Indlela Izinkolelo Ezingaxhunyiwe Ezithonya Ngayo Izimpikiswano Zezombangazwe

Amakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe (PAC) sekuyisikhathi eside ekhona okhethweni lwaseMelika, kodwa ithonya lawo lidlulela ngalé kwemali yomkhankaso. Nakuba i-PACs igcina izibopho ezingokomthetho kubafeli, amaqembu, noma izinyunyana zezisebenzi, ezingaxhumeneki kakhulu [ zisebenza ngokuzimele, ziphakamisa futhi zichithe imali yokusekela izinqubo ezithile ngaphandle komdlalo. Lezinhlangano ziye zaba amandla amakhulu ekulolongeniseni indlela imithombo yezindaba emboza ngayo izimpikiswano zezombangazwe, ngokuvamile zisebenza ngezimfuneko ezimbalwa ze-Propolution kanye nokuvumelana okunenzuzo. Ukuqonda izindlela zazo kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlola izindaba eziziphethe.

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ahlukile kuma-PAC angokwesiko ngezindlela eziningana eziyinhloko. Awaxhaswa yinhlangano, inyunyana, noma inhlangano yezohwebo, okusho ukuthi angaphakamisa izimali kunoma iyiphi indikimba (kuyimingcele engokomthetho) futhi asebenzise leyo mali ukuthonya okhethweni noma isimiso somphakathi. Ngokungafani namaPieuper PaC, angamukela iminikelo engenamkhawulo kodwa angakwazi ukuhlangana ngokuqondile nabazofundela ukuhlangana, ama-PAC angekho exhunyiwe abekeka emikhawulweni. Nokho, ukuzimela kwawo ekwakheni kwezakhiwo zeqembu kubanika ikhono eliyingqayizivele lokwenza ukhetho nokwaziswa okungase kungahambisani nezindawo zamapulatifomu ezingokomthetho.

Ukuqonda amaPapasyu angaxhunyiwe: Incazelo nomthetho wesisekelo

Ngaphansi komthetho wokhetho kahulumeni, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe yinoma yiliphi ikomiti yezombangazwe engeyona ikomiti yokuvotelwa, ikomiti yeqembu, noma i-partime ehlangene nesikhwama esihlukene senhlangano esihlukaniswe ngokwezemibono. I-Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) ichaza la makomiti njengokungenamxhasi wezenkampani noma wezisebenzi, nakuba engase akhiwe yizinhlangano zezohwebo, izinhlangano zamalungu, noma amaqembu abantu abahlanganiswe nesithakazelo esifanayo sezombangazwe. I-FEC inikeza isiqondiso esiningiliziwe sokubhalisa nokubika izimfuneko zamakomiti anjalo .

Ngokomlando, ama-PAC angexwene akhula ngokushesha ngemva kokulungisa kwango-1956 kwe-Federal EFomatiation Act, eyavumela izinkampani nezinyunyana ukuba zakhe i-PACs. Kodwa ukuqhuma kwangempela kwavela ngemva kweNkantolo Ephakeme i-Citaisens United v. FEC isinqumo, esavula umnyango ngezindleko ezizimele ezingapheli zezinhlangano nangezinyunyana. Ezingahlangeneyo, kanye nePACICs kaPU, zanda, futhi namuhla zimelela ingxenye enkulu yokusebenzisa imali yezombangazwe. Ngokwemininingwane evela ku-OpenseSécreetrets.org, ngaphandle kokuxhumana i-PC echithe imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-20.2 emjikelezweni we-2020 kuphela, kanye nenkokhelo yemali encindisiwe.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Okhona KumaPaC NamaPaC Aphakeme

Ukuze uqonde ithonya lemithombo yezindaba lamaPaC angaxhunyiwe, kuyasiza ukuqonda ukuma kwawo okuhlukile:

  • I-PACS exhunyaniswe ihlangene nenhlangano ethile, inyunyana yezisebenzi, noma inhlangano yamalungu. Ixhaswe ngeminikelo yokuzithandela evela kubaphathi baleyonhlangano, amalungu, noma abanikazi. Ukuthumelelana imiyalezo kwabo kuvame ukucindezelwa yizithakazelo zabaxhasi.
  • I-PACS inganyusa izilinganiso ezingenamkhawulo kubantu ngabanye, ezinkampanini, nakumaqembu, kodwa kumelwe bathulule abanikeleyo futhi bangakwazi ukunikela ngokuqondile kwabazonikelayo noma ukubambisana nemikhankaso. Bagxila cishe ngokuphelele ezindlekweni ezizimele, njengokuhlasela noma ukusekela ngokuqondile.
  • I-PACs exhunyaniswe ngeNon ingaphansi kwemingcele yomnikelo wokhetho ngayinye kodwa ayinayo into exhasayo. Bangahlanganyela enhlanganiseni yeminikelo eqondile kwabafuna ukuvota, futhi bavame ukubeka imvume yokukhetha. Lokhu kuzenza zibe izimoto ezifanele ukuthuthukisa izindaba zezokuxhumana ezinde ezimayelana noshintsho lwesimo sezulu, amalungelo ezibhamu, noma inguquko yezempilo.

Indlela I - pacs Engaxhunyiwe Eyithonya Ngayo Ukuhlanganiswa Kwemithombo Yezindaba

I-PAC engaxhunyiwe isebenzisa iqoqo eliyinkimbinkimbi lamasu ukulolonga izinhlelo zemithombo yezindaba, izimpikiswano zesakhelo, kanye nokwandisa ukulandisa kwazo okuthandwayo. Ngokungafani nokukhangisa okuqondile, okuvame ukulahlwa njengokujikeleza okuhlukanisayo, ukuthumelelana imiyalezo ye-PAC okungaxhunyiwe kungabonakala “ngokungaxhomekeki” noma“ okungamele,” ukukholeka kumaphepha-zindaba nakumphakathi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemikhankaso Yokukhangisa Okuhlelekile

Indlela ebonakalayo kakhulu ukuthenga imithombo yezindaba. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe ichitha imali eningi kuthelevishini, emsakazweni, kumanani, futhi ishicilela izikhangiso ukuze ithuthukise izikhundla zayo zenqubo noma abaphikisi abahlaselayo. Kodwa ithonya layo lidlulela ngalé kwezikhangiso ngokwazo. Ivame ukuveza izikhangiso ezifanele ukusakazwa imibiko — ezididanayo, ezimangalisayo, noma ezingokomzwelo — ukwazi ukuthi izikhangiso zezindaba ziyohlanganisa impikiswano, kanjalo zikhulise isigijimi ngaphandle kwe-PAC okumelwe zikhokhele isikhathi esengeziwe sokuphefumula.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe engabhekisi phambili kumalungelo ezibhamu ingasebenzisa isikhangiso esibonisa isikhulu sezisebenzi zomthetho sixwayisa ngemiphumela yemingcele emisha. Ngisho noma umoya okhangiswayo ubekwe ezifundeni ezihloselwe kuphela, ukufinyelelwa kwezindaba kwezwe kwamazwi ka-ad kungaguqula ingxoxo ebanzi yezombangazwe. iNew York Times iye yaphawula indlela izikhangiso ezinjalo ezithembele ngayo ekunxuseni okungokomzwelo okunzima ngezindaba ukuhlola iqiniso ngesikhathi sangempela [.

2. Ukuphuma Kwemithombo Yezindaba Nemikhankaso Yokukhipha Izincwadi

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe asebenza kaningi njengemithombo yezindaba ye-decodo. Ashicilela ukukhululwa, ukuba nemihlangano yezindaba, nokunikeza abantu abakhuluma ngokunganqamuki abakhona abangu-24/7. Ngoba izintatheli ngaphansi kokucindezela okufinyelelwe isikhathi zidinga ukucatshulwa “kwesinye isigaba,” la ma-PAC aqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi awo afakwa ezinganekwaneni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, angaba yimithombo yezintatheli ehlanganisa izindaba ezithile, ngokuphumelelayo ibeke imibandela yengxoxo.

Ama-PAC amaningi angaxhunyiwe agcina futhi ama-website ayinkimbinkimbi kanye nokukhona kwezenhlalo edonsa izimoto ngokuqukethwe yikho. Ngokuthumela ukucwaninga kwasekuqaleni, i-op-ead, kanye nokuqukethwe i-video, akha uhide lwezinto abacosheli bezindaba abangazenza zifezeke. Leli cebo liphumelela kakhulu kuma-PAC agxile ezindabeni zobuchwepheshe noma eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengenqubo yamandla noma inguquko yentela, lapho izintatheli zingathembela emaqenjinini anesithakazelo sesizinda sokwaziswa.

3. Ukumisa Nokuthuthukisa Ukucwaninga Ngobungane

I-PAC engazihlanganisi namalungu axhasa izifundo, imibiko, kanye nokuhlolwa okusekela imigomo yabo yenkambiso. Uma i-PAC ikhulula “uhlelo” lubonisa ukuthi umthetho othile ungabiza izinkulungwane zemisebenzi, okutholwa kungathathwa abezindaba bendawo nabezwe. Ukuzimela kwe-PAC kuhulumeni noma abaxhasi benkampani kungenza ukucwaninga kubonakale kunenjongo kakhulu kunalapho empeleni, ngisho nalapho inqubo yokuhlola ingabazeki.

“ Ukuhlola” — ukwenza izimpande zotshani - mbumbulu — kufana necebo. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe ingakha iqembu elingaphambili elinegama elifana nethi “Izinsika Zezezentengiselwano” futhi ikhombise ukuhlola okubonisa umphakathi ukusekela kokuthuthukisa uphethiloli. Kumcosheli wezindaba omatasa, iqembu libonakala njengenhlangano engathathi hlangothi. [FLT:] Umkhondo we-Sound Watching eziningi ezinjalo kanye nokuxhumana kwazo ne-PACS.

4. Ukuhlela Izenzakalo Zokukhanga Imithombo Yezindaba

Ama-ralling, amahholo amadolobha, nokubhikisha komphakathi kungamathuluzi avamile. Ama-PAC angaqoqa abasekeli, amabhasi ngezisebenzi zokuzithandela, futhi ahlele izenzakalo eziklanyelwe ukukhanga amakhamera ethelevishini. Umhlangano owenziwe kahle ngaphandle kwe-papitorl kahulumeni ungabangela ukufinyelelwa kwezindaba okuhlanganisa ukusekela kwesakhamuzi, ngisho noma i-patout ikhiqizwa.

Lezi zenzakalo zivula amathuba okuba abantu bakhulume ngokuzwakalayo okuphindaphindwayo ezindabeni.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithombo Yezindaba Nemishini Yezobuchwepheshe

Kule nkathi ye-minuctures, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aye afunda imikhankaso yezokuxhumana ehloselwe ukuxhumana nabantu. Bathenga izikhangiso kuFacebook, Twitter, nase-YouTube ukuthi ama-microba achazwayo amanani abantu abambalwa. Basebenzisa futhi izikhuthazo ezikhokhelwayo nezinhlangano ze-bot ezihlangene ukuze baveze ukuvela kwemizwa ebangelwa amagciwane. Lomsindo we-mistry ungacindezela izintatheli ukuba zihlanganise umagazini ongase ungashaywa indivalwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nomjikelezo wokhetho wama-2020, ama-PAC amaningana angaxhunyiwe agxile ekunakekeleni impilo asebenzisa izikhangiso ze-Facebook ukuze ahlasele uMthetho we-Affordcable Care Act. Izikhangiso zabangela izinkulungwane zezinkulumo kanye nokuhlanganyela, zaveza umbono wempikiswano enkulu yomphakathi ehlanganisa izikhangiso zezindaba. i-Washington Post yachaza ukuthi lamacebo ezimiso zobuchwepheshe ngokuvamile abiza izindleko ezinkulu kangakanani kunezinto zezezezezindaba ezivamile.[.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ethonyani Lemithombo Yezindaba

Isimiso Sendawo Ezungezile: Impi Eluhlaza Ehlasimulisayo

Ama-PAC angaxhunyaniswe ezinhlangothini zombili zengxoxo yendawo ezungezile anikeza isibonelo esicacile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-paCC ye-Sierra Club ezimele, isebenza njengekomiti engaxhumene ne-octive ephakamisa imali ukuze ithuthukise ukuthatha isinyathelo sesimo sezulu. Izimali ziqhuba izikhangiso zokuhlasela izazi zezombangazwe eziphika isayensi yesimo sezulu, futhi ihlela ukuma kwezakhashaza okuveza izihloko zezwe. Olunye uhlangothi, i-American Energy Alliance, i-PAC, iveza izifundo nezikhangiso eziphikisana nemithetho yamandla avusemoyeni. Izikhulu zezindaba eziphikisanayo ziphoqa ukuba zithathe amahlangothini azo womabili, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuhlola impikiswano yesayensi. Umphumela unyuswa okungaxhuma izikhundla.

Amalungelo Okulwa Nokulawula

Ikomiti ye-National Rifle Association yezobupolitiki, nakuba ngobuchwepheshe i-PAC (ehlangene ne-NRA ngokwayo), isebenza ngendlela efiphaza i-NRA. Kodwa ama-PAC amaningi amancane angaxhumeneyo aye avela ukuze asekele amalungelo ezikhali nokulawula izibhamu. Lamaqembu akhiqiza “ivideo zemfundo”, athumela ukuhlola okubonisa ukusekela komphakathi imibono yawo, kanye nezinkulumo ezisekela amayunivesithi. Amasu awo ezindaba aphumelela kakhulu ezimakethengiso zendawo lapho imithombo yezindaba yezwe ingase ingabi khona. Isiteshi somsakazo somsakazo wasemaphandleni singathembela ngokuphelele ekukhishweni kwezindaba eziphuma emalungelweni esizwe esibhamu ngenxa yokudluliswa kwecala lemithetho kahulumeni.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwentando Yeningi Nobuqotho Bemithombo Yezindaba

Ithonya lama-PAC elingaxhunyiwe engosini yezindaba liphakamisa ukukhathazeka okuyisisekelo ngempilo yenkulumo yentando yeningi. Uma imithombo yezindaba ithembela ekuqukethe okungagunyaziwe, ifaka engozini yokulawula i-PAC-gamente kubadlali abahlukanisayo. Umphakathi ungase ungaqapheli ukuthi “iqembu lezindaba eziningi” elicashunwe ezindabeni empeleni liyi-PAC ebhalwe kahle ebhalwe ngokulandelana okuthile.

Amagebe okubona ngale kanye nokuvula imishini

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe kudingeka ukuba abhale imibiko nge-FEC, kodwa leyomibiko ivame ukubambezeleka, ukungaphelele, noma kunzima ukuwahlula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-PAC amaningi asebenzisa izinhlangano ze-trangers noma “imali” amaqembu afihla umthombo wokuqala wezimali. Uma izintatheli zizama ukulandelela izimali emkhankasweni wezokuxhumana, ziqeda isiphetho. Lokhu kukhinyabeza ikhono lomphakathi lokuhlola ukuthembeka kokwaziswa.

Ukuhlolwa kwango-2022 okwenziwa yi-Annenberg Public Policy Center kwathola ukuthi abavoti ngokuvamile abanakukwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezikhangiso ezizimele zemali nezikhangiso zomkhankaso osemthethweni. Lokhu kuhlola kwaphetha ngokuthi imithombo eqinile yezimali iqeda ukwethemba imithombo yezindaba nokhetho. ukucwaninga okuqhubekayo kwalesikhungo ngokuxhumana kwezombangazwe kuqokomisa isidingo sokuveza okungcono [.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Ezihlanekezelwe Neziyizinto Eziza Kuqala

Ngokugcwalisa umjikelezo wezindaba ngezindaba ezivumelana nezithakazelo zazo, ama-PAC angaphoqelela imithombo yezindaba ukuba ihlanganise izindaba ezingezona eziphambili emphakathini jikelele. I-PAC efuna ukumisa ukulawulwa kwesimo sezulu ingadala impikiswano eyanele ukuze igcine lendaba ikhona, ngisho noma abavoti abaningi bekhathalela kakhulu ngezomnotho noma ukunakekelwa kwempilo. Ukucwaninga kwezezombangazwe kubonisa ukuthi ukuxhumana kwezezindaba kuthonywe kakhulu yimithombo yezindaba enikezwa imithombo yezenzuzo enikezwa amaqembu anesithakazelo ebuhlotsheni bomphakathi, ngokuphumelelayo inikeza amaqembu acebile amandla angenakulinganiswa nalutho phezu kwezimiso zomphakathi.

Ukuzimela Kwemithombo Yezindaba Nezinkinga Ezingokwesayensi

Izintatheli zibhekene nesenzo esinzima sokulinganisela. Zidinga imithombo, futhi ama-PAC angenazo izisekelo ezitholakala kakhulu nezolwazi ngezindaba ezishisayo. Nokho, ukuthembela kakhulu kulemithombo kungaholela kulokho izazi zezindaba ezikubiza ngokuthi “ukukhetha okubangelwa yikho” — ukuthambekela kokuhlela izindaba ngezindlela ezisekela amaqembu athanda iphimbo. Izinhlangano eziningi zezindaba ziye zaqala ukwamukela izimiso eziqinile zokuhlukanisa ama-PAC nemithombo yazo yezimali lapho ziwacaphuna. Nokho, ukukho, ukukhokha imali kakhulu ezindaweni zobundaba zendawo ngokuvamile ziswele imithombo yokwenza lokhu ngokungaguquki.

Izimemezelo Zokuguquka Nokubona Izindawo Ngokubona

Kuye kwahlongozwa izinguquko eziningana ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela esontekile yamaPaC angaxhunyiwe ezindaba. Lezi zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukwambulwa okuceliwe: Ufuna ukuthulula i-PACs ukuze kuthululwe umthombo wokuqala wayo yonke iminikelo ophahlweni oluthile, futhi yenza leyo mininingwane itholakale ngesikhathi sangempela nge-memostry ecushwayo.
  • Izindinganiso zokufinyeza:[ Izikhangiso zezindaba ezikhuthazayo zokubona noma iliphi iqembu elicashunwe endabeni njengekomiti yezombangazwe uma lisebenzisa amaphesenti athile emali yalo ekusebenziseni izibalo.
  • [ Ukuxhasa ngezimali imikhankaso: ukunciphisa ithonya eliphelele labanikeleyo abakhulu nama-PAC ngokunikeza izimali ezihambelanayo zeminikelo emincane.
  • Izimfuneko ezi-Ad dilaimer: zisho ukuthi zonke izikhangiso ezikhangiswe nge-PAC — kuhlanganise nezikhangiso zobuchwepheshe — zinezikhangiso ezicacile ezibonisa umkhokheli kanye nesimo sakhe njengekomiti engaxhunyiwe.

I-FEC iye yathatha izinyathelo ezithile, kodwa ukuqikelelwa akuhambisani. Izwe lomthetho ngemva [ Ama-CItamizen [ enza ushintsho oluphawulekayo lube nzima ngaphandle komthetho omusha [.

Isiphetho

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe awanalo ilukuluku; amelela uhlobo olungokomthetho lokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. Nokho, ikhono lawo lokusungula ukusakaza imithombo yezindaba ngaphandle kokusakaza liphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu. Izikhulu nezikhulumi zezindaba ngokufanayo kumelwe zikhuthalele ukubuza ukuthi ubani ophethe imiyalezo abahlangana nayo. Ngokuqonda amasu asetshenziswayo — kusukela ekukhangiseni nasekukhangiseni nasekuhloleni izenzakalo kuya ekucwaningeni nasemphakathini — singahlaziya kangcono ukwaziswa okungokwezombangazwe okusizungezile. Ingxoxo yentando yentando yeningi ixhomeke esimisweni sezokuxhumana esisebenzela umphakathi, hhayi umfaki wemali omkhulu.