Ingozi ephindwe kabili iwumthetho wobugebengu ovikela abantu ekuzanyweni kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Isekelwe esiHlelweni sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., lesivikelo sigunyaza ukuthi akukho muntu ozobekwa "ngaphansi kwecala elifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yokuphila noma isitho somthetho." Lemfundiso isebenza njengesehlo esibucayi sokuhlola kokubili ukukhohliswa kwabamangalelwa, ivimbela uhulumeni ekusebenziseni imithombo yakhe emikhulu ukuze adele ummangalelwa, futhi iqinisekise ukugcinwa kwezenzo zobugebengu. Ukuqonda indlela izingozi eziphindwe kabili eziphoqwala ngayo phakathi nokunxusa kobugebengu.

Nakuba lesi simiso sibonakala siqondile, singazange siphinde sihlolwe futhi, futhi asiphinde sikhandwe. Izinkantolo zokudlulisa icala kumele ziwahlulele ngokucophelela amarekhodi aqulwayo ukuze kubonwe ukuthi inkantolo ingawephula yini amaphutha aphindwe kabili, ikakhulukazi uma imacala ephendulwa. Lesi sihloko sihlola umqondo wokuzifaka kabili okujule, sihlola indlela okuphoqelelwa ngayo phakathi nokulingwa nokunxusa, sixoxa ngokungafani okukhulu njengemfundiso ehlukene yobukhosi, futhi siqokomisa ukuhlanganiswa kwecala phakathi kokugcina nobulungisa.

Umbono Wenkolelo Ekabili: Imvelaphi Nezimiso Eziyi - core

Imisuka emibili yengozi ibuyela emuva emthethweni wasendulo wesiGreki namaRoma, kodwa isimo sayo sanamuhla sicaciswe emthethweni wesiNgisi. Abasunguli bakubona kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba bayihlanganise eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yafaka isivikelo kuhulumeni ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo Bhenton v. Maryland [1969] [1]. Enhliziyweni yayo, imfundiso ivikela amaphutha amathathu ahlukene: ukumangalelwa kwesibili ngenxa yecala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa, ukumangalelwa kwesibili ngemva kokuboshwa, ukujeziswa kwesibili ngenxa yecala elifanayo.

Ukunquma ukuthi amacala amabili akha "icala elifanayo," izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa komnqakathi we-'FLT'R', obekwe ku- , obekwe ku-' . United States. Ngaphansi kwalokhu kuhlola, uma umthetho ngamunye udinga ubufakazi bento eyodwa engakhonjwa yinye, ayibophi amacala ahlukene, futhi ingozi ephindwe kabili ayivali ukuqulwa okulandelanayo. Isibonelo, isenzo esisodwa sokuthengisa izidakamizwa singaphazamisa kokubili uhulumeni nomthetho, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi inkosi ngayinye ineziciko zayo, imfundiso ehlangene ivumela ukulingwa. Ngokuhlukene, uma ukumangalelwa okuko okukodwa kufanayo, ukulingana okuhlangene, ukulingana okuhlangene.

Iphuzu eliyinhloko lingu lapho izingozi zifakwa . Ecaleni lejaji, izingozi zifakwa uma ijaji selifakwe futhi lifungwe. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi, linamathela uma ufakazi wokuqala efungiwe. Ngaphambi kwaleloqophelo, uhulumeni angalahla izikhalo ngaphandle kokuvala impoqo yamuva. Ngemva kokuhlanganisa, intethelekiso , esekelwe ephutheni elingokomthetho umahluleli (* lokugcina futhi alikholeki. Ngokufanayo, ukuqiniseka kungaba okokugcina ngaphandle kokuba izicelo ezimangalelwe ngempumelelo nesiqinisekiso siguquliwe (njengoba kuphikisana nobufakazi obunganele)).

Ukuphoqelelwa Phakathi Nokulingwa Kwesigebengu

Isivikelo esiphindwe kabili sengozi siphoqelelwa kuqala ezingeni lokuqulwa kwecala. Abameli bamabutho bangaphakamisa ukuphikisa uma uhulumeni ezama ukumangalela ummangalelwa okwesibili ngokokuziphatha okufanayo. Uma icala likahulumeni libuthakathaka kangangokuba akukho komiti eqinile ebophula icala, ummangalelwa angase ahambele [ ukugweba ngokusemthethweni ukulahlwa kwecala [[FLT]] ngaphansi komthetho weSigebengu Procedre 29. Uma imvume yokubuyisela icala lonecala, ukuthi ijaji libopha nanoma isiphi isigwebo. Ngokufanayo, uma uma ijaji lithola ukuthi ubufakazi bokumangalelwa abenzi bomthetho abenzi mthetho anele ngokomthetho, isigwebo esiqondiswe somgeqelo siphinde sibangele ingozi ephindwe kabili.

I-application engabonakali kakhulu yenzeka lapho ijaji libuyisela isinqumo esingaqondile. Umshushisi akanakudlulisela leso sinqumo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isinqumo sabahluleli singabonakala sinephutha kangakanani. Lesi sigqebhezana sibonisa isimiso sokuthi ummangalelwa akufanele aphoqelelwe ukuba abekezele ukuqulwa kwecala lesibili ngemva kwethuba eligcwele lokuvikela. Ngisho noma uma ijaji liyala abahluleli ngokungeyikho emthethweni, umkhohlisi okhohlisiwe angama qhawe futhi uhulumeni angadlulisa imibuzo yomthetho, ukuthi ukudluliswa kwecala akunakuholela ekuqululeni uma i-Valectal jaji kungeke kuphele. Nokho, uma uma uma uma uma uma ijaji lilahla icala likhishwa ezinkundleni ezinkantolo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho (g., ngenxa yesinqumo), uhulumeni ungafaka isikhalo kungazange yephulwe ngokuphindwa kabili, ngoba impoqo.

Ukungemthetho Nezingozi Ezimbaxa - mbili

Amacala abangela ukungezwani okukhethekile. Uma kushiwo icala elingalungile ngenxa "yesimo esidingekile" [1] njengejaji elidume kakhulu (ijaji elidume kakhulu eliboshiwe) noma isenzakalo sokucasha ngengozi (ummangalelwa) angaphinde abekwe ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi ezimbili. Inkantolo ePhakamileyo United States v. [1824] ithole ukuthi umahluleli wecala unesu lokuzibopha ukumangalela ukumangalela impikiswano engafanele uma kuyimfuneko, futhi imvume yommangalelwa ayidingenzeki ukuze iphinde ihlelwe. Nokho, uma ukuqulwa kwecala kuvela kumshushicileli noma ukuziphatha okubi okuhloselwe ukucasula futhi kuthole izingozi ezimbili ezingcono, ukuvinjelwe ngecala elingaphezulu ngaphansi kwe-Fogn.[2][2] [2]

Ukuphoqelelwa Phakathi Nokudluliswa Kwecala: Indlela Izinkantolo Zokuhloma Ezivikela Ngayo Ingozi Embaxambili

Uma ummangalelwa eseboshiwe, bangase badlulisele icala. Ngezinga eliphindwe kabili, izimpikiswano zezingozi zivame ukuphakama ngemibandela emithathu: lapho uhulumeni enxusa ukuxoshwa kwangaphambi kwesigwebo, lapho ummangalelwa enxusa ukugunyazwa futhi ephumelela ekuvuleni, futhi lapho uhulumeni ezama ukuphinde azame ukuzama ngemva kokubuyisela. Isimiso esiyinhloko siwukuthi izinkantolo ezikhipha isigwebo zihlonipha ukuphela kwabaxoshi futhi zingawatholi amaqiniso. Kunalokho, zibukeza amaphutha angokomthetho.

Uhulumeni Udlulisela Amacala Abamangalelwa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu senqabela uhulumeni ukuba angamkhohlisi umuntu onecala. Lokhu umthetho wesikhala. Nokho, uhulumeni anganxusa ukuxoshwa ngaphambi kokuba kugwetshwe [ okusekelwe emacaleni angokomthetho (umzk., icala aliyishiyi icala) ngoba akukho ngozi ekhona. Ngokufanayo, uhulumeni angadlulisela isigwebo esiyekelelayo, uma nje isicelo singahilelihlanganisi icala elisobala noma icala elibi. Kodwa uma uma ijaji likhipha isahlulelo sokuvala icala ngemva kobufakazi obungenacala, uhulumeni uvinjelwe ngokuphelele ekukhangeni.

Ukukhanga Kwamanxusa Nokuphinde Kutholakale

Uma ummangalelwa edlulisa isiqinisekiso ngokuphumelelayo, igalelo eliphindwe kabili lengozi alikwenqabi ukuqulwa kabusha ngokuzenzekelayo. Umehluko oyinhloko yiwo obangela ukuguqulwa . Uma inkantolo ye-appellate ihlehlisa ngenxa yokuthi ubufakazi bokuqulwa abenziwa ngokomthetho, ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwalecala kulingana nokungakhokhwa kwecala, ukuthi icala lidlulile, futhi izingozi eziphindwe kabili yi-hibhebhey'impi. Icala lencwadi liyi- Bursbks v. United States (188]), lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yayikhona lapho isiqinisekiso sincitshiswe ngenxa yobufakazi obunganele, uhulumeni awunayo ukuqulwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi icala eligcwele futhi lihlulekile ukuveza icala.

Uma ukuguqulwa kusekelwe ephutheni elisekelwe ekuvumeni okungafanele kobufakazi, iziyalezo ezinephutha, noma ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi − icala liphinde libekwe futhi ukuze liqulwe. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ummangalelwa "wad" isivikelo esiphindwe kabili ngokukhanga, futhi uhulumeni uvunyelwe ukuba aphinde azame. Umqondo uwukuthi ummangalelwa wakhetha ukubekela inselele ukuqulwa kwecala isiqinisekiso, futhi uvumela isimo ukuba sibe nelinye ithuba lokuveza icala lakhe ngokufanelekile, uma nje iphutha lingahileli obuphelele ubufakazi.

Ukuhlola Ukukhanga

Uma inkantolo igunyaziwe, inkantolo kusamelwe iqinisekise ukuthi icala elisha liyicala elifanayo necala lokuqala. Uma uhulumeni ezama ukufaka amacala amasha angekho yingxenye yecala lokuqala kodwa avele ebhizinisini elifanayo, ukuhlolwa kweBlockberger kuyasebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, uma icala lokuqala laliwukubulala kokuqala futhi icala lishintshwa ngenxa yephutha elingokomthetho, uhulumeni ngeke kamuva asolwe ngokubulala uma lokho kuhlanganisa icala lokuqala, ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa uyavuma. Nokho, uhulumeni ngokuvamile angaphinde avume icala elifanayo noma noma noma iliphi icala elincane eliye labekwa icala ekuqaleni.

Eziyingqayizivele Namacala Akhethekile

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, inkulumo eyingozi ephindwe kabili ayiphelele. Izici eziningana ezingaziwa zivumela ukuqulwa kwecala noma izijeziso ezilandelanayo ebezingabonakala ziphula isimiso.

Imfundiso Yobukhosi Obubodwa

Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu imfundiso yokuzibusa okumbaxambili. Ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni wezwe ngalinye bahlukene, isenzo esifanayo singamangalelwa kokubili ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi ezimbili. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu ophanga ibhange eliboshiwe ngokwemithetho angazanywa uhulumeni ngokuphanga kanye nohulumeni wokubulala ebhange, kokubili ukuphambana ngecala elifanayo. Lokhu kuphakanyiswa ngokuphindaphindiwe, ngokuphawulekayo kubekwe ephepheni. [[FLT:] [1985]], lapho iNkakhulukazi i-Alaba] i-Alabamose, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme iqinisekisa khona ukuthi ukumangalelwa ngokulandelana kokubulala okukodwa akukonangabhidli izingozi kabili ngenxa yokuthi umbuso ngamunye wawungasahlukanisa. Abagxeki bephikisa lesivikelo, kodwa ihlala ihleli umthetho.

Ukulahlwa Kwecala Kwasemgwaqweni Nesijeziso Sesigebengu

Ingozi ephindwe kabili isebenza kuphela ezigijimeni. Izenzo zomthetho ezisemthethweni. (lapho uhulumeni ethatha impahla esetshenziswayo noma ethathwe ebugebenguni) ngokuvamile engabhekwa njengesijeziso ngezinjongo eziphindwe kabili, ngisho noma ukulahlekelwa kuhlangene nokuziphatha kobugebengu. Nokho, uma ukulahlekelwa kwesizwe kuyisijeziso esingokwemvelo kangangokuba kulingana nesijeziso sobugebengu, isimemezelo esingase sisetshenziswe. INkantolo Ephakeme ikhuluma ngalento v. United Statesry [1966]), iphethe ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kwezakhamuzi akuyona "Isijeziso" ngenxa yokuhlola okuphindwe kabili uma ifeza injongo yokulungisa. Noma kunjalo, ukuthambekela kwamuva komthetho olahlekileyo kungasebenza kuyimpikiswano.

ICollateral Estopel (Izikhundla Zokuzihlukanisa)

Ihlobene nengozi ephindwe kabili imfundiso ye-literanical estopel, evimbela ukuvuselelwa kwezindaba eziyiqiniso esezinqunywe kakade emkholweni. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ijaji likhipha icala lommangalelwa ngecala ngokuthola ukuthi ummangalelwa akawudubulanga umjovwa obulalayo, uhulumeni ngeke kamuva azame ukuhlasela ummangalelwa ofanayo ngesikhali esibulalayo uma leso sikhali simo sixhomeke empikiswaneni efanayo. Lesi simiso, esithathwe ku- Aspev. Asne[FNEN [1970]], unyusela isivikelo esiphindwe kabili sengozi ezinqumleni zabantu ngabanye, hhayi nje zonke izono.

Ukuqulwa Kwezinqubo Zokuqulwa Kwezinsimbi Ngemva Kokuphumelela

Isicelo sikahulumeni se-habeas corpus esibekela isiqinisekiso sikahulumeni ingenze ukukhululwa uma isiqinisekiso sitholakele ngokwephulwa koMthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, uma inkantolo ye-habeas ithola iphutha lomthetho-sisekelo elingaselapheki − njengosizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko esisola ukuzivikela [1] Umbuso ungamphikisa ummangalelwa. Ingozi ephindwe kabili ayibutholi ubufakazi bukahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba akwanele, njengoba kunqunywa inkantolo yamahabeas. Le ndawo iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngokuvamile ihlangene nemithetho ehleliwe.

Imishini Ewusizo Yokufaka Ingozi Ekabili Ekubhebhethekeni

Ummangalelwa uphakamisa kanjani ngempela izingozi ezimbili ekudluliseleni icala? Ngokuvamile, kuphakanyiswa ekudluliseleni isigwebo kuqala njengendaba yomthetho. Inkantolo ihlola irekhodi lokuqulwa kwecala de novo nganoma yikuphi ukwephulwa. Uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi ubufakazi bamacala babunganele, buyosusa ukungezwani nobandlululo, kusho ukuthi umbuso awunakukwazi ukuphinde uphendule. Uma inkantolo ithole iphutha elingokwesiko, ingabuye iphendule futhi iphinde ithathe icala elisha, kodwa futhi izocabangela ukuthi iphutha lalingenangozi yini ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.

Okubalulekile, ukusho izingozi eziphindwe kabili kungaphakanyiswa futhi ngokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kwenkantolo ukuze kususwe icala lapho uhulumeni eqala ukumangalela kwesibili ngemva kokuvinjelwa noma ukuvunyelwa. Uma inkantolo equlwayo iphika ukunyakaza, ummangalelwa ngezinye izikhathi angase athathe isikhalo sokudluliswa kwecala phambi kokwahlulela kokugcina (_a) ngoba ilungelo lokukhululeka engozini ephindwe kabili "lingenakuqulwa" elingalahleka uma kuphoqwa icala. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela lokhu ] Abney v. United States[FLT:] [127]]), ivumela ukunxusa okusheshayo kwezingozi eziphindwe kabili.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqhinga le-habeas corpus lingase lisetshenziselwe ukubekela inselele isiqinisekiso sikahulumeni esatholwa ngemva kokwephulwa kabili kwengozi. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zinganikeza usizo uma inkantolo kahulumeni isebenzisa ngokungenangqondo umthetho kahulumeni ocacile owenziwe wanezingozi ezimbili. Lokhu kunikeza isivalo sokuphepha lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zihluleka ukuphoqelela isivikelo ngokufanelekile.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Ukulimala Okukabili Kwezinye Izimiso Ezingokomthetho

Nakuba i-United States inikeza isivikelo esiqinile sezingozi eziphindwe kabili, amanye amazwe asondela ngokungafani. Ngaphansi komthetho wesiNgisi ovamile, umthetho omelene nezingozi eziphindwe kabili wawufana, kodwa ngemva kweCriminal Justice Act 2003, i-UK yasungula ukuhlukana kwezenzo ezingathi sína (umz., ukubulala, ukudlwengula) lapho kuvela khona ubufakazi obusha nobunamandla. Lokhu kuvumela ukumiswa ngemva kokulahlwa ezimweni ezilinganiselwe. ECanada, [FLT: 0] i-Cher of Rights and Frees[FLT] [[FFFF:1] ihlanganisa isivikelo esiphindwe kabili engxenyeni (11 h), esiphinde siphinde sivele ngemva kokukhohliswa okugcina noma ukuqiniseka, kodwa ngaphandle kobufakazi obusha obunganikezwanganikezwangakhonzile. Izimiso ze-European Union [FLT] [2] [FFFF] evimbela ukuvithwa kwezingamele ukuvikelwa i-Ex, kodwa izinyathelo ezingaphezulu eziningi. nakuba zingekho izikhomba eziqinile.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukuphela Nobulungisa

Ukunikeza izingozi eziphindwe kabili phakathi nokudluliswa kwecala kuyisenzo esibucayi sokulinganisela. UMthetho-sisekelo uyayala ukuba kungabikho muntu ozanywayo ngenxa yecala elifanayo, kodwa inqubo ye-apellate kumelwe ivumele ukulungisa amaphutha angokomthetho ngaphandle kokunikeza ukuqulwa kwethuba lesibili elingafanele. Izinkantolo zikhipha imigqa ecophelelayo: uma ubufakazi bokuqulwa kwecala bebubuthakathaka kakhulu ukuba bungasekela isiqinisekiso, ummangalelwa ukhululekile − uhulumeni waba nosuku lwakhe enkantolo futhi walahleka. Kodwa uma icala lona lingcoliswe yiphutha le-procedro, umbuso ungathola ithuba, ngoba icala lokuqala lalingenabulungisa.

Imfundiso yobukhosi obubili kanye nokungahlulelwa kahle kubonisa ukuthi izingozi eziphindwe kabili azisona isihlangu esiphelele, kodwa zisenye yezindlela ezinamandla kakhulu zokuvikela ukuxhashazwa kwabashushisi nokuhlukunyezwa nguhulumeni. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphawula, isimiso "esigxilile" sibonisa ukuthi isithakazelo esiqinile somphakathi ekugcineni izigwebo zobugebengu" kunoma ubani owayeqondisa isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu ("""ekuba sobala njengommangalelwa, ummeli, noma isakhalo) ukuqonda ukuthi izingozi eziphindwe kabili kangakanani eziphoqelelwe ekudlulisweni kuyimfuneko yokwazisa isivikelo esilondoloza ukulunga namandla ezwe.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe, hlola i-Cornell Information’s short of the facements , hlola isinqumo esiyinhloko seNkantolo Ephakeme Bhenton v. Maryland, noma ukuhlola [[FLT:] imithombo yemfundo yezemfundo eyingozi [[FLT] eyingozi eyingozi [. Lemithombo inikeza isiqondiso esigunyazayo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kanye nezingalomfako.