi yenza abavoti bengxenye yesithathu bakwazi ukuveza ukhetho lokuqala ngaphandle "ukugawula" i-colot. Amazwe anjenge-Australia aye abona umkhankaso osushintsha kakhulu njengomphumela, nakuba isimiso sisaveza ukubusa okunezingxenye ezimbili ezihlalweni eziningi.

Indima yemithombo yezindaba ezimisweni eziyinhloko inezela kulemikhakha. Izindawo zokuxhumana, ikakhulukazi kuyi-US ne-UK, zithambekele ekukhetheni njengemijaho yamahhashi − ukugxila ezinomboloni zokuhlola, amagaffe, namahlazo kunokubheka izinto ezingokwenqubo. Lo "Isakhelo semidlalo" sivumelana nezisusa zomncintiswano wezikhulu, lapho ukulandisa nokusheshisa kungashintsha khona imiphumela ngamaphuzu ambalwa angamaphesenti.

Imithombo Yezindaba, Ukuhlanganyela Emishinini Yokusakaza, Nokuhlela Imishini

Ukuvela kwezokuxhumana kuye kwaguqula inkulumo yomkhankaso ezimisweni ezinkulu, ngezinye izikhathi kukhulisa ukulinganiselwa kwazo. Ama-communiter asiza ukuba imiyalezo emincane ichazwe emaqenjini alinganiselwe ahlanganisa inani labantu ngokusekelwe ekwazisweni kokwaziswa okuphathelene nezindaba. Ezindabeni ezinkulu, lokhu ngokuvamile kusho ukuhlasela abavoti ezifundeni ezinkulu ngokunxusa okuphikisanayo: umuntu ozofundela ukugcizelela ukuthengwa kwentela kwenye yezimali ezidilini ezidilini nakumphakathi kwenye, kuye ngokuthi izilaleli.

Lo mkhuba ungahlukanisa futhi unciphise ukuhlangana kwamapulatifomu edilini. Abaqondisi basezindaweni ezihlukahlukene babhekana nezinguquko ezihlukene zomkhankaso, belulaza umqondo wenkulumo yesizwe eyodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungakwazi ukuzwana nejubane lokuxhumana nge-inthanethi kukhuthaza umkhankaso ophambene noweqisayo, okungalimaza kakhulu izinhlanga eziqinile lapho izinto zishintshana khona.

Ngohlangothi oluhle, amathuluzi emishini avumela abazohlala ezihlalweni zokuncintisana ukuba badlule emithonjeni engokwesiko futhi bahlanganyele ngokuqondile nabantu abahlala edolobhaneni. Imifula yasedolobheni, i-Q&A, kanye nezimiso kungathuthukisa impikiswano, kodwa imizamo enjalo ivame ukufihlwa yiziphepho ezingapheli zokuhlasela kwabashokole. Ukuphumelela kwalamacebo kuyahluka kakhulu, kanti ezinye izinkampani zakha izindwangu eziqinile zendawo ezizifaka ezimweni zesizwe.

Ukuthembisana ngezimiso eziyinhloko kulololongwa futhi ukuncintisana okucatshangelwayo kwezinhlanga zendawo. Ezihlalweni eziphephile . laha omunye ephethe iningi elinamacala amaningi ((compaign) ngokuvamile kuba yinkulumo engenanjongo, abanganaki begxile ezinkonzweni ezihlangene kunokuba baqhube izinkulumo ezingokomthetho. Lokhu kungacindezela futhi kunciphise isithakazelo somphakathi kukhetho, njengoba abavoti bezwa ukuthi bathatha iqhaza elincane.

Ukucwaninga kwe International Institute for Democracy and Electoral help kubonisa ukuthi umvoti uthambekele ekuncipheni kwezimiso ze-FPTP uma kuqhathaniswa nezimiso zePR, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokusakazeka kwezihlalo "ezilondekile". Lokhu kungalingani kwezwe ngokuthembisa ukuqinisa ukubusa kwezindawo ezimbalwa ezijikelezayo ekulolongeni inkulumo yesizwe.

Izikhangiso Zenguquko Nezimfune Zazo Zempikiswano

Beqaphela amaphutha enkulumo yomkhankaso, abashisekeli bezinguquko baye bahlongoza izinguquko ezihlukahlukene.

  • Izimiso ezihlanganiswe-zingxenye-zinhlangothi (MMP): ezisetshenziswa eJalimane, eNew Zealand, nase Scotland, iMMP ihlanganisa izigodi ezinezihlalo zohlu olulodwa nezihlalo ezihlotshaniswayo, iqinisekisa ukulingana. Lokhu kuthanda ukwandisa ingxoxo ngokunikeza izimemo zephalamende ezincane ze-palement kanye nezombangazwe ezikhuthaza izivumelwano.
  • ukuvota okunechoice (RCV): Ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba bafake izigaba, i-RCV isusa imiphumela elimazayo futhi inciphise imiphumela elimazayo, njengoba abazokucela bafuna amavoti wesibili kubasekeli bembangi. Ngokwesiko, impikiswano ye-RCV emadolobheni anjengeSan Francisco neMinneapolis iye yabonisa ukubambisana okukhulu.
  • I-primprimries evulekile ne-opartinal ebanzi: Lezinguquko zizimisele ukunciphisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo ngokuvumela bonke abavoti ukuba bahlanganyele okhethweni oluyinhloko, baphoqelele abavoti ukuba bafake isikhalo ngalé kwesisekelo sabo. "phezulu-2" ngokuyinhloko eCalifornia kuholele kwabafuna ukuthatha izibalo ezilinganiselwe, abanye baphikisa kakhulu, impikiswano engaphansi kakhulu.
  • Ikhampaign yezimali yokuguqula: Ukulinganisela ithonya labanikeleyo abaningi nemali esetshenziswayo yenkampani kunganciphisa indawo yokudlala, kuvumele abafuna ukubhalisa ngemiqondo emisha ukuba babonakale ngaphandle kokuqoqa kakhulu.

Inguquko ngayinye ithatha izikhawu zentengiselwano. I-MMP ingaveza izingxoxo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinciphisa ukucaca komthwalo wemfanelo. I-RCV, kuyilapho inciphisa umkhankaso ophambene, ingadida abavoti abajwayele ukuvota ngobuningi obuvamile. Nokho, abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi noma ikuphi ukushiya ubuphathi obumsulwa kungathuthukisa izinga lengxoxo yokukhetha ngokukhuthaza ukuthatha iqhaza nezingxoxo zenqubo.

Isibonelo senguquko ephumelelayo iNew Zealand, eyasuka ku-FPTP yaya ku-MMP ngo-1996. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imikhankaso yokhetho iye yaqokomisa izigigaba ezengeziwe, ukuhlongoza okuhlangene, nokuhlukahluka kwezindlela zokuhlela. Izimpikiswano manje zihlanganisa abaholi beGreen Party, New Zealand Kuqala, ne-Māori Party, kanye ne-Labour ne-National. Lokhu kuye kwathuthukisa inkulumo yasobala, nakuba abanye abagxeki beqaphela ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi ohulumeni bezinhlangano ezihlangene bafaka icala elinzima.

EUnited Kingdom, i-paresion yo-2011 yokuthatha elinye ivoti yanqotshwa, kodwa impikiswano eyayikhona yaqokomisa ukunganeliseki komphakathi ngethonya le-FPTP enkulumweni yomkhankaso. i-Electoral Reformation Society [ iyaqhubeka isekela ukumelelwa kokuhlelwa kwezindawo, iveza ukuthi inciphisa "izihlalo ezilondekile" kanye neqembu lokulwa umkhankaso kuzo zonke izindawo.

Isiphetho: Ukuhlangana Kwemithetho Nobuhlakani

Izimiso zobubhishobhi azizona nje izinqubo zobuchwepheshe zokubala amavoti; zingabakhi abanamandla bezingxoxo zezombangazwe. Ngokugxilisa amandla ezandleni zabanqobi abathathi-ziningi, bafaka isosha, ubuntu, futhi ngokuvamile abakhankasi abakhankanyiwe. Izimpikiswano zobuChokotho zisebenza ngokuthonya okuqondiswe ekushintsheni okuncane kunokushintshashintsha okukhulu. Nakuba izimiso ezinkulu zinikeza ukucaca nokulandisa, zifaka futhi izingozi ekuhlukaniseni amazwi amancane, anciphisa imingcele yemithetho, futhi zifaka imingcele emincane yezindlela zokukhetha.

Ukuqonda lezi zimiso kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlaziye kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka bezinhlangano zazo ezikhethayo. Imizamo yezinguquko ehlose ukwandisa inkulumo − noma ingendlela yokuyimisa ngokwesilinganiso, ukuvota, noma izinguquko zezezimali zezezimali (izimo zombango) ibaluleke kakhulu ngokuthi imithetho ekhethwe kakhulu ithonya kangakanani hhayi nje ukuthi ubani owinayo, kodwa indlela abakhuluma ngayo ngezindaba ezibalulekile. Njengoba idemocracy iguqula, izinga lengxoxo lingabaluleka njengomphumela wokhetho ngokwalo, nezimiso ezinkulu zezentethi ziyo ziyoqhubeka ziyingxenye eyinhloko yaleyo ngxoxo.