Izimiso zokhetho olunengxenye eyodwa, njenge-fPTP yokuqala-ngaphambili, ziphakathi kwezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuguquleni amavoti ezihlalweni zomthetho. Ukunxusa kwawo kulula futhi kuthambekele ekukhiqizeni imiphumela ewujuqu. Kodwa lokhu kufihla ukucindezeleka okujulile: indlela lezizimiso ezisingatha ngayo ukuvota okusendaweni ethile kungasiza ngayo ngokuhlelekile noma ukungasizi emiphakathini yasemaphandleni nasedolobheni. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni impilo yentando yeningi yanoma yiliphi izwe elithembele ekuqondiseni kwemithetho emikhulu.

Imishini Yezimiso Eziyinhloko

Phakathi nendawo, izimiso zabaphathi-mikhosi zihlala ezihlalweni zabavoti kakhulu esifundeni esinikeziwe. Kuyi-FPTP emsulwa, umbhejelwayo onenani eliyinani eliyinani eliyinani (nakuba ngaphansi kweningi) uhlala esihlalweni. Okunye okuhlukile, njengesimiso esizungezene (i-runoff) noma ivoti ehlukile (i-i-i-coff), idinga umnyango omkhulu, kodwa isimiso sendawo sisasele: isifunda ngasinye sikhetha ummeleli oyedwa. Lo mnqobi uveza ukuxhumana okunamandla phakathi kovoti nombango waso, kodwa futhi ukhulisa ithonya lendawo lapho uvoti ovotiwe.

Isici esiyinhloko sokwakha ukuthi isifunda ngasinye siwumncintiswano owenziwe ngokunqoba. Ngaphansi kwe-FPTP, iqembu eliwina amaphesenti angu-40 evoti esifundeni lithola 100% ezimpawu zalesosigodi. Lokhu kuholela ekususeni izakhiwo ezisezingeni lesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhetho olungu-2019 UK jikelele, i-Conservative Party yawina 56% yezihlalo ngo- 43% wevoti, kuyilapho i-Liberal Democrats iwina i-1.7.5% yezihlalo ngengxenye yevoti. Ukunga kwe-proportation akunakwenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo; ivumela zonke izigaba ezisekelayo ezigcwele ezindaweni ezinqinisiwe. Urbani, ngokuvamile abameleli abaningi bangabakhetha eqeqedine eqelene, kuyilapho i-voties ezindaweni ezisemaphandleni, kuyilapho i-votagovse ithola ingxenye enkulu yezindawo zabo uma zingatholani enkulu.

Izimiso zamakhulu zithambekele futhi ekudaleni "inani eliyimanifectured"" `iqembu elilodwa eliwina izihlalo eziningi ngaphandle kwamavoti amaningi. Lokhu ngokuvamile kugujwa ngokuveza ohulumeni abaqinile, kodwa kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokumelelwa kwalohulumeni. Ingabe izithakazelo zasemaphandleni nasemadolobheni zizwakala ngokufanayo uma iqembu elilodwa lithathwa ngokweqile esishaya umthetho?

Amadolobha Nasemaphandleni Aqhathaniswa Nezithakazelo Zasemadolobheni: Ukwehlukana Kwezakhiwo

Ukungalingani Kwezimo Nezomnotho

Izindawo zasemaphandleni nezisemadolobheni azizona nje izigaba zezindawo; zimelela izakhiwo ezihlukene zezomnotho, izibalo zamanani abantu, kanye nezimiso ezidingekayo. Izindawo zasemadolobheni zigcwele izinhlobonhlobo zezomnotho, izakhiwo eziphezulu zomphakathi, nemisebenzi emikhulu kanye nezingxenye zokwakha. Zidinga ukutshala imali ekuthuthweni komphakathi, ekutholeni izimali, ekukhungweni kwendle, nasezinkonzweni zamaphoyisa. Izindawo zasemaphandleni, ngokungafani, zithembele kwezolimo, imithombo yemvelo, nemisebenzi emincane. Izakhamuzi zidinga imigwaqo ethembekile, i-Internet, inzuzo yezolimo, nokuthola izakhiwo zezempilo nezemfundo ezinwebeka emabangeni amakhulu.

Lokhu kungafani kwakha izinto eziza kuqala ngokwemvelo kwezombangazwe. Isimiso sobushiqela esiphatha zonke izigodi njengezilinganayo emphakathini kodwa singazinaki izindleko nohlobo lokuzimelela kungasikhathaza kakhulu asemaphandleni. Ngokwesibonelo, izifunda zasemaphandleni ngokuvamile zinkulu ngokwendawo, zenza inkonzo yokuzimela ibiza kakhulu futhi ithatha isikhathi. Kodwa isimiso sokukhetha asiyikhokheli lendawo; kodwa imane nje ihlalisa isihlalo esisodwa esigodini ngasinye.

Isayensi Yezwe Nemivubukulo

Kuyimibuso yentando yeningi emikhulu yemibuso ezimele, imingcele yesigodi iyaphinda ilinganiswe ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ngakunye ukuze kugcinwe inani labantu elilinganayo. Nokho, inqubo "yokuthutha" ingaba enciphile ngokwayo. Izindawo zasemaphandle zingalahlekelwa izihlalo njengoba abantu beshintshana namadolobha, kodwa izinga lokulahlekelwa lingase linciphe, liholele ekushicileleni ngokweqile izindawo zasemaphandleni kwezinye izimo (umzz., iSigebengu sase-US). Ngokuphambene, ezihlalweni eziphezulu kuphela, izindawo zasemadolobheni zingazibusa ngokwenani elikhulu, kodwa ukugcwala kwamavoti kungaveza amavoti alahlwayo ashiywe yizindawo zokuvota ezikhona kuphela ezinziwayo.

Lesi senzakalo sifakazelwa kahle emazweni anjenge-United Kingdom, lapho i-Labour Party ivame ukuwina khona izihlalo zasedolobheni ezinezinhlangothi ezinkulu, futhi iConservative Party inqwabelana ukunqoba okuncane emaphandleni nasezindaweni ezisemaphethelweni nasemadolobheni. Ngo-2019, iLabour yawina amaphesenti angu-40 evoti ezihlalweni zayo eziphephile zasedolobheni kodwa amaphesenti angu-23 kuphela ezihlalo zomphakathi jikelele, kuyilapho amaConservativered awina amaphesenti angu-50 evoti ezihlalweni zayo eziphephile kanye nangu 56% zezihlalo ezivamile. Ukusakaza kwendawo evota kwandisa isisekelo sasemaphandleni kanye neLabour.

Ithonya Embukisweni Wasemaphandleni

Izwi Enkantolo

Ezimisweni zeziqu zasemaphandleni, ukumelelwa kwasemaphandleni kungahlupheka ngezindlela ezimbili: okokuqala, uma abavoti basemaphandleni besakazekela ezifundeni ezinabantu abambalwa, abathandayo beqabukela bephumelela. Okwesibili, ngisho nalapho abavoti basemaphandleni benakekelwe kakhulu, iqembu labo lingase libe namandla kangangokuba bathathe izihlalo zabo kalula, banciphise izisusa zokukhuluma ngezindaba zasemaphandleni. Nokho, emazweni amaningi, izindawo zasemaphandleni zibekwe ngenxa yesabelo esingokomlando noma umklamo (umz. iSigebengu sase-US). Ekhaya ngalinye labameleli, isifunda ngasinye sinomphakathi olingana ngokulinganayo, kodwa impumelelo ethatha yonke indawo indalo isho ukuthi amaphandle noma amaRepublication angathola indawo uma iqembu lawo lingekho esifundeni sawo.

Abavoti basemaphandleni ngokuvamile bazizwa benganakwa yizimiso eziyinhloko ngoba izindaba ezithinta bona − inqubo yezolimo, ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, ububanzi basemaphandleni − azimiswanga yimicimbi yasemadolobheni. Iqembu eliwina iningi elisuka emadolobheni nasezindaweni ezisemadolobheni lingase lingaba nesizathu esincane sokubhekana nezinkathazo zasemaphandleni ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa okuncane. E-UK, ukuvalwa kwamahhovisi asemaphandleni, imizila yamabhasi, namagatsha ebhange kuye kwabekwa icala ngohulumeni ogxile ekukhuleni kwamadolobha.

Ukutadisha Ngezinyathelo: ENdiya

INdiya, i-demokrase yomhlaba wonke, isebenzisa isimiso sokuqala se-pareste yeKok Sabha. Izindawo zasemaphandleni zihlala cishe amaphesenti angu-65 kubantu, kodwa ukumelelwa kwazo akulinganisi amandla azo okuvota. Ngo-2014 no-2019, iBaratiya Janata Parti (BJP) yazuza izihlalo eziningi ezinezihlalo zokuvota ezihlangene ezingu 37-38%. Izindawo ze-BJP zinamandla kakhulu ebhandeni laseHindi, elihlanganisa kokubili izindawo zasemaphandleni nasemadolobheni, kodwa ukunqoba kwalo kwesizwe kwakhiwe ezihlalweni zasemaphandleni enyakatho. Okwamanje, amaphandle ezwe aseningizimu anjengeKeralah noma amaTamilmalday athola ukuvotawa kwawo ngokwezinye izindawo ezihlukene uma besekela iqembu elinqobayo kulesi sifundazwe. Izikhulu zasemaphandleni zasemaphandleni ahamba phambili, izikhulu zikahulumeni zasemaphandleni nasemaphandleni ahlukene.

Ithonya Embukisweni Wasemadolobheni

Ukugxilisa Ingqondo Nemicikilisho Engcolile

Izindawo zasedolobheni zingabonakala zizuza ezimisweni eziyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi zineqoqo elikhulu labantu. Nokho ukuvota kungabhuntsha. Abaxhasi beqembu elithile edolobheni elithile bangase bapakishwe ezindaweni ezimbalwa, banike leloqembu elikhulu kulezozihlalo kodwa balithenge ngokuhlala kwenye indawo. Lokhu kungu "kuvota". EFPPPP, ukuvota iqembu eliwinayo esihlalweni esilondekile kufana nokuchitha imali (ngezikhawu zesihlalo) njengevoti yeqembu elilahlekileyo, ngoba imingcele yokunqoba ayiguquleli kwezinye izihlalo ezingaphezulu. Njengomphumela, abavoti basedolobheni abasemadolobheni abaphethe iningi ngenxa yedolobha labo bangathola ithonya labo elingenayo imvume engxenyeni ephakathi yesifunda sasemaphandleni.

Ukumelelwa kwedolobha nakho kubangelwa "ukungavumelani kweningi" emadolobheni. Esifundeni esikhulu sasedolobheni, iqembu eliwina namaphesenti angu-60 evoti lizisholo lonke ukuthi kumele lesosifunda, lishiya ama-40% engenazwi. Lokhu kudabukisa kakhulu kumaqembu amancane angokohlanga nangokohlanga okungenzeka agxile emadolobheni kodwa asemaphethelweni esifunda. I-Gerrymerni ingakhipha lokhu, njengoba kubonakala ezifundeni zase-US House.

Ukutadisha Icala: ECanada

Isimiso se-FPTP saseCanada sekuyisikhathi eside sigxekwa ngokuhlukanisa kwayo amadolobha. ILiberal Party ithanda ukubusa ezikhungweni zasedolobheni zaseToronto, eMontreal, naseVancouver, kuyilapho iConservative Party ithola isisekelo sayo emaphandleni asemaphandleni nasezindaweni ezisemaphandleni. Kulo khetho lwama-2021, amaLiberal awina u-33% wevoti kanye nama-4% ezihlalweni, kuyilapho ama-Conservatives awina 34% evoti kodwa 44% kuphela yezihlalo. Amakhothalo asedolobheni aveza amavoti amakhulu evoti amakhulu eConservatis kulawomadolobha. Isibonelo, eTorontontontonto, inzuzo enkulu ezindaweni zokuvota ezihlala i-voti.

Ukuqhathanisa Izimiso Ze - electoral: Ukuthwetshulwa Kwezithombe Nezimiso Ezixutshwe Nezinhlanganisela

Ukumelelwa KwaleliGama

Izimiso zePropoigal (PR) zijongene nesilinganiso sezihlalo kanye nesilinganiso samavoti atholwayo. Ohlwini lwe-PR, abavoti bakhetha iqembu kunokuba bangenele, futhi abamelelwayo bathola izihlalo ngokulingana nesabelo sabo. Lesimiso siqeda amavoti futhi sinciphise ubandlululo lwezimiso zezezihlalo. Amazwe namadolobha angamelelwa amaqembu asekela ngokukhethekile wona, futhi amaqembu amancane anjengawomfolokazi noma aluhlaza angazuza izihlalo ngaphandle kokuzuza ubuningi kunoma isiphi isifunda. Isibonelo, emazweni aseScandinavia asebenzisa i-PR, izigaba zasemaphandleni ezifana neCentrection (Sween) noma isigaba sabantu baseDenmark aneziciko ezivelele, ezibonisa izithakazelayo.

Nokho, i-PR inezinselele zayo. Ivame ukuholela kohulumeni abahlangene, abangantengantengi. Inganciphisa ukuhlobana phakathi kwabavoti nabameleli, ngoba abavoti abavoti abavoti abavoti abavoti abakho kulowo ozovota. Ezinye izimiso ze-PR zinemikhawulo (umz., 4-5% yevoti yesizwe) ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlukana, kodwa lezi zingahlukanisa amaqembu amancane kakhulu.

Inkulumo Exutshiwe Yelungu (MMP)

Izimiso ezixubile, njenge-MMP yaseJalimane noma i-MMP yaseNew Zealand, zihlanganisa ukumelelwa kwezindawo kanye nembuyiselo. E-MMP, abavoti bavota amavoti amabili: omunye wabavoti esifundeni esisodwa (njenge-FPTP) nolunye loluhlu lweqembu. Izihlalo zohlu zisetshenziselwa ukuphakamisa isishaya-mthetho ukuze i-projekthi iyolingana ne-vhoti. Lokhu kulondoloza ummeleli wendawo kuyilapho eqinisekisa ukulingana. E-New Zealand, ukutholwa kwe-MMP ngo- 1996 kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukumelelwa kwezizwe zasemaphandleni (g., i-New Zealand, eqaleni lokuqala, eyayinesizinda esiqinile sasemaphandleni) futhi ivumela izithakazelo eziluhlaza ukuba zizuze izihlalo zazo ezingcono ezihlangeneyo. Futhi ukuvota okuncishisiwe kweqembu elincishisiwe; izihlahlo ezintshwe yizindawo ezimbalwa ezidonswe ngenxa yokuvota.

I - “dial Proportation ” (DMP) Nezinye Izithunzi

Ezinye izimiso ze-probicd, njenge-acel eyi-aced (esetshenziswa kancinci ezifundeni ezimbalwa) noma ivoti eyodwa edluliswayo (STV), ihlose ukuhlanganisa ukulingana nokumelelwa kwendawo. I-STV ivumela abavoti ukuba babeke izigaba ezifundeni eziningi, ezingaveza imiphumela elinganayo kuyilapho begcina ukuxhumana kwendawo. Lezi zimiso azivamile kodwa zinikeza izibonelo zokuqeda ukungalingani kwasemaphandleni. I-Electoral Reformation Society eUK iye yasekela i-STV njengendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazwi, amaphandle namadolobha, akhona, azwakalayo.

Ukuhlola Icala: I - UK Ne - US

E - United Kingdom: I - Urban - Ruldaral Chasm

I-UK iyisibonelo esivelele sokujijwa kwezihlalo ezingu-99 ezisendaweni ethile. I-South-amma-preset yaseNgilandi, ehlala emaphethelweni amakhulu nasemaphandleni, ivoti ngokumangalisayo, kuyilapho izindawo zasemadolobheni asenyakatho neLondon zivota i-Labut Couter. Kukhetho lwango-2019, iLabour yazuza izihlalo 56 kwezingu ezingu-59 eLondon (i- 78% zihlanganyela izihlalo zeLabour kwezinye izihlalo) kodwa izihlalo ezingu-50 kuphela kwezinye izindawo eningizimu. Okwamanje, iConservatives yakhukhula i-ctautence yasemaphandleni njengemingcele yase-Weles, i-Ceronesiast, futhi i-Scotland isekela izifunda ezinhlangothini zasemaphandleni nasemadolobheni ezingcono ezimbili ezingcono. [i-Foctalme][0][1] i-Frectal Society iveza umqondo ophansi wemindensitive, kanye nezingazwe yimibuso ezimbili eziseNtshonalanga yase-yo. kodwa i-seyamuva, kanye nezin

EUnited States: ISigele NeDivergence Yendlu

E-US, iNdlu yabameleli isebenzisa i-FPTP (nezifunda ezineziqeshana ezizimele), kuyilapho iSigebengu sinikeza ukumelela okulinganayo ngokwesifunda ngasinye, simelela kakhulu izindawo zasemaphandleni. Lenhlanganisela idala i-production. Endlini, amadolobha ngokuvamile akhetha iDemocratats ngemikhawulo emikhulu, futhi izifunda zasemaphandleni ezikhethelwe amaRepublic. Isimiso sezwe senze indawo eqhelile ehlala emadolobheni-omzini. Ngokwe-i-FLT'0] Brookingss i-equattings i-FTP], ukukhula kwezindawo zasedolobharban ngokwezicishini ezinkulu, futhi kuneziciko ezingcono kakhulu kwezombangazwe kakhulu kwezombangazwe eMelika. Ukuhlela ama-Riphabliki kuya ezindaweni ezindebeni eziningi kuye kwamiswa kakhulu. Ngokwesilinganiso samazwe amadolobha asukela eNtshona ne-indeki.

Izinguquko Nezindlela Ezihlukile

Izimiso Ezixubile Njengendawo Ephakathi

Amazwe amaningana aye asuka ku-FPTP aya kuxubana nezimiso ukuze akhulume nge-evolution inquities. I-MMP yaseNew Zealand ivame ukubizwa njengendaba yempumelelo. Kusukela kushintsho, amaqembu asemaphandleni nasemadolobheni aye azuza ithonya. Iqembu laseNew Zealand Lokuqala, elimelela izithakazelo eziningi zasemaphandleni nezesifunda, liye laba ilungu elihlangene kohulumeni abaningi. Ngokufanayo, iGreenland Party, kanye nokusekela kwedolobha, iye yaba nethonya elikhulu enkambisweni yendawo ezungezile. Isimiso sikhuthaza ukunqambula izakhiwo ezingquthelene: iqembu alikwazi ukubusa lodwa ngaphandle kokucabangela kokubili izidingo zasemaphandleni nasemadolobheni. Amanye amazwe anjengaseJalimane, eScotland (ngePhalamende lalomende lalo), neWales liye lamukela i-MMP kanye nemiphumela efanayo.

Ukulungisa Izinguquko

Ngisho nangaphandle kokushintsha isimiso sokhetho, izinguquko endleleni imingcele yesifunda ethathwa ngayo zinganciphisa ubandlululo. Imishini yokuhlela i- Independent reddicigion, njengoba isetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo zase-US (umz. California, Michigan), ingalinganisela i-gerrymannder futhi idale izifunda ezincintisanayo. Nokho, ngeke ixazulule ukuncishwa kwe-FPP. Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, izifunda ezincintisanayo zingaba yivela kancane ngenxa yokuhlanganisa indawo eyodwa. Ikhambiso elingcono lingaba ukwandisa izinga lesifunda futhi libangele imiphumela elinganisweni. Ngokwesibonelo, isimo seWashington, sisebenzisa izigodi eziningi zesifunda sasemaphandleni, ezinye izigaba ezinikeza izigaba zasemaphandleni lapho zingahlala khona izihlalo zasemaphandleni.

Izindlela Zokuhlanganisa Imishini Nezindlela Zokukhipha Izinhlamvu

Enye inguquko ukunezela "izihlalo eziphezulu" noma izihlalo zokuhlalisa izinyunyana zendlu yomthetho, njengoba kwenziwa eSweden naseJalimane. Lezi zihlalo zabelwa amaqembu aboniswe ngokwengxenye yevoti yawo yesizwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi iqembu eliqinile ezindaweni zasemaphandleni kodwa eliyi-awunsi ngenxa yokungasasebenzi amavoti lingathola izihlalo ezengeziwe.

Uhulumeni Wendawo Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Ukumelelwa kwezindawo zasemaphandleni. Izithakazelo zasemadolobheni zingabhekiswa futhi ku-intelekiso ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo nemibuso kahulumeni wendawo. Uma iziphathimandla zendawo zinenkululeko ephawulekayo, izindawo zasemaphandleni zingazibusa ezindabeni ezinjengokulima nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo, kuyilapho izindawo zasemadolobheni zilawula ukuthutha nezindawo zokuhlala. Nokho, isimiso sesizwe sokukhokha intela, inhlalakahle, nesakhiwo sisadinga isishaya-mthetho sombuso esilinganiselayo. Ngakho, inguquko yemithetho elawulayo esendaweni kahulumeni isalokhu ibalulekile.

Isiphetho

Izimiso ze-operator zinikeza ukucaca nokunquma, kodwa zishintsha ngokulandelana ukuma kwezindawo zasedolobheni. Emazweni ahlukene njenge-UK, i-India, iCanada, ne-US, ukugcwala kwamavoti ngaphansi kwe-FPTP, kusho ukuthi abantu basemaphandleni nasemadolobheni baqaphelana njengabanethonya eliqondisweyo. Ikhambi akukona ukushiya ngokuphelele inqubo yezindawo eziyinhloko ze-odantiumstrianism, kodwa ukubheka izimiso ezixubeneyo ezihlanganisa i-oral emeleni nenkokhelo. Izizwe ezinjenge-New Zealand ne-Jalimane zibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuklama kwezimiso lapho kokubili amaphandle namadolobhamu kuzizwa khona amazwi awo. Njengoba ukuhlelwa kwezombangazwe kuya ngokushintsha kwezindawo kulokhu kucindezela.