Isinqumo sokuhlela umkhankaso wezombangazwe eUnited States siye saguqulwa kakhulu kusukela ekunqumeni kweNkantolo Ephakeme kuyi - United v. Federal Envotion Commission ngo-2010. Lesi sinqumo, sihlangene ne-D.C. iNkantolo yesifunda ebusa Manje.org v.FEC[FLT], ithala izimali ezinkulu zokusebenzisa imali yezombangazwe ngokuzimele, inyusa isizukulwane esisha sekomiti yezenzo zezombangazwe (PAC). Phakathi kwalezi, ezingekho ezixhumayo, ngaphandle kokusebenza kwenhlangano, noma ukuhlangana, ukuzithole zihamba ngokwanda okuyinkimbinkimbi, ukuhleleka okungokwesayensi, nokusetshenziswa kabusha, futhi lezizinhlangano zisekhona.

Isisekelo: Izakhamuzi Ezihlangene Nokuzalwa Kwe - PAC Ephakeme

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi ama-PAC awazivumelani kanjani, umuntu kumelwe aqale aqonde ukuzamazama komhlaba okungokomthetho okwadala isimiso sanamuhla. Isinqumo sawo se-CIIizens United sabulala izinqabo ezikhona isikhathi eside ezikhona ezichithwayo enkampanini nasekusebenziseni kwemali esetshenziswayo [izindleko ezizimele []] ezithengwayo [[FLT]]]] [imishuwayo] esekela ngokuqondisweyo imvume noma ukunqotshwa kwesivumelwano ngaphandle kokuncintisana nomkhankaso. INkantolo yathi ukuchitha imali kuyisimo sokukhuluma okuvikelekile nokuthi izindleko ezizimele azivezanga ingozi efanayo ye-quid proquo yokonakala njengeminikelo eqondile.

Nakuba isusa imingcele yokuthi ubani ongayisebenzisa, ayizange yakha imoto entsha yokusebenzisa imali. Lokho kwashintsha izinyanga ezimbalwa kamuva lapho iD.C. iNkantolo Yesifunda Manje. .org v[FLT:] .FEC[FLT] yabusa ukuthi amaqembu enza izindleko ezizimele kuphela angamukela iminikelo engenakulinganiswa kubantu ngabanye, izinhlangano, nezinyunyana. I-FEXC yakwenza lokhu ku-Diodoocet Devision 2010-09, yenza ngokomthetho [[FLT:] ngokuhlanganisa ikomiti egcweleyo [[FLT:] [FFF] [FFF] [5], eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi: [FFFFF]

Lokhu kubusa okumbaxambili kwadala ukubhakasha okucacile ezweni lamakomiti ezombangazwe angaxhunyiwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kwakumi i-PAC engokwesiko engekho exhunyiwe, eboshwe ngemingcele eqinile yomnikelo kanye nekhono lokunikela ngokuqondile kwabazohlohlwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kwavela i-PCAC, ekhululwe ekubekeni imingcele kodwa ekhushuliwe emkhankasweni womkhankasweni we-Provice kodwa ewelwe udonga olusuka kumkhankaso womjikelezo wezombangazwe. Umphumela waba ukuqhuma kwemali echithwa ngaphandle. Ngokwemininingwane evela [[FLT: 0] [FLT] , imali esetshenziswa ngaphandle ikhule kusuka ku-R340 000 000 000 kunomjikelezo wokhetho ka 2008 kuya kuR2202,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5, 000, kunomjikelezo 2020, futhi kuqhubeke ukunyuka ngo-202222222.2.2.

I - shall: I - paCs evamile v. i - paCs ephakeme

Ama - PAC anamuhla angaxhunyiwe ngokuvamile awela ezigabani ezimbili ezihlukene zomthetho, ngayinye enemithetho esebenzayo ehlukile nezinzuzo ezingokwezimo.

I-PACs yendabuko engaxhunyiwe

Lezi yizinombolo zomthetho "PACs" eziye zaba khona kusukela kuma 1970. Bangakhokha imingcele eqinile ye-Federal EFomatical Campaign Act (FEKA). Bangacela futhi bamukele ngokuqondile $5 000 [R1,000] ngonyaka ngekhalenda [[[[FLL:1]] ngonyaka. Banganikela [kuyi-FLT] ku-FOM u-R1] kukhetho [[FLT] lwe-offacer ngokuqondile] ku-abement [iiiiii] futhi bangaba ngu-R15,000 ngonyaka eqekelele eqenjini lezombangazwe elivamile. Banganikeza ngokuqondile ubuhlobo obujulile nezikhulu zezombangazwe ezikhethiwe futhi ngokuvamile basebenzisa izilinganiso eziyisishiyagalombili ezidingekayo ngokwezilinganiso ezinkulu, imithombo yezindaba.

I - PPACS Ephakeme (Amakomiti Azimele Okuzimela)

I-Super PACs isebenza ngesibonelo esihlukile kakhulu. Bangaphakamisa izilinganiso ezingenamkhawulo kubantu ngabanye, ezinhlanganweni, ezinyunyana, namanye amakomiti ezombangazwe. Akukho capby engokomthetho elingana nomnikelo. Nokho, bayekwe ngokuphelele [ku-] ukusekela [[ ukuchitha kwabo imali yabo nanoma yiliphi iqembu lezenkolo noma i-politiki. Abakwazi ukunikela ngokuqondile emikhankasweni. Ithonya labo lisetshenziswa ngokuphelele ngezindleko ezizimele: izikhangiso zethelevishini nangamanani, ukuqondisa iposi, ukuhlobisa, nokuvota. Ukuphakama kwe-PUPUPC kukwanyuse ithonya ithonya elijulileyo lezisebenzi ezinikelayo lapho imikhankanti zipho ukuphonsa ukuqondisa isigijimi sabo kwamanye amaqembu angaphandle.

Ama - paccod E - brid (Amakomiti Ombukiso)

Imoto yesithathu, engajwayelekile kakhulu yi-Hybrid PC, eyasungulwa ngemva kwe-D.C. ukubusa kwesifunda Carey v. FEC (2011). Lamakomiti agcina ukulandisa okubili okuhlukene: i-akhawunti yomnikelo elinganiselwe enganikeza ngokuqondile abazokucela, ne-Akhawunti ye-PACIC engaphakamisa futhi isebenzise izilinganiso ezingapheli ezinhlwini ezizimele. sybrid PACs inikeza ukuvumelana okukhulu kodwa iza nezimfuneko zokugcina amarekhodi ahlukene nezingagunyaziwe ukuqinisekisa iminikelo ngokungafanele.

Ukulawula Isimiso Somthetho: Izinselele Ze - FOC Nezokubambisana

Inselele evumelanisa ne-PACs engaxhunyiwe iqala nge-reagurator ngokwayo. I-Federal Evotion Commission (FEC) iyinhlangano esebenza ngemithetho yezezimali eqashelwayo. Nokho, iqashelwa kabanzi njengendikimba engahleleki, evalelwe emigqeni ye-ravess (3) ezithenwaneni eziphawulekayo zokugcinwa nokumiswa kwemithetho. Le-gript idala kokubili izingozi namathuba.

Ku-PaCs, ukudideka okusho ukuthi imithetho ivame ukulolongwa yiMiqondo (AOs), ukunikeza iziqondiso zokulalela ngokwethukela, kunokucacisa umthetho. I-PC kumelwe isebenzise iseluleko esinolwazi lokulalela ukuze ichaze indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo kubuchwepheshe obusha njengeminikelo eyimfihlo, i-NFTTAING, noma izikhangiso ze-AI.

Izindawo ezisemqoka zokulalela zihlanganisa:

  • Umbiko weRegimes: Imibiko ye-PC kumele ibhalwe njalo nge-FEC i- disc echaza iminikelo nezindleko zayo. Kuye ngesilinganiso somsebenzi wayo, ingabhala ngenyanga, ngekota, noma ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuhluleka ukubhala amafayela ngokunembile nangesikhathi kungaphumela ekulandeleni izikhombisi kanye nenhlawulo.
  • I-National Ban: Akuvunyelwe ukuba noma yiliphi ikomiti lezombangazwe licele noma lamukele iminikelo evela kwamanye amazwe (amazwe angenazo izikhawu ezihlala njalo). Lokhu kuwumugqa obomvu obucayi odinga i-PACs ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinqubo eziqinile zokusiza onikeleyo, ikakhulukazi eminikelweni exhunywe kuyi-intanethi.
  • I-Disclaimers: Zonke izimemezelo zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezikhangiso ze-technoloji kanye nezikhungo zezokuxhumana, kumelwe ziphathe isikhokhiso se-dislaymer sokukhokha ukuxhumana nokuthi igunyazwe yini ngomvoti. I-FEC inemithetho eqondile mayelana nobukhulu, ukubekwa, ne-obumba lalamadiski.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Okuhlelekile Enkathini Yomkhankaso Wamanani

Ngaphandle kokulalela, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe kuye kwadingeka ukuba ashintshe izincwadi zawo zokudlala ukuze ahlale ebalulekile endaweni ehlukene, ewuluhlu lwezinombolo zezindaba. Isibonelo esidala sokuqoqa iposi ngokuqondile nokusakaza ithelevishini asisanele.

Imininingwane-Driven Microwing-Target

I-Super PAC yanamuhla isebenza njengamafemu ayinkimbinkimbi. Bathenga noma bagunyaze amafacede amakhulu abavoti aqukethe ukwaziswa okuphathelene nenani labantu, umlando, nokwaziswa komthengi. Ngokufaka lokhu ngemininingwane efanekiswe kumapulatifomu e-mitation, bangafaka i-votortetetentium ezibukelweni zezindawo eziphezulu futhi bathumele imiyalezo eshesha kakhulu. I-Super PAC esekela umvotilengi wobumongameli ingasebenzisa inqwaba yemisuka ehlukile eFacebook noma ku-Youtube, ngayinye efanelane neqembu elithile lezendabuko.

Lokhu kufakwa kwemicro evumela ama-PAC ukuba asebenzise ingcebo yawo ngokunembe kakhulu kokuhlinza, afinyelele kubavoti abakholisayo kuyilapho egwema ukusaphaza ukusakaza kubavoti abaqinile noma abangakwazi ukuvota. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemininingwane ye- nokuqoqwa komvoti kungenye yezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu[[ ekulweni phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule.

I - “Dollar Fund ” Encane Ebangela Ukushintsha Kwezinguquko

I-PACs engaxhunyaniswanga, ikakhulukazi ama-PAC, aye athatha kakhulu i-PUS e-Diagn e-dil encanyana ethandwa kakhulu abathathi-mali ababhidisi be-Bernie Sanders noDonald Trump. Isebenzisa amapulatifomu anjengo-Act Blue no-Win Red, i-PACs ithumela i-imeyili ephezulu nemikhankaso yemiyalezo, ngokuvamile isebenzisa ukunxusa okuphuthumayo nokungokomzwelo ukuze imoto inikelwe.

Nakuba iminikelo ngayinye ifakwa ama-$5 000 (R740) ngonyaka e-PACs engokwesiko, i-Super PACs ingamukela izilinganiso ezingenamkhawulo. Nokho, i-eversity encane ene-dilorplan ivumela i-PC ukuba yakhe isisekelo esibanzi sabanikelayo abanikela ngoR1,50, noma R720 ngesikhathi. Lokhu kunikeza inzuzo egciniwe encikekayo encike kakhulu kwabaxhasi abambalwa abacebile futhi inikeza ukusekela okunentengo yotshani. Inselele lapha ingu ingu inikeza uhlu lwezinsika kanye nokukhathala komyalezo; ukuzuza iminikelo emisha kuyabiza kakhulu.

Umkhiqizo wokuqukethwe nokuthunyelwa kokuzimela

Mhlawumbe ushintsho olubonakalayo kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwemithombo yezindaba ezimele. Ama-PAC aphakeme aseyizindawo zokukhangisa ezincane, adala izikhangiso zethelevishini ezilinganayo, amabhukwana amade, amavidiyo, nezithombe zezokuxhumana ezisekelwe ku-meme-neves. Ngenxa yokuthi awakwazi ukuhlangana nemikhankaso, kumelwe athembele ekwahluleleni kwawo siqu ukuthi imiphi imiyalezo ezoba ngcono kakhulu.

Lenkululeko inkemba ebambene kabili. Ivumela ama-PAC aphakeme ukuba aqhube izikhangiso ngezihloko umkhankaso ongathola ukuthi ziyingozi kakhulu noma azinazo. I-PAC enkulu inga "ayikhomba kabi" kumphikisi, ivumele umkhankaso ongokomthetho ukuba ulondoloze isithombe esihle. Ngokuphambene, icebo elicatshangelwe kabi le-PACIOGS elingamlimaza umuntu ohlose ukusiza ngaphandle kokuba nomkhankaso osemthethweni ucele noma yini engakwenza ukuba unqandwe ukulimisa isithombe esiqondile.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwesivumelwano: Umngcele Onzima Kakhulu Wokuhamba

Ukwenqatshelwa okungokomthetho kokuxhumanisa izigaba kuyisici esisodwa esiyinkimbinkimbi nesiyingozi kakhulu kuma-PAC. I-FEC ichaza ukubambisana ngokuthi ukusungulwa kokuxhumana okwenziwa "ngokubambisana, ukuxhumana, noma ikhonsathi, noma ngesicelo noma ngokusikisela" kwe-"mbhalisa noma ikomiti yeqembu. Uma izindleko zitholakala zihlangene, imingcele yomnikelo waleyo komiti esebenzayo, kungenzeka ukuba yenza konke okuthengwe ngokungemthetho.

Ukuze kuqhutshwe leli cebo, ama-PAC nemikhankaso kuye kwamisa imililo eqinile . Abasebenzi bangaphambili nomeluleki bavame ukusayina izivumelwano ezingagunyazi i-paccoution futhi bavinjwe ekusebenziseni i-PAC ngaphakathi. Imikhankaso ivame ukulahla obala imigqa eqondile yokuhlasela noma amasu okwenza ama-computer.

Ukuvela kwemidiyamu yezokuxhumana kunemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi. I-FEC izama ukuhambisana nendlela imikhankaso namaqembu angaphandle angabonisana ngayo ngezinkulumo zomphakathi, izikhungo zezokuxhumana, noma abathengisi abahlukene. Ngo-2022, i-FEC yabheka imithetho emisha elawula ukubambisana kwezimiso zemishini, kodwa i-racklock ivimbela inguquko enkulu[[. Ngakho-PCs kumele asebenze ngokuqapha kakhulu, ngokuvamile ukugwema abathengisi noma amasiko avamile angabhekwa njengendlela yokuxhumanisa.

Intambo Ebona Kahle: Imishini Yokukhipha Imali Nemali Emnyama

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe asebenza ngaphansi kombuso wokubona ngale ogcwele izikhala ezivalekile. Ama-PAC amakhulu kumele ambule abanikezi bawo kwi-FEC. Nokho, ukuhlelwa komthetho ngokuhlakanipha kungafihla umthombo wokuqala wemali.

Idlula Ngezingxenye Ezincane Nezinti

Okunye ukuvumelana okuvamile ukusebenzisa izinkampani ezilinganiselayo ezinecala (LLCs) kanye nezinhlangano ezidlulayo. Umuntu oyedwa ocebile angadala ama-LLC amaningi futhi anikele nge-PAC ePhakeme elivela kwelinye, umkhuba owaziwa ngokuthi "I-LLC lanting". kuyilapho i-FEC inemithetho enqabela ukwenza umnikelo egameni lomunye, ukuphoqelelwa akuvamile.

Ukungenwa Kwemali Emnyama

Ukweshela okukhulu kuvela ebuhlotsheni phakathi kweSuper PACs ne-501(c)(4) "izinhlangano zenhlalakahle yabantu". A 501(c)(4) ingaphakamisa imali engenamkhawulo evela kubanikeli abangatshelwanga bese isebenzisa leyo mali ekukhangiseni kwezombangazwe, uma nje ezombangazwe kungeyona injongo yayo yokuqala. Lamaqembu anganikela nangemali ku-PACILEN. Uma i-PAC yamukela umnikelo ovela ku-501(c), (4), i-PACCPUS imelwe ukuyibika, kodwa akumelwe ikwazi ukudweba iminikelo yokuqala kuma-501(c)(4). Lokhu kwenza u-"umgemgerho wokuxhasa imali efihliwe umphakathi.

Lokhu kuzivumelanisa kuphikisana. Abasekeli bezokuveza ngokukhululekile baphikisa ngokuthi kululaza ukuveza okusekelwa ku- Citinns United. Inkantolo yemali ibhale ngokucacile ngokombono wayo [[[ ukuthi ukubonakala nokucaciswa kuvumela ukuvotelwa "ukunikeza izikhulumi nemiyalezo ehlukile ubunzima obufanele." Izimoto ezimnyama zibhala ngokuphumelelayo ngokombono wayo ukuthi ukuveza ukukhanya nokucaciswa kwemibono kuvumela ukuvotelelwa "ukunikeza i-"isilinganiselo esikhethekile sokunikeza izibalo nemiyalezo ehlukahlukeneyo."Izimoto ezimnyama zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo ekuthembisweni.

Izinselele Eziyinhloko Nezici Ezingokomthetho Ezibhekene Nalo Mjikelezo Wamanje

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe emjikelezweni ka-2024 nangalé kwezinselele eziningana ezicindezelayo:

  • I-Commocturancy Compuntance: I-FEC ikhiphe iziVumo ze-PC ezivumela i-Bicuin kanye nezinye izinto ze-atcom, kodwa kumelwe ihambisane neziqondiso eziqinile. Kumelwe iguqule i-corpto comporance ngokushesha, iqinisekise ukuba umnikelo uvunyelwe ngokomthetho, futhi uwuphathe njengomnikelo ophakathi kohlobo uma kunikezwa noma yiziphi izinkonzo (njengemali ye-creamsting). I-pallto iveza inselele ebalulekile.
  • Isici esivamile: I-FEC isungule umthetho wokulawula ukusetshenziswa kokujula kwemifakethi ne-Al-genemeta ezikhangisweni zezombangazwe. Nakuba kungekho mithetho yokugcina ekhona, i-PAC kumelwe iqaphele ngokusebenzisa imithombo yezindaba eyenziwe ngokungeyo engabhekwa njengekhohlisayo. Ezinye izifundazwe kakade zidlulise imithetho efuna amadislayidimente ekukhangisweni kwezombangazwe i-IP.
  • I-Shifting Judication Mozal: Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme lizogxeka. Icala elihilela ukulinganisela kwezezokuxhumana, ukuma kumacala, nekusasa lomthetho wokuphatha linemiphumela eqondile yendlela i-PAC exhumana ngayo nendlela i-FEC ephoqelela ngayo umthetho. Isiphelo se- Chron[[ imfundiso engavula izinselele ezingokomthetho ezengeziwe ze-FEC.
  • Ukuqhuma kwe-PAC kwabangela ukuncintisana okukhulu kwabanikeli. I-Super PAC ephezulu ibuswa kakhulu inani elincane lamabhiliyoni nezinhlangano ezinkulu, okwenza kube nzima ngamaPaC amancane asekelwe kumagazini ukuze athole inzuzo.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Public Sentiment and Backlash: Kunokukhungatheka komphakathi okwandayo ngendima yemali enkulu kwezombangazwe. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe kumelwe ilawule umshini wayo womphakathi ngokucophelela. I-PAC ebhekwa njengeyonakele noma ithonywe kakhulu umninindlu oyedwa ingaba yicala kwabazo esekelayo.

Ukushintsha Kwesikhathi Esizayo: Ukuthambekela Kokuqapha

Cishe eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo ama - PAC angaxhunyiwe ayaqhubeka eguquka esabela ekucindezeleni okungokomthetho nokungokobuchwepheshe.

ngokokuqala, silindele ukukhuliswa okukhethekile. Sesibona kakade ukunyuka "kweziyalezo" ama-PAC angakhiqizi izikhangiso kodwa kunalokho anikeza imininingwane, izikhangiso, nezinkonzo zokuvuma kwamanye amaqembu ahlangene. Lokhu kuvumela abanikeleyo ukuba bahlanganise izimali ukuze bahlanganyele izinkonzo ngaphandle kokuvusa izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi.

, impi yokudalula izakukhula. Ukucindezela okuvela emaqenjini abashisekeli, ababambi-mfundamabhayisethi, futhi abanye abamisi-mthetho bangaphoqelela ukuba babonakale kakhulu ukusuka emashayelweni amnyama emali. Ukubusa kwe-SEC ekuchaziseni izimali zezezombangazwe, kuyilapho okwamanje kuvaliwe, kuhlala kuyinto engenzeka yokuguqula umdlalo.

, I-Al izoguqula okuqukethwe ukudala. I-PACS izakusebenzisa isakhi sofuzo ukuze ihlanganise ama-imeyili, ibhale imibhalo ebhaliwe, futhi ikhiqize imilaye yevidiyo ezigidi zabavoti kanye kanye. Isihluthulelo sizokubuza ukuthi i-Al-gallered idinga yini idiski futhi yiyo enecala ngokusemthethweni ngezikhangiso ze-IP ezikhohlisayo noma ezidukisayo.

ekugcineni, umsebenzi wezinga eliphansi likahulumeni uzokhula. Njengoba i-tracklock kahulumeni iqhubeka, amazwe amaningi aye adlulisa imithetho yawo yezezimali, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zezembulo nemingcele yomnikelo wezinga likahulumeni le-PACs. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe esebenza ezizweni eziningi kumelwe ilandele futhi ihambisane nomsebenzi wemithetho ehlukene engu-50 ehlukene, umthwalo wokuphatha obalulekile ovumela izinhlangano ezineziphekethiwe kahle.

Isiphetho

I-PAC engaxhunyiwe isidalwa esivumelana ngokuphawulekayo nomthetho wezezimali. Izalwa ngokuqondisisa komthetho we- i-Citizens United kanye [FLT] ne[FLT]Speech Manje.org, lezinhlangano ziye zakwazi ukubhekana nokungaqiniseki okungokomthetho, ukuphazamisana kobuchwepheshe, nokuhlola umphakathi. Ikhono lazo lokusinda nokuchuma lixhomeke ekuqondeni imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi ye-FEC, ukungana njalo kwamathuluzi engokwezinqubo, kanye nokuphatha ngokucophelela kwemigqa ehlukanisayo ezigwetshwe nabaqondisi abafuna ukuvolwa.

Njengoba umjikelezo wokhetho wama-2024 ubonisa, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe awathathi nje kuphela iqhaza kwezombangazwe zaseMelika; achaza ubuntu bawo. Andisa amazwi abacebile, ahlela ukugeleza kwemali emnyama, futhi aqhubele phambili izikhangiso ezingezinhle ezilawula i-aimo-mouse. Ukuthi lemiqondo ibhekwa njengokusetshenziswa okunempilo kokukhuluma ngenkululeko noma ithonya elilimazayo kwentando yeningi, amandla avumelana nala makomiti aqinisekisa ukuthi ahlala enkabeni yesimo sezombangazwe sezwe ngekusasa elivunyiweyo.