Isimiso somphakathi sakha umgogodla wokubusa kwanamuhla, ukuqondisa indlela imiphakathi ehlela ngayo imithombo yempahla, ilawula ukuziphatha, futhi iphishekele imigomo. Kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo ekuzinzeni kwezomnotho, izinqumo ezenziwa ohulumeni zivumelana nazo zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Kubafundi, othisha, nabaphathi bezakhamuzi, ukuqonda indlela isimiso somphakathi esisebenza ngayo akuyona nje imfundo nje kuphela, kubaluleke ngayo ekuthatheni iqhaza kolwazi ekuthatheleni idemokrati yentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuhlelela kwesimiso somphakathi futhi sinikeza izibonelo ezingokoqobo, ezingokoqobo zezwe ezembula ithonya laso elikhulu empilweni, emfundweni, emkhakheni, nasemvelweni, nasemvelweni.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Womphakathi: Inqubo Nezinhlobo

Isimiso somphakathi yisenzwe sezenzo zenhloso uhulumeni othathayo, noma oyenqaba ukuthatha (ukuthatha) izinkinga(ukusingatha) nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zezakhamuzi zakhe. Sihlanganiswa emithethweni, iziqondiso, iziyalezo zokwahlulela, nemithetho yokwahlulela, futhi siguqukela emjikelezweni wokuthola izinkinga, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso, ukuhlelwa kwenqubo, ukutholwa, ukumiswa, ukuhlelwa, nokuhlolwa. Isigaba ngasinye sihilela abadlali abaningi: izikhulu ezikhethiwe, amabhuloho, amaqembu enzalo, kanye nomphakathi.

Izimiso zingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziningi. Izimiso zokusakaza, njengezimali zokuxhasa ezolimo noma iziphiwo zokucwaninga, zinikeza amaqembu athile izinzuzo. Izimiso zokuguqula intela, njengezinhlelo zezezenhlalakahle eziqhubekekayo, ziguqula izimali zisuka kwenye ingxenye yomphakathi ziye kwenye. Izimiso zokuqondisa, kuhlanganise nezindinganiso zendawo ezungezile nemithetho yokuvikela abathengi, zinqanda ukuziphatha ukuba kufeze isithakazelo somphakathi. Izimiso eziqinile, njengokuhlela intela noma ukuhlelwa kabusha kukahulumeni, ukubumba isimo sikahulumeni ngokwawo. Ukuqonda lezi zingxenye kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani ezinye izinqubo zibangela impikiswano enkulu kuyilapho abanye besebenza ngokuthula esizinda.

Izibonelo Zokuphila Kwangempela Zokuthonya Kwesimiso Somphakathi

Izibonelo ezicacile zivala igebe phakathi kwenkolelo - mbono ecatshangelwayo nephilayo. Izenzakalo ezilandelayo ezivela ekunakekeleni impilo, imfundo, ukuphatha izomnotho, kanye nezimiso zendawo ezungezile zibonisa indlela ukukhetha okungokomthetho okuveza ngayo imiphumela esobala ezigidini zabantu.

Impilo Inakekela Ukuziphatha Okuhle

Ukunakekela impilo kungenye yezinkundla ezilandela isimiso somphakathi, ezithinta ngokuqondile isikhathi sokuphila, izinga lokuphila, nokulondeka kwezomnotho. Izibonelo ezimbili ezingafani . I-Affordal Care Act yase-United States nesimiso sendawo yonke saseCanada (8) ziveza izindlela ezihlukene zokuthatha inselele efanayo.

  • Umthetho we-ACA owenzelwe ukuhlanganisa abantu abadala ngemali efinyelela ku-138% yezinga lobumpofu likazwelonke ngo-2010, i-ACA yamelela ukuncitshiswa kwempilo okukhulu kakhulu kwe-U.S. kusukela kuMedicare noMedicaid. Yandisa ukungenwa kweMidicaid invisible ukuze ihlanganise abantu abadala ngeholo elifinyelela ku-1960% lesilinganiso sobumpofu, eyasungulwa ngomshuwale wezwelo wezombuso ngentengo yempilo encintiweyo, futhi yagunyaza ukuba abantu bathole isamba noma bakhokhe isijeziso. Umthetho futhi wenqatshelwa ukungakhokheli okusekelwe ezimweni ezisekelwe ezingenisweni ezikhona ngaphambili. Ngokushosholo okulinganiselwe [FOLD:] [FFT:3], i-ACUS, incipheke isilinganiso se-16% encishisiwe 2016] ku-2010, futhi ihluleka ukumelana okungokomthetho okuthika kakhulu kwezezezezezezezezezombangazwe, kodwa u-2010]
  • I-Medicare yaseCanada exhaswe obala yisimiso somshuwalense wezempilo eCanada, esasungulwa ngo-1984, inikeza intela yezempilo edingekayo esibhedlela nakudokotela. Isifundazwe ngasinye sinikeza izinhlelo zaso siqu, kodwa sonke kumelwe sihlangabezane nezimiso zikahulumeni zomphakathi zomphakathi, ukugcinwa, nokutholakala kwemali. Isimiso sixhaswa ngentela kawonke-wonke, hhayi ngezindleko ezingaphezulu. Izakhamuzi zaseCanada azibhekene nezindleko zokuhambela udokotela noma isibhedlela esihlalayo. Nakuba imoto iphumelela ukuhlanganisa izindleko zobubanzi nokwehlisa izindleko zemali kune-US., kulwisana nokulinda izikhathi zenqubo ehleliwe yezidakamizwa ezisemthethweni, kodwa izindleko ezingekhona ezitolo ezingekho mananini ezisemthethweni.
  • I-Advocal Monical System ye-Universal : Isimiso somshuwalense sezempilo saseJapane, samiswa ngo-1961, sihlanganisa umshuwalense womqashi osekelwe kuhulumeni necebo lokusebenza ngokubambisana kwabathathe umhlalaphansi nomsebenzi ozisebenzelayo. Ihlanganisa zonke izakhamuzi, izinhlelo zemali ezihlelwa uhulumeni, futhi idinga ukukhokha imali elinganiselwe. IJapane ifinyelela njalo phakathi komshuwalensela ophakeme kakhulu emhlabeni kuyilapho isebenzisa imali engaphansi kakhulu kwe-0 000 kusetshenziswa i-R36 kuno-0. Ukugcizelela kwesimiso sokuvinjelwa nokuhlinzwa njalo kusiza kulemiphumela.

Imfundo Iwukuziphatha Okuhle

Isimiso semfundo silawula inhloko - dolobha yomuntu, ukukwazi ukusebenzelana nabantu nokuncintisana kwesizwe. Amafilosofi ahlukene e - no Child Lend Behind Act nasemikhankasweni yokulinganisela yaseFinland anikeza izifundo ezicacile.

Izimiso Zezomnotho

Izimiso zezomnotho zithonya ngokuqondile umsebenzi, ukwehla kwamandla emali, ukwanda, nokungalingani. Izibonelo ezimbili ezivelele zenza isimo sezomnotho sibe namandla ngemva kwezinguquko zezentengiselwano ezinkulu nezohwebo zaseChina, ezibonisa indlela isenzo sikahulumeni esingayibuyisela ngayo yonke izomnotho.

  • [[FLT: 0] u-Keynesia Economic Policies: Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho kwango-1930 kwachitha i-laissez-faire orthodox. Isazi sezomnotho saseBrithani uJohn Maynard Keynes sathi phakathi nokwehla kwezomnotho, imfuno yomuntu siqu yayanele ukubuyisela umsebenzi ogcwele, futhi uhulumeni kumelwe ungenele ekuncipheni imali echithwayo emisebenzini yomphakathi nakwezinye izinhlelo. I-U. i-New Deare, ikakhulukazi i-Mics Progress Administration and Social Security, yahlanganisa lendlela. Kamuva, izimiso ze-Keynenesian zangemva kweMpi yeMpi yeMpi yeZwe II zamazwe amaningi aseNtshonalanga, okuholela emashumini eminyaka enciphelweni ephansi nakwenyukayo. Inkinga yezezimali ka-U. U-U.S.777 ye-Extertic Act of Great Great
  • iChina’s Economic Reformations (Gaige Kaifang): Kusukela ngo-1978 ngaphansi kweDeng Xiaopiang, iChina yasuka ezomnotho ezihleliwe yasuka embonini ehlelelwe ukuya embonini yemakethe isuka ekulawuleni okukodwa kwezombangazwe. Izinguquko ezasuswa ngesigaba esisodwa, zavumela ibhizinisi elizimele, zavula izwe laya kwelinye izwe ekuthengeni imali, futhi zamiswa iMini ekhethekile. Umphumela waba intuthuko engakaze ibonwe: i-GDP ku-20679 kuya ku-R2 000 ngo-2022, zisuka ekuncipheni kweze ngo-2022 000, ziphakamisa cishe izigidi ezingu-80 zeze zisuka kubumpofu [FL:2] Imininingwane ye-Branch [FF:3], kodwa futhi ukuncibiliza inguquko, inguquko, iyaqhubeka nokuncikelela kwezenkambiso.
  • Isibonelo sokwethulwa kwezenhlalakahle – i-Social Market Economy yaseJalimane: Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, iNtshona Jalimane yamukela “intengo yezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano” ehlanganisa ukuncintisana okukhululekile nokuthengisa isifunda sezenhlalakahle esinamandla kanye nokuhlelwa kwesimiso somsebenzi emabhodini enkampani. Lesimiso sakhuthaza i- “Wirtschaftwinder" (isimangaliso sezezomnotho) futhi sasiza iJalimane ukuba ilondoloze isisekelo esiqinile sokukhiqiza, ukuswela umsebenzi, nokwehla kwemisebenzi, kanye nokuhlangana kwezenhlalo ngisho naphakathi kwezentengo yezomnotho.

Amasiko Endawo Ezungezile

Isimiso somphakathi sendawo ezungezile sikhuluma ngezinto ezihlangene ezinjengomoya ohlanzekile namanzi, ngokuvamile ezimakethe ezihlulekayo ukuvikela. izibonelo ezimbili ezinkulu ezilawulayo zibonisa indlela ukungenela kukahulumeni okungaletha ngayo intuthuko esheshayo noma ukubhekana nokuphehla kwezombangazwe.

  • I-Ceador Air Act (United States): Kuqala kwamiswa ngo-1963 futhi kwaqiniswa kakhulu ngo-1970 nango-1990, i-Ceat Air Act igunyaza i-Nkathi ye-Evironmental Protection (EPA) ukumisa i-National Applity Sight Sight Sound Sight Act engcolise izinto ezingcolisayo njenge-ozomeya, ingxenye ye-partum, ne-sulfur dioxide. Umthetho udinga ukusebenzisa amacebo okuhlangabezana nalezozindinganiso kanye nokukhipha ugesi eziphuma emithonjeni ehambayo ne-pale. Ngokwenani lemvula eliphansi lemvula [[FLT] [FLD:3], phakathi kuka-1970 no-2020, ukukhishwa kwezingcolisi ezivamile eziwe zezinto eziyisithupha eziwehlayo ezisendleni ezisendlekile kuncike kakhulu.
  • Isivumelwano seParis (International Revention): samukelwa yizigaba ezingu-196 ngo-2015, isivumelwano se-Paris sibopha ngokomthetho isivumelwano sezizwe zonke sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Sigunyaza izimemezelo ukulinganisela ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke ngezansi kuka-2°C ngaphezu kweyenkaba yonyaka, ngeminikelo yokuzithandela (i-NDC) ehlelwa ngokuzithandela njalo eminyakeni emihlanu. Ngokungafani ne-Loto Proto Protocol, i-Paris ivumela izwe ngalinye ukuba libeke inhloso yalo, ifaka ingxenye yalo enkulu. Inzalo, nakuba kunjalo, ibhekene izinselele eziphikelelayo: amazinga amaningi akhona manje eNDC anele ukuhlangabezana nomgomo we-2°C, nokuhoxa-oka okulandelana kwe-United States ngaphansi kwesimiso se-ovazwe lonke.

Indima Kahulumeni Ekumisweni Komphakathi

Ukuqonda izindima zawo ezinezici eziningi kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi yini engenziwa noma engenziwa.

  • [[NTL:0] Imvume: Igatsha lemithetho (iSiphakamiso, iPhalamende, njll.) limisa imithetho echaza uhlelo lwenqubo yomphakathi. Abaqondisi bemithetho baphikisana, i-ante, nokuvota ezikweletini ezisingatha yonke into kusukela emazingeni entela kuya ekulondekeni kokudla. Amandla ezombangazwe okwenza umthetho (isigaba, iziyalezo zekomiti, ukudlulisa, ukuthatha izintambo, nesakhiwo sohlelo oluhlangene () alungisa ngokuqondile inqubo yokugcina.
  • Isinqumo: Izinhlangano eziphethe zihumusha iziyalo zemithetho ezibanzi zibe yimithetho eqondile, egcinwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-EPA ibhala imithetho esebenzisa i-Cease Air Act, kuyilapho i-Security and Exchange Commission yengamela izimakethe zezimali. Lezi zikhungo zihlola ukuthotshelwa, zihlola ukuphamba, futhi zibeke izijeziso. Inqubo yokubeka imithetho ngokwayo ingaphansi kokukhulumela komphakathi futhi ngezinye izikhathi, inezela izingqimba zokulandisa.
  • Ukuhlelwa kwemali nohlelo lwezenzuzo: uHlelo lwemali lukahulumeni luyisizinda sesimiso somphakathi. Iziphakamiso zinquma ukuthi zingaki izingane ezithola imali ephansi ezithola inzuzo yezempilo nge-Medicaid, imayela angakanani omgwaqo omkhulu ophinde wahlelwa, noma ukuthi zingaki izazi zesayensi ezixhaswayo ekucwaningeni ngesimo sezulu. Izinqumo zokuhlela uhlelo lwemali zibonisa izinto eziza kuqala kwezombangazwe futhi zibangela ukuxabana okukhulu phakathi kwezithakazelo eziphikisanayo.
  • Ukufakelwa nokubekwa kwemithetho: i-Profethi iphumelela njenge-iphantia yayo. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ngokuvamile ngokubambisana nenzuzo engakhi noma izinhlangano zokwakha zangasese, zinikeza izinkonzo ezinjengokuswela umsebenzi, imfundo yomphakathi, nokugcinwa komthetho. Ukufakelwa kwezithuba ezibangelwa ukunganele kwezisebenzi, i-intellitia, noma izinqubo eziklanywe kabi, kululaza ngisho nezinqumo ezizinzile.
  • I-actuation and Soastback: Ohulumeni basebenzisa ulwazi nobufakazi ngokuqhubekayo ukuze bahlole ukuthi izimiso ziyayifinyelela yini imigomo yabo. Imishini ingaphatha izindleko ze-benficition, ukuhlola okulawulwa ngokungakhethi (njengokuguqula kwezenhlalakahle), noma ukuhlola ukusebenza). Imiphumela ibuyela emuva emjikelezweni wesimiso, iholela ekulungiseni, ekwandiseni, noma ekuqedeni izinhlelo.

Izinselele Ekusetshenzisweni Kwesimiso Somphakathi

Ngisho nezimiso ezihlelwe ngokucophelela kakhulu zingantengantenga phakathi nokusetshenziswa kwazo.

  • I-Prolitical Resistance:[ I-Pricies esongela izithakazelo ezihleliwe ngokuvamile ibhekene nokuphikiswa okuhleliwe yiqembu lemboni, abaphikisi bemibono, noma umphakathi. I-ACA yasinda emizamweni eminingi kodwa yabona imibuso eminingana yenqaba ukwanda kweMedicaid, ishiya izigidi zingakholeki. Ngokufanayo, izihlongozo zekhabhonithi emazweni anjenge-Australia neFrance ziye zabangela ingxabano yezombangazwe.
  • Ukulinganiselwa kwemali encishisiwe: Ukunqandwa kwemali kungabulala izimiso ezifuna ukuvelela zokuxhasa imali ezidingekayo ukuze iphumelele. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Antuers ene-Drugment Education Act (IDEA) e-U.S. ithembisa ukuhlanganisa amaphesenti angu-40 ezindleko eziqikelelwe zokufundisa abafundi abakhubazekile, kodwa i-Congress akakaze ixhase ngokugcwele izindleko, izindleko ezishintshayo ezisezindaweni.
  • Izinhlangano zomphakathi zingantula ubuchwepheshe, izisebenzi, noma ukuvumelana nezimo ukuze zisebenzise izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi. Emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, izimiso zokuqondisa ezibuthakathaka zivimbela ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo eyisisekelo njengokusakaza umjovo. Ngisho nasezinhlanganweni ezinekhono, impucuko yangaphakathi ingamelana nezinqubo ezintsha noma ukuhlelwa kohlelo olusha.
  • Ukulandelana nemiphumela engekho ekhona: Izimiso zomphakathi ziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi izimiso zivame ukuveza imiphumela abaklami ababengayilindele. Izinhlelo ze-Welfare-toich zinganciphisa ukuthembela kodwa futhi zisunduze eminye imikhaya emisebenzini engahlelekile. Izimiso ezihloselwe ukulondoloza isimilo sendawo zingaveza ukuswelakala kwezindlu. Ukuhlaziya okuhle kulindele imiphumela enjalo eyingozi ngezinhlelo zomshayeli nangemiklamo yakhe.
  • [[NTL:0] Umbono we-Public Privition and Trust: Imithetho ephethe ukuthi abantu abanakho ukuqonda noma ukwethembana ibhekene nokufezeka kwezinselele. Imithetho egunyaza, izimfuneko zokufihla izifihla - buso, nokuvala kwesikole phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19 yabangela ukumelana ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuncipha kokuthembana ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. Ukuxhumana okusobala kanye nokuvimbela ukubambisana kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubambisana.

Isiphetho

Isimiso somphakathi asisona inqubo engabonakali noma inqubo eqhele kakhulu yokulawula. Inqubo esetshenziswa imiphakathi yenza ukukhetha okuhlangene mayelana nendlela yokwaba amathuba, ukusingatha izingozi, nokuphishekela izinhloso ezifanayo. Izibonelo ezixoxwe lapha `Kusukela ekuthengiseni kwe-Affordal Care Act yemfundo yaseFinland, kusukela ekuncipheni kobumpofu e-China kuya ekungcoliseni ukungcola kwe-Ceaoc Air Act' − `Izilinganiso ezithi ukukhetha kwenqubo kuveza imiphumela engokoqobo, engathi inzuzo engcono ekuthuthukiseni inhlalakahleni yabantu.

Kodwa futhi isimiso siyisimiso sobuzwe esiwubuzwe. Kubafundi nabafundisi abahlanganyela nesimiso somphakathi, umgomo awukona nje ukuhlela impumelelo nokwehluleka kodwa ukusungula amathuluzi angokwesayensi ukuqonda ukuthi kungani izimiso zisebenza noma zihluleka. (16) futhi ukusekela ukuthuthukiswa okusekelwe ebufakazini nasebukholweni. Njengabaholi besikhathi esizayo, izakhamuzi, nabafundi abahlanganyela ekulawuleni ngentando yeningi, ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwezenzo zikahulumeni nemiphumela yezenhlalakahle akuyona into ezenzekelayo; kuyisisekelo senhlala - sawo.