Table of Contents

Ukuqonda indlela imithetho ehlolwa futhi elinganiswa ngayo kubalulekile kusona sonke isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda ukusebenza kwesimiso sethu sobudemokhrasi. Ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuhlola nokulinganisela kumelela esinye sezici ezihlakaniphile kakhulu zokubusa komthetho-sisekelo, eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola inqubo egcina amandla kahulumeni ekhona, elandisayo, futhi esabela kubantu.

Isisekelo Samasheke Nokulinganisela

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States uhlukanisa amandla okubusa phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, udala isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ukuze uvimbele noma iliphi iqembu elithile ekusebenziseni ithonya elikhulu kakhulu. Lesimiso esiyisisekelo savela ekuqondeni okujulile koFata abaFunda umlando nokuzimisela kwabo ukugwema ubushiqela ababenabo ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani.

Ukuhlukanisa amagunya ukuba ahlukanise, afeze, futhi afake izivumelwano eminyangweni kahulumeni ehlukene kwakuwumqondo ojwayelekile kwabaseFramers, nomfundi wezombangazwe uBaron Charles de Montesquieu owayebhale ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso eminyakeni ecishe ibe yikhulu ngaphambili. Abahleli bahlola izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni kuwo wonke umlando futhi baqaphela ukuthi ukugxilisa igunya elikhulu kunoma iyiphi into eyodwa ngokungenakugwenywa kwaholela ekuxhashazweni.

UJames Madison, kamuva owaba ngumongameli wesine wase-United States, waxoxa ngokukhathazeka kwakhe ngokuphakama kwabaholi abahahayo kakhulu ngo-1788 futhi walwela izakhiwo zokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni kuFederal list 51, eqaphela ukuthi isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kwamandla sasibalulekile "ekuthuthukiseni inkululeko" ukuqonda kukaMadison kusalokhu kubaluleke kakhulu namuhla, njengoba ukungezwani phakathi kokubusa okuphumelelayo nohulumeni olinganiselwe kuqhubeka ukuthuthukisa izimpikiswano zezombangazwe.

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wawuzithonya kakhulu lezizimiso, ukuhlukanisa kwamandla kwabaseFramers kwakungelukhuni, kodwa kwakuhlanganisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela lapho elinye igatsha lingahlola khona amandla abelwe elinye. Lokhu kuvumelana kuvumela isimiso ukuba sivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho silondoloza imisebenzi yaso eyisisekelo yokuvikela.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ukwenza Imithetho

ISiphakamiso 1 soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States simisa iGatya Le-Legislative, elihlanganisa iSishaya-mthetho, kanye neSishaya-mthetho, ngaphezu kweminye imithwalo yemfanelo ebaliwe, yiyo enecala lokudala imithetho. Igatsha lomthetho limelela ukubonakaliswa okuqondile kobukhosi obuthandwayo kuhulumeni kahulumeni, namalungu akhethwe yizakhamuzi ukuba amelele izithakazelo nezindinganiso zazo.

ISishaya-mthetho sinezindlu ezimbili: iSigeqe nendlu yabameleli, futhi singayidlula i-veto enguMongameli ngevoti engu 2/3 kuzo zombili izindlu. Lesi sakhiwo se-bimeral ngokwaso simelela i-cheke yangaphakathi phakathi kwegatsha le-wistonec, idinga isivumelwano phakathi kwezindikimba ezimbili ezinezimemo ezingafani nezindawo zehhovisi. Indlu yabameleli, kanye nemithetho yayo eyiminyaka emibili, isabela ngokushesha kakhulu ekushintsheni ngombono womphakathi, kuyilapho iSigebengu, ngeminyaka eyisithupha, sinikeza ukuqina okukhulu nokuqhubekeka.

ISishaya-mthetho sinamandla okusungula nokumisa imithetho, ukumemezela impi, ukulawula ezentengiselwano, nokulawula ukukhokhwa nokusetshenziswa kwemali. Lemibuso ebaliwe inikeza ithonya elikhulu kokubili enkambisweni yasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Igunya lesikhwama semali lokukhokha intela nokusebenzisa izindleko, imelela elinye lamathuluzi abaluleke kakhulu eMkhandlwini wokuguqula izinto eziza kuqala nesokuhlola amandla empathiswano.

Inqubo yomthetho ngokwayo ihilela izigaba eziningi zokubukeza, ukuphikisana, nokulungisa. Amabhuloho kumelwe adlule kumakomiti, izimpikiswano zaphansi, namavoti kuzo zombili izikhundla ngaphambi kokuba afike edeskini likamongameli. Le nqubo yokukhipha isigwebo, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi igxekwa njengethatha kancane noma enzima, iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uhlolwa ngokucophelela ngokwezici eziningi ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Lishaya Imithetho

Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa umongameli wase - United States, liqondisa iminyango nezinhlangano ezifeza isimiso saseMelika sasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.

Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wokumisa nokuphula umthetho futhi lihlanganisa uMongameli, uMongameli, nomongameli wekhabethe ophethe oyishumi nanhlanu, uMongameli wase-United States onamandla okumemezela isimo esiphuthumayo noma akhiphe umongameli wokuthethelela umuntu onecala lobugebengu. La mandla avumela umphathi ukuba athathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ezinkingeni futhi abonise isihe ezimweni ngazinye.

Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa nokumisa imithetho kahulumeni edluliswa yi-Congress, futhi umongameli angakhipha umthetho odluliswa yi-Congress futhi abahluleli abaphethe emazingeni ahlukahlukene, anikeze igatsha eliphetheyo ikhono lokuhlola isenzo somthetho nokwahlulela. Umbuso weveto umelela ukuhlola okubalulekile egunyeni lombuso, nakuba ungancitshiswa yizintambo ezimbili eziphezulu ezilingana nesithathu kuzo zombili izindlu.

Igatsha eliphethe lingamemezela i-Exvidup Orders, efana nezimemezelo eziphethe umthetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela lezozenzo ngokungekhona kwemithetho. Iziqondiso zokuqondisa ziye zaba amathuluzi abaluleke kakhulu esenzeka kumongameli, ikakhulukazi uma i-produkt row ivimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho evimbela ukuxazululwa kwezindaba eziphuthumayo. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuyaqhubeka kuphikisana, abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi ukuthembela ngokweqile ezimisweni zezikhulu kululaza inqubo yomthetho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Imithetho

INkantolo Ephakeme, eqophelweni legatsha lokwahlulela, iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu e-United States futhi iyindikimba yokugcina eyenza izinqumo engokomthetho naseMthethweni, futhi ingagumbuqela izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphansi nemithetho ebhekwa njengesephulweni soMthetho-sisekelo. Ukuzimela kwejaji ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe kufikelelwa phakathi nokumiswa kokuphila kwazo konke.

INkantolo ingumkhandlu ophakeme kakhulu eSizweni kuwo wonke amacala nezimpikiswano eziphakama ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho yase-United States, futhi njengomsunguli wokugcina womthetho, iNkantolo ibekwa icala lokuqinisekisa abantu baseMelika ngesithembiso sobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho futhi kanjalo futhi isebenza njengomqaphi nohumusheli woMthetho-sisekelo. Lendima ibeka umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu emahlombe abahluleli bakahulumeni, ikakhulukazi abahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme abanezinqumo zabo zimisa umthetho waseMelika wezizukulwane ngezizukulwane.

Ngenxa yamandla ayo okuhlola ukwahlulela, iNkantolo Ephakeme inendima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni liqaphela imingcele yamandla alo. Le misebenzi iye yenza iNkantolo yaba umsunguli obalulekile ezimpikiswaneni phakathi kwamagatsha naphakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni.

Amandla Okubukeza Ukwahlulela

Imvelaphi Nokumiswa

Esinye isici esiyinhloko samandla okwahlulela kahulumeni amandla okuhlaziya okwahlulela, igunya lezinkantolo zikahulumeni lokumemezela ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni noma zikahulumeni ziphula uMthetho - sisekelo, nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo ungawaniki ngokuqondile amandla ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zimemezele izenzo ezingekho ngokwemithetho engokomthetho. Ukungabikho kolimi olucacile lomthetho ngokomthetho ngokuphathelene nokubukezwa kokwahlulela kuye kwaholela ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngokubaluleka kwalo okungokomthetho nokufanele.

Abaningi bamaFata Abasunguliwe babelindele ukuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ithathe lendima ngokuphathelene noMthetho-sisekelo; ngokwesibonelo, uAlexander Hamilton noJames Madison, babegcizelele ukubaluleka kokubukezwa kokwahlulela kumaFederali Papers, ayekhuthaza ukwamukela uMthetho-sisekelo. Hamilton waphikisa ngokuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kwakuqinisekisa intando yabantu, njengoba kuboniswe eMthethweni, kwakuyonqoba ngaphezu kwezikhulu zesikhashana zemithetho yemithetho.

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kukahulumeni kwamiswa esinqumweni esiphawulekayo sikaMarbury v. Madison, isinqumo sokuqala seNkantolo Ephakeme sokugadla isenzo soMkhandlu njengomthetho ongekho ngokomthetho, ngomugqa odumile ovela kuMahluleli Omkhulu uJohn Marshall: "Kuyisibopho esiqinile soMnyango Wezokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini." Lesi sinqumo sa-1803 saguqula umthetho-mfantu waseMelika futhi samisa i-jaji njengegatsha elilinganayo likahulumeni.

Amandla eNkantolo okwahlulela awaqinisekiswanga kwaze kwaba ngo-1803, lapho uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall eMarbury v. Madison, lapho uMahluleli omkhulu agomela khona ukuthi umthetho weNkantolo Ephakeme wokugumbula umthetho ongekho emthethweni wemithetho engokomthetho wawuwumphumela odingekile wesibopho sayo esifunwe yisifungo sokusekela uMthetho-sisekelo. Isizathu sikaMarshall sagcizelela ukuthi amajaji athatha isifungo sokusekela uMthetho-sisekelo, okungasho ukuthi uma bedingeniswa ukuba asebenzise imithetho ewuphulayo.

Isisebenziso nesisetshenziswa

Izinkantolo ze-Federal nezwe kuzo zonke izigaba, kokubili isigwebo nokuqulwa kwecala, ziyakwazi ukubukeza nokumemezela ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho ngenqubo yokwahlulela ehlobene kahle nanoma yiliphi icala elisebusweni bazo, ngokubukeza kokwahlulela ngokuyinhloko kubhekisele ekufushanisweni komthetho-mthetho wemithetho, ikakhulukazi ngeNkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho ingaphakama kunoma yiliphi inkantolo, nakuba iNkanto ePhakeme kakhulu inegama lokugcina ngencazelo yomthetho-mthetho.

Imfundiso ye Judicial Review ayilinganiselwenga kuphela ezenzweni zikahulumeni, kodwa futhi ihlanganisa nezenzo zikahulumeni, i-United States Supreme Court in Fletcher v. Peck (1810) ishaya umthetho kahulumeni njengongavumelani nomthetho ngenxa yokwephulwa kwawo i-Contract Clause. Lokhu kuhlola komthetho womthetho kuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni ukuvumelana kwesizwe emibuzweni engokomthetho nasekuvikeleni amalungelo ombuso ngamunye ngokumelene nokuvinjelwa kombuso.

INkantolo Ephakeme inganquma ukuthi umthetho ophethe awuvumelani yini nemithetho, ukuthi umongameli weqile noma uphula uMthetho - sisekelo. Lombuso uye waba baluleke kakhulu njengoba amongameli beye bathembela kakhulu eziyalweni zezikhulu ukuze basebenzise isimiso.

Indlela Amagatsha Ahlolana Ngayo

Ukuhlolwa Kwemithetho Egunyani Eliphethe

Igatsha lemithetho linamandla esikhwama semali, amandla okuguqula umongameli, namandla okuqasha nomlilo emagatsheni okwahlulela nawabaqondisi.

ISishaya - mthetho singammangalela futhi simenze icala umongameli ngenxa yobugebengu obukhulu, obunjengokuvukela umbuso noma ukufumbathisa, iNdlu yabameleli enamandla okuletha amacala okumangalela kuMongameli nakuMkhandlu onamandla okubopha futhi ususe uMongameli esikhundleni. Isethulo simelela ukuhlola okuphelele emandleni okubusa, nakuba kuye kwasetshenziswa kancane kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika ngenxa yomfutho wawo wezombangazwe nowemithetho.

UKhongolose luqinisekisa noma lulahle ama-minees kamongameli. Lokhu kuqinisekisa kudluliselwa kuziphathimandla ze-khathektha, amajaji, amanxusa, nezinye izikhulu eziphakamisayo, zinikeza iSigele ithonya elibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwamagatsha aphethe nahlulele. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa ivumela abasekeli ukuba bahlole izimfanelo zomongameli, ifilosofi, kanye nokufaneleka kwesikhundla.

ISishaya-mthetho singabuye sithathe indawo ye-presidential ngokuvota umthetho futhi udlulise umthetho ngo-2/3. Nakuba ukuwulawula kungavamile, usongo lokuweqa kungathonya izinqumo zikamongameli ukuthi u-veto ungayikhipha yini imithetho.

Ukuhlola Okungokomthetho Amandla Okwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, kodwa iSigele egatsheni lomthetho siqinisekisa ukumiswa kukaMongameli ngezikhundla zokwahlulela, futhi iSishaya-mthetho singaphoqa noma yimuphi walabo bahluleli futhi siwakhiphe esikhundleni. Lomandla aqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji, naphezu kokumiswa kwawo kukho konke ukuphila, ahlala enesibopho sokuziphatha okungafanele.

ISishaya-mkhandlu singahlola izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokudlulisa izinguquko zenqubo yomthetho-mthetho. Nakuba ukulungisa kunzima ngamabomu, kudinga izikhundla ezinkulu eziseKhonsela nasekwenziweni kwamazwe amathathu, kunikeza abantu indlela yokulawula izincazelo zomthetho-mthetho woMthetho-sisekelo abazithola zingamukeleki.

Umthetho ungakha noma uqede izinkantolo eziphansi, ushintshe ukubusa kwazo, futhi ushintshe ngisho nobukhulu beNkantolo Ephakeme, nakuba izinguquko ezinjalo zingavamile futhi zibucayi ngokwezombangazwe.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Amandla Okulawula

Igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli egatsheni eliphethe angafaka leyomithetho kuMongameli we-Vito. I-veto iphoqelela uMkhandlu wamandla ukuba ucabangele izinto eziza kuqala nokukhathazeka kukamongameli lapho enza umthetho, ukhuthaza ukuxoxisana nokuhlehla phakathi kwamagatsha.

Nokho, umbusi noma uMongameli wase-U.S. unamandla okukhipha noma imiphi imithetho edluliswa igatsha lemithetho uma igatsha lemithetho liwusekela ngokuqinile umthetho omusha, bangawunqoba lowo mthetho ngokuvota okukhulu. Lokhu okunamandla kwenza ukulinganisela lapho kungekho negatsha elingathatha khona isinyathelo ngokuzimela ngokuphelele kwelinye ezindabeni zomthetho.

Indima kamongameli ekumiseni uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho ngekheli lezwe le-Union nezimiso futhi ithonya lokho okucatshangelwa yiSishaya-mthetho, nakuba uMkhandlu unegunya lokugcina lokuthatha nokudlulisa izikweletu.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Amandla Okwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli umisa izahlulelo zeNkantolo ePhakeme, inkantolo yamajaji, namajaji enkantolo yesikhala ahlolayo. Ukumiswa kukamongameli kubumba amajaji nefilosofi amashumi eminyaka, enza izahlulelo zokwahlulela phakathi kwezinqumo zikamongameli ezilandelayo.

Amandla kamongameli okuthethelela nokukhipha izicelo anikeza enye i-echester ngemiphumela yokwahlulela, ivumela isihe esiphethe ukuba sinciphise ukuqina kokwahlulela ezinhlangothini ngazinye. Lamandla aphelele futhi awakwazi ukubukezwa izinkantolo noma amaKhomishana.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Amandla Angokomthetho Nawabaqondisi

Igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingayimemezela leyomithetho ngaphandle kwemithetho. Leligunya lokuhlola kokwahlulela limelela ukuhlola okubaluleke kakhulu kwejaji kwamanye amagatsha, liqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo.

Igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela izenzo zikaMongameli ezingavumelani nomthetho, eziwasusayo emthethweni, futhi zingamemezela nemithetho edluliswa uMkhandlu ukuba ingavumelani nemithetho ephelele noma ngokwengxenye. Lemibuso yenza ikomiti yezokwahlulela ibe umgcini wokugcina wemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo emandleni kahulumeni.

Igatsha lokwahlulela linamandla okubusa ukuthi umthetho uphule amalungelo ezakhamuzi noma ezinye izingxenye zomthetho-sisekelo, futhi uma igatsha lokwahlulela linquma umthetho "ongavumelani nomthetho," ngeke lisaphoqelelwa igatsha eliphethe. Leligunya livikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nezithakazelo ezincinyane kuphambano lwabaholi.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Okumelwe Zivivinywe Futhi Zilinganiswe

Ukukhula Kwamandla Alawulayo

Kuleminyaka engu - 25 edlule, amandla kamongameli aye akhula ngokufanayo kuyilapho amandla oMkhandlu okuhlolwa kwegatsha eliphethe aye ancipha, njengoba igatsha lokwahlulela liyigatsha lokugcina ngempela njengoba umongameli eye waphuka kuyo yonke imingcele yakhe. Lokhu kushintsha kuye kwabangela ukukhathazeka ezifundweni zomthetho - sisekelo nasezakhamuzini ngokuthi ukulingana okucatshangwa abaFrame kusakhona yini.

Abameli abasuka kuGeorge W. Bush ukuya kuDonald Trump baye bathembela kakhulu esithathelweni sokuqondisa amaBhunga, ngokuvunyelwa yiqembu labo, benciphisa ithonya leSishaya-mthetho. Lomkhuba ubonisa kokubili ukungahleleki kobungqubuzani kanye nokufuna umongameli, nokuziphatha kwegatsha ngalinye kuthonya elinye.

Ukwanda kwamandla okuqondisa kuye kwenzeka ezinhlanganweni eziningi, kuhlanganise nokulondeka kwesizwe, isimiso sokuqondisa, nezindaba zakwamanye amazwe. Abameli baye basebenzisa kakhulu iziyalezo zezikhulu, izimemezelo zokusayina, neziqondiso zokuphatha ukuze basebenzise izimiso ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yinhlangano, bephikisa ngokuthi ukumiswa kwemithetho kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulawula.

Ukuncishiswa Kwemithwalo Yemfanelo Ngezigaba

Umphakathi uye wanezela ekungalinganiseni ngokunikeza igunya elibalulekile ezinhlanganweni eziphethe futhi wehluleka ngamandla ukusebenzisa imithwalo yawo yemfanelo yokuqondisa. ukwanda kwezindawo kuye kwenza kwaba nzima ngeSishaya - mthetho, kwakha isikhala esigcwele abaphathi ngezenzo zokuphatha.

Ukuncipha kwemithetho yokulwela ukuthatha izikhundla emishaywaneni kuveza izici eziningana, kuhlanganise nezingozi zezombangazwe zokuthatha izikhundla eziphikisanayo, ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokubusa kwanamuhla, nezisusa ezibangelwa ukunakwa nokuqoqwa kwemithombo yezindaba. Amalungu eSishaya - mthetho ngokuvamile akuthola kulula ukugxeka izenzo zokubusa kunokumisa izixazululo zezinkinga ezinzima.

Izinsongo Zokuzimela Ekwahluleleni Isahlulelo

Ukuhlola okwenziwa ehlobo elidlule ePew Research Center kwathola ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme, okuthi kuze kube muva nje ihlonishwa kakhulu futhi inconywa kakhulu emagatsheni amathathu kahulumeni, iye yasheshiswa umphakathi, ngombono oqondile ukuthi inkantolo inamachashaza angu 22 aphansi kunalawo ayekhona ngoAugust 2020, lapho amaphesenti angu-70 amaMelika ayenombono omuhle. Lokhu kwehla kwethemba lomphakathi kusongela ikhono leNkantonga lokuhlola ephumelelayo kwamanye amagatsha.

Uma nje uqeda ukufaneleka kwenkantolo, ukuthembeka kwenkantolo, ngeke ubuye. Igunya leNkantolo lixhomeke ekwamukeni komphakathi izinqumo zayo njengezincazelo ezingokomthetho zomthetho kunezinto ezithandwa yizombangazwe, ukwenza ukuqiniseka komphakathi kube okubalulekile endima yayo yokumisa.

Izimpikiswano zokuqulwa kwemithetho, ukumangalelwa ngokwenza izinqumo ezihlukanisayo nezimpikiswano ngenguquko yeNkantolo ziye zabangela ukuba abantu bangazethembi iziqu zokwahlulela. Lezi zinselele ziphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nendlela yokulondoloza uhulumeni ozimele endaweni yezombangazwe ehlukana kakhulu.

Indima Yobuzwe Ekuhloleni Nokulinganisela

Umbuso Namandla Ahlangene

Imibuso engekho enikezwa uhulumeni kahulumeni wombuso owehlela kohulumeni ababodwa. Lesisimiso sombuso wombuso sidala ukuhlukaniswa okunganqamuki kwemibuso ephelelisa ukwahlukana okuqondile phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni. Amazwe asebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrasi, azama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zezinkinga zesimiso futhi anikeze ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa isinyathelo sikahulumeni.

Uhulumeni kahulumeni we-United States kanye nezifunda-mazwe ezingamashumi amane zihlukanisa ohulumeni bazo baba yilamagatsha amathathu. Izimiso zikahulumeni eziningi ziveza isakhiwo sikahulumeni, zidala izimiso zazo siqu zokuhlola nezilinganiso ezisesilinganisweni sombuso. Lokhu kuphindaphindwa kwesibonelo sikahulumeni kuyo yonke lemibuso kuqinisa isimiso sokuthi amandla ahlukanisayo avikela inkululeko.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso buye baqala ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uhulumeni kahulumeni ophethe igunya elikhulu ezindaweni eziningi kuyilapho imibuso ilondoloza umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko kwabanye. Lokhu kucindezeleka okunamandla phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nezwe kunikeza omunye umkhakha wezokuhlola nokulinganisela, kuvimbela ukugxiliswa kakhulu kwamandla nganoma yiliphi izinga.

Ukubukeza Izenzo ZoMbuso

KuMartin v. Hunter’s Lespee (11816), iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States yagunyaza amandla eSupremacy Claus engaphakathi kweSiphakamiso VI soMthetho-sisekelo, isho ukuthi linegunya lokubukeza izinqumo zenkantolo zikahulumeni ezihilela ukuchazwa komthetho kahulumeni noma uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States ngokwayo, iNkantolo ithethelela lomandla asekelwe ekudingweni kwesidingo somthetho kahulumeni ngamunye kuwo wonke umbuso kuwo wonke umbuso eMphakathi. Legunya liqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho wemithetho yezomthetho athola isivikelo esingaguquki kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhamuzi zihlalaphi.

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kwezenzo zikahulumeni kuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yomphakathi, kuvimbela izifundazwe ekuphuleni izivumelwano zomthetho-sisekelo. Izinqumo ze-parkting zibulala ukuhlukaniswa kombuso okungagunyazwanga, imingcele enqabela amalungelo okuvota, nokulinganiselwa kokukhuluma ngenkululeko konke kuye kwancike egunyeni lezinkantolo zikahulumeni lokuhlola izenzo zikahulumeni.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezakhamuzini Ekuhloleni Nokulinganisela

Amandla Omsindo

Izindawo zimelela i - echool ebaluleke kakhulu embusweni kahulumeni, zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibone izikhulu zilandisa ngezenzo zazo futhi esikhundleni salabo abahlulekayo ukukhonza isithakazelo somphakathi.

Ngokukhetha abameleli nabaHluleli babo, abantu abanethonya ngokungaqondile abayingxenye yegatsha lokwahlulela. Leli thonya lingaqondile lenzeka ngenqubo yokumiswa nokuqinisekiswa, izikhulu ezikhethiwe zikhetha abahluleli abazokhonza ukuphila kwazo konke. Ngakho ukukhetha kwezakhamuzi kuyimiphumela engapheli kuqanjwa i-jadicary nefilosofi.

Lezi zindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlanganyela ekukhetheni zinikeza izakhamuzi amathuba amaningi okuhlela isimiso sikahulumeni futhi zigcine izikhulu zinecala.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo

Abantu base-United States bangavimbela ukulungiswa koMthetho-sisekelo ngeKhomishane uma u-3/4 wamazwe enqaba ukuguqula ushintsho. Lo mbuso uqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko eziyisisekelo esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo zidinga ukuvumelana okukhulu kuso sonke isizwe, uvimbela izinto ezinkulu zesikhashana ukuba zishintshe uhlelo oluyisisekelo lukahulumeni.

Le nqubo yokulungisa ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zilungise ukushiyeka ezikucabangayo eMthethweni noma zigumbuqele izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezizibona zingamukeleki.

Ukuqapha Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Izakhamuzi zinendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni iziphetho nokulinganisela ngokunikeza izinkulumo zeningi, ngokuzinika izimvume zomphakathi. Ngokuhlala zinolwazi ngezenzo zikahulumeni, ngokuthintana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ngokuhlanganyela ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi, nangokusekela izinhlangano eziqondisa uhulumeni, izakhamuzi zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukulandisa nokubona.

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala senkululeko yokukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nesicelo sinikeza amathuluzi abalulekile ongamele izakhamuzi zikahulumeni. I-maspeed yezindaba isebenza njengenja eqaphile, ihlola izenzo zikahulumeni futhi yazisa umphakathi. Izinhlangano zezempatho zokuphatha zibuthela izakhamuzi ezimpikiswaneni ezithile futhi zibeke izikhulu icala ngezikhundla zazo namavoti.

Izikhulu ezinganaki abantu ezinganaki ukuthatheka zilahlekelwa izikhundla zazo, kuyilapho ngisho namajaji angakhethwanga kumelwe acabangele ukuthi izinqumo zawo ziyomukelwa futhi zenziwe kanjani umphakathi.

Imfundo Nengxenye Ehlangene

Ukuqonda indlela umsebenzi owenziwa ngayo kudinga imfundo yomphakathi esiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde isimiso somthetho - sisekelo nendima yazo kuso. Izikole, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nemithombo yezindaba konke kunengxenye kulomsebenzi wemfundo, nakuba ukukhathazeka kuqhubeka ngokwehla kolwazi lwezakhamuzi phakathi kwamaMelika.

Ukuba isakhamuzi okunengxenye engaphezulu nje ekuvoteni, kudinga ukuhlala wazisiwe ngezenzakalo zamanje, ukuqonda imibono ehlukahlukene ngezindaba ezingokomthetho, ukuhlanganyela enkulumweni yomphakathi nalabo abanemibono engafani, nokuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni nasemisebenzini yomphakathi.

Izibonelo Eziwusizo Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Ukungahambisani Nomthetho Nomongameli We - Veto

Uma iSishaya - mthetho sidlulisa umthetho ngokusekela okukhulu kwe-bipartisan, singayidlula kakhulu i-veto engumongameli, sibonise ukuthi umthetho ungayinqoba impikiswano yezikhulu uma kunezimvume ezanele. Lokhu kugqina kweqanda uma nje kuvela lapho uMkhandlu uzizwa unamandla ngokwanele ngomthetho ukuze uhlanganise ubungqabavu obunamandla obungaphinde buphele kuzo zombili izingxenye.

Ngokuvamile i - Veto inqoba izimpikiswano ngokusekela umphakathi obanzi noma lapho ikholelwa ukuthi umongameli uye waphula umthetho othandwayo.

Ukulahlwa Kwemithetho Yokwahlulela

Uma izinkantolo zishaya imithetho njengengavumelani nemithetho, zibonisa indima yamajaji njengokulondoloza imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo embusweni kahulumeni. Lezi zinqumo zingaphikiswana, ikakhulukazi lapho zikhipha umthetho odluliswa abameleli abakhethiwe, kodwa zifeza umsebenzi obalulekile wokuvikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nokugcina umthetho.

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuye kwaba usizo ekwandiseni amalungelo omphakathi, ukuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuqinisekisa inqubo efanele, nokuvimbela ukuphamba kukahulumeni.

Ukwenqatshwa Kwezigele Zobumongameli

Lapho iSigele senqaba ukuqinisekisa izikhundla zomongameli, amajaji, noma amanye amahhovisi, sifeza indima yaso engokomthetho ekuhloleni ukumiswa kwezikhulu. Lokhu kwenqatshwa kungenzeka ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokukhathazeka ngezimfanelo, imibono, izimiso, noma isimo sengqondo.

Le nqubo yokuqinisekisa ivumela omnini-jenali ukuba bahlole izimemezelo ngokuzwa, ngokuhlola isizinda, nangokuphikisana kwesitezi. Nakuba iningi lamakhosikazi ekugcineni liqinisekiswa, lenqubo ngokwayo isebenza njengesheke kumandla kamongameli ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi abamisiwe bathola imvume ephelele ngaphambi kokuthatha ihhovisi.

Ukuqondisa Nokuphenya Okusemhlanganweni

Amakomiti eCongress aqondisa ukuqulwa kwamacala nokuphenywa ukuze aqondise imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe, adalule ububi, futhi aqinisekise ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngendlela ehlongozwa ngayo. Lemisebenzi yokwengamela imelela isheke elibalulekile emandleni okuphatha, ngisho nalapho ingaphumeli ekubekeni umthetho.

Ukugada kungaba nezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nokubukeza uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwemali, ukuhlola uhlelo, ukuhlola ukuthi ukuziphatha okubi, nokuzwa kokusetshenziswa kwezimiso. Nakuba ukuqondisa ngezinye izikhathi kugxekwa njengokuhlukumeza noma njengenkundla yemidlalo, kufeza umsebenzi obalulekile wokwenza igatsha eliphethe libe nesibopho sokulandisa kuKhongolo-kahulumeni nasemphakathini.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ebhekene Namasheya Nokulinganisela

INkantolo Ephakeme "ihlukile eMelika emqondweni nasemsebenzini," njengoba uMahluleli Omkhulu uCharles Evans Hughes aphawula, nezinye izinkantolo ezimbalwa emhlabeni ezinegunya elifanayo lokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo futhi ezingekho eziye zawusebenzisa isikhathi eside noma ezinethonya elikhulu. Isimiso sezokuhlola nokulinganisela saseMelika siye sathonya umklamo womthetho-sisekelo emhlabeni wonke, nakuba amazwe ahlukene aye avumelanisa lezimiso nezimo namasiko awo.

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II amazwe amaningi azizwa ecindezelwa kakhulu ukuba amukele ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, umphumela wethonya lemibono yomthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. (ekuqhathanisweni) umqondo wokuthi isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa komthetho - sisekelo siyisici esibalulekile sikahulumeni wentando yeningi. Lokhu kusakazeka kwembulunga yonke kokwahlulela kubonisa ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo kudinga izinkantolo ezizimele ezinegunya lokuhlola amandla omthetho negunya lokulawula.

Amazwe ahlukahlukene aye enza ukuhlola nokulinganisela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, amanye ekha izinkantolo ezikhethekile zomthetho - sisekelo, amanye amukela izimiso zephalamende ezinobuhlobo obungafani phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe nezomthetho, kanti amanye akha izimiso ezihlukile ezixubile. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi nakuba isimiso semibuso ehlukene samukelwa kabanzi, ukusetshenziswa kwaso kungaba ngezindlela eziningi.

Ukulondoloza Amaqhinga Nokulinganisela Okuphumelelayo

Imikhuba Nemicikilisho Yezinhlangano

Izinhlolo nokulinganisa akuxhomekile nje kuphela ekwakhekeni komthetho-sisekelo kodwa nasemikhubeni yezimiso nemikhuba eye yasungulwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lemithetho namathemba okungahleliwe athonya indlela izikhulu ezisebenzisa ngayo amandla azo futhi zisebenzelana ngayo namanye amagatsha. Uma lemithetho iwohloka, isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esisemthethweni singabonakala singanele ukugcina ukulinganisela.

Izimiso ezibalulekile zihlanganisa ukuhlonipha amalungelo ezinhlangano, ukuzimisela ukuyekethisa, ukunamathela ekwandulweni, ukubonakala kwemisebenzi kahulumeni, nokwamukela imiphumela ekhethiwe. Lapho izikhulu zilahla lemiqondo ziphishekela inzuzo yesikhashana yezombangazwe, zenza buthaka sonke isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Indima Yezidili Zezombangazwe

Izinhlangano zezombangazwe zifeza indima eyinkimbinkimbi ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwethembeka okuhlukanisayo kungalulaza ukuhlola kwezinhlangano lapho amalungu oMkhandlu ebeka isigaba esiphambili egatsheni, enqaba ukuhlola umongameli weqembu lawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaqembu anikeza ukuhleleka nokubambisana okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni.

Inselele iwukugcina ukulinganisela okufanele phakathi kokwethembeka kobuhlanga nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlela. Amalungu oMkhandlu kumelwe azimisele ukuhlola umongameli ophathwe ngisho nalapho engumongameli weqembu lawo, kuyilapho amongameli kumelwe bahloniphe amalungelo enhlangano ngisho nalapho besebenzelana namakamelo alawulwa ukuphikiswa.

Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa

Izivivinyo nezilinganiso eziphumelelayo zidinga ukuba kube lula emikhankasweni kahulumeni ukuze izakhamuzi namanye amagatsha akwazi ukulawula lokho okwenziwa izikhulu. Inkululeko yemithetho yokwaziswa, izimfuneko zomhlangano, imithetho yokuveza izimali, nezinye izilinganiso zokubona kahle ziqinisekisa ukulandisa.

Uma uhulumeni esebenza ngasese, kunzima ukusebenzisa amasheke ngoba amanye amagatsha nomphakathi ongenalwazi oludingekayo ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi izikhulu zisebenza kahle yini. Ngakho ukubona gcaba kusebenza njengesisekelo senye imishini yokuhlola amandla.

Iziqu Zokuzimela

Izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ezizimele zisekela ukuhlola nokulinganisela ngokunikeza ukwaziswa, ubuchwepheshe, nokwengamela. Lezi zihlanganisa abahloli jikelele, i-Hulumeni Accounting Accounting, i-Congregational Baccounting Office, nezinhlangano ezizimele ezilawulayo.

Imithombo yezindaba, nakuba ingeyona inhlangano kahulumeni, nayo inendima ebalulekile ekuhloleni amandla kahulumeni ngokuhlola nangokubika ngezenzo ezingokomthetho.

Bheka phambili: Ukulinganisela komthetho - sisekelo

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo ekhulwini lama-21. Ukushintsha kwezesayensi yembulunga yonke, ukuxhumana, ukuhlanganisana kwezinhlanga, kanye nezinsongo ezixubanisa ukulondeka kwesizwe konke kuhlola ukwakheka komthetho-sisekelo osungulwe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule. Nokho izimiso eziyisisekelo ezingaphansi kokuhlola nokulinganisela okuthi amandla kumelwe anikezwe, ukuthi akekho okufanele ahlulele esimweni sakhe, futhi lowo hulumeni kumelwe alandise kubantu, futhi uhlale ubalulekile kunanini ngaphambili.

Kudingeka ukuba kugcinwe izinhlolo eziphumelelayo nezilinganiso ezidinga ukuqapha kubo bonke abahlanganyela esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo. Izikhulu kumelwe zihloniphe imingcele yezinhlangano nezimiso ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kulinganisela ikhono lazo lokufinyelela imigomo yenqubo. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale zinolwazi, zihlanganyele ezinqubweni zentando yeningi, futhi zigcine izikhulu zinesibopho sokulandisa. Futhi bonke kumelwe bakhumbule ukuthi injongo yokuhlola nokulinganisela akukona ukwenza uhulumeni uphumelele noma ukuqinisekisa ukuthi noma isiphi isimiso esithile esithandwayo siyaphumelela, kodwa ukuze zivikele inkululeko ngokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.

Abaqondisi baqonda ukuthi imvelo yomuntu yenza amandla abe yingozi nokuthi ngisho nezikhulu ezizicabangela kahle zingalisebenzisa kabi igunya uma zingacindezelwa. Zaklama isimiso esizicabangela njengezikhulu ezizoziphishekela futhi zisebenzise leyo nhloso ukuze zihlole ukuvelela ngokufuna ukuvelela. Lokhu kuhlola okungokoqobo kwemvelo yomuntu, kuhlangene nezinqubo ezingokwenhlangano zokuqondisa nokulinganisela amandla, kuye kwavumela uhulumeni womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika ukuba ukhuthazele ngezinguquko ezinkulu nezinselele.

Njengezakhamuzi, ukuqonda indlela umsebenzi ohlolayo nolinganiselayo osinika ngayo amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Singaqaphela lapho izikhulu zidlula egunyeni lazo, zisekela ukuhlola kwezindawo ezibusayo, futhi zisebenzisa amathuluzi ethu siqu esizwe (ukuhlohla, ukuqapha, inkulumo yeningi ) ukugcina ukulinganisela komthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ekugcineni sixhomeke ekwakheniseni kwesakhamuzi esizimisele ukuvikela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kungqubuzana nokukhetha okufushane kwezombangazwe.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngohlelo lomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokuhlola nokulinganisela, izinqolobane zezinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza ukutholakala kwezincwadi nemithombo yemfundo. Library of Congress inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngemisebenzi yemibuthano nomlando wemithetho. [[FLT:]] i-federardiary's wewebsite yenkantolo nezimiso. ichaza isakhiwo senkantolo nezinqubo. Lezinye imithombo isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde futhi zihlanganyele nesimiso somthetho esivikela amalungelo azo nomthetho.

Ukuhlakanipha kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika akukuvimbele ukuxabana phakathi kwamagatsha kodwa ekuqondiseni leyompi ngezindlela ezivikela inkululeko nokuthuthukisa ukulandisa. Ngokuqonda indlela yokuhlola nokulinganisela umsebenzi, izakhamuzi zingakuqonda kangcono ukuhlakanipha komklamo wamaFramers futhi zifeze indima yazo siqu ebalulekile ekulondolozeni uhulumeni womthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso sidinga ukunakekela nokuvikela okuqhubekayo, kodwa siye sabonakala siqinile kakhulu ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, sivumelanisa nezinselele ezintsha kuyilapho silondoloza isibopho saso esiyinhloko sokulinganisela, uhulumeni onecala ngaphansi komthetho.