Imithetho iklama cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela kwisivinini semigwaqo yendawo kuya kumlinganiselo wentela emalini nasezingeni lokuphepha lempahla yabathengi. Kodwa indlela elula ethathwayo ukuze ibe umthetho ophoqelelwe ivame ukungaqondwa. Inqubo yokwenza umthetho kuwo womabili amazinga ombuso nombuso iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlolwe, umelelwa, nokulandisa. Le siqondiso sinikeza incazelo ecacile, ethatha isinyathelo esilandelanayo yendlela imithetho engenziwa ngayo, lapho izimiso ezimbili zihlukene khona, nendlela izakhamuzi ezingasebenza ngayo ngokuphumelelayo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokwenza Imithetho

Inqubo yokwakha imithetho eUnited States isekelwe kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., owamisa isimiso sombuso wezwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amandla okubusa ahlukaniswa phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni abangohulumeni. 10] yeSichibiyelo [ sicacisa ukuthi amagunya angaphathiswanga ngokuqondile uhulumeni kahulumeni, noma enqatshelwe emibusoni, agcinelwe ezindaweni noma kubantu. Lengxenye iyisizathu sokuba kube nenqubo eqinile yokwenza umthetho eWashington, D.C., kanye nokufana okufanayo, kodwa okuzimeleyo, kuhulumeni ngamunye.

Esigabeni sikahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo ukha amagatsha amathathu ahlukene kahulumeni ukuze aqhubekisele phambili amagunya ahlukene: i i-Literatifiti yegatsha (I-Conference]) (I-Aregital [] Igatsha [[[FLT:]]] [i-Awundlu]] [[FLT]]]] [igatsha nezinhlangano zikahulumeni] eziphoqelela imithetho, [i-Jortic Office] [[FLT]] (inkantolo echaza imithetho. iMithetho-mthetho] echaza lesimo, ukwenza isakhiwo sayo, isikhulu sawo, isikhululo, namagatsha okwahlulela. Ukuqonda ukuthi yini kuqala ukukhokha umthetho. [F]

Inqubo Yokushaya Imithetho Kwesizwe: Indlela UBill Aba Ngayo Umthetho Emkhandlwini

Uhambo lomthetho kahulumeni luyimpicabadala, luklanyelwe ukuvimbela umthetho ocatshangelwe noma ocatshangelwa kabi. Yilungu loMkhandlu kuphela elingasungula isigwebo, kodwa imiqondo yezikweletu ivela emithonjeni eminingi: amaqembu entela, amaqembu empatho, amabhizinisi, uMongameli, noma ngisho nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Uma seluye lwaziswa, lolu mthetho kumelwe lusinde eqenjini elihlotshisiwe lamakomiti, izimpikiswano, amavoti, futhi ekugcineni, isenzo sobumongameli.

Ukumenyezelwa Kwebhola

Umthetho wesivumelwano usungulwa eMzini wabameleli noma Sentate (nezindleko eziphawulekayo zemali, okumelwe zivele eNdlulweni). Ilungu elazisayo isikweleti laziwa njengomxhasi. Isivumelwano sabelwe inani (umk. H.R. 1 noma S. 1) futhi linyatheliswe kuyi-Conal Reconoral [[[[FLT:]]

IKomiti: Amahhashi Omsebenzi Omhlangano

AmaKomiti alapho umsebenzi omkhulu wemithetho ukhona. UMkhandlu unamakomiti amaningi amile (njengeKomiti yendlu ngezindlela nangendlela noma iKomiti yeSishayamthetho ye-Roxas Foreign Relations), ngalinye eliphethe izindawo ezithile ezingokomthetho. Lesi isigaba lapho kuhlala khona noma kufe khona isikweleti.

Ukuzwa Nokuphawula

Uma isikweleti sesibhekiswe ekomitini, ngokuvamile sibekwa ekhalendeni lekomiti. Ikomiti ingathatha izwa ukuzwa [ ukuqoqa ukwaziswa nokuzwa ubufakazi obuvela kochwepheshe, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nabameleli becala noma becala. Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, ikomiti ihlangana eqenjini lokuxoxa ngomugqa wecala ngomugqa futhi icabangele izinqumo. Amalungu ekomiti avotela kulokhu kubuyiselwa nokuvota ukuthi izobika yini izikhokhelo emuva egumbini eligcwele.

Ukubika Ibhilidi

Uma ikomiti ivumela lesi sivumelwano, "bikwe" eGangeni eligcwele noma eNdluneni noma eNkabeni kanye nombiko obhaliwe ochaza izenzo zekomiti kanye nenjongo yesivumelwano. Uma ikomiti yenqaba ukwenza, isiphakamiso singaba "siphuzi" ngokungenasiphelo. Ezimweni ezingavamile, isicelo singasetshenziswa endluni ukuphoqa isikhwama sekomiti, kodwa lokhu kudinga amalungu amaningi ukuba asisayine.

Isinyathelo Esilula: Impikiswano Nezinqumo

Ngemva kokuba kubikwe isikweleti, kumelwe kuhlelwe ukuba kube nenkulumo - mpikiswano phansi kweNdlu noma eNdlu Yezigele.

Indlu Yabameleli: Impikiswano Ehleliwe

Inikwe ubukhulu bayo (amalungu angu-435), indlu incike emithethweni eqinile. Indlu yemithetho yeKomiti isebenza njenge "traffic cop," ikhipha "imithetho" ehlela imigaqo yempikiswano, kuhlanganise nokuthi isikhathi esingakanani esizovunyelwa, ukuthi indinganiso izocatshangelwa, nokuthi izinguquko zingaba yi-equanane (i-revot) esibhakabhakeni. Lenqubo igcina indlu ihamba kahle kodwa ilinganisela ikhono lamalungu ngamanye ukuba abambezele imicimbi.

ISigele: Impikiswano Engenamingcele Ne - Filibuster

ISigele sisebenza ngokuvumelana. Imithetho ivumela ukuthatha impikiswano enwetshiwe emalini. I-metary ingabamba iphansi isikhathi eside uma nje ithanda, ikhuluma amahora noma izinsuku. Lelisu, elaziwa ngokuthi line-filibuster[, lingasetshenziswa ukulibazisa noma ukuvala ivoti. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iSigele kumelwe sivote ukuvota [ ukuvota [, okudinga ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu kwamavoti 60. Uma igalelo lingafinyeliswa, umthetho ufa ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthetho omkhulu udinga ukuvota 60 eSixukwini se-Genelve, kunokuba udlule ikhulu le-101.

Ukukhangisa Nokudlula

Uma impikiswano iphela, amavoti akhona kule ngqungquthela. Kudingeka iningi ukuze imvume idlule (218 kuya ku-435 eNdlu, 51 kwekhulu ku-Gabe,). Uma isamba sidlula, sithunyelwa kwelinye igumbi (i-Sanate noma iNdlu) lapho inqubo efanayo iphinda khona. Ngoba amagumbi amabili ngokuvamile adlula izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene zemali efanayo, isinyathelo esilandelayo sibalulekile.

Ukulungisa Ukungezwani: IKomiti Yengqungquthela

Uma indlu neSigele kudlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene zesivumelwano somthetho, ikomiti evumelanayo imiswa. Lekomiti yakhiwa amalungu asemagumbini womabili asebenza ngokubuyisana. Baxoxa ngenguquko eyodwa, ephihliwe yomthetho. Umbiko wengqungquthela kumelwe udluliswe yiyo yomibili indlu neSigele evoti ephezulu noma ehholweni elingavunyelwe ukumiswa.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Uma isidlulise izikweletu ezifanayo zombili, ithunyelwa kuMongameli wase-United States. UMongameli unezinketho eziningana:

  • [ Uphawu lomthetho:[ Ivele ibe umthetho futhi inikezwe inani loMthetho womphakathi.
  • Ikhomba umlomo:[ UMongameli ubuyisela isikweleti eSishaya - mthetho ngokuphikisa. Isikhongozeli singazama ukudlula.
  • Ungathathi nyathelo: Uma uMongameli engenzi lutho izinsuku eziyishumi (ithathe amaSonto) kuyilapho uMkhandlu useqenjini, umlomo uvele ube umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo.
  • I-Pocket Veto: Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo nazingqungquthela phakathi naleyonkathi yeshumi nosuku, umthetho awuwubeki umthetho. UMongameli uye waphumelela ukuyenza i-"packet thoto" ngaphandle kwesenzo esingokomthetho.

I - Congress Idebeselela

UKhongolose lunamandla okuhlola igunya likaMongameli. Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungavotela i-veto]. Ukuphumelela, ama-350 adingeka kokubili eNdlu ne-Gazer. Lokhu kuyibhande eliphezulu, futhi kuyinto engavamile, kodwa kusebenza njengenhlolo enamandla emandleni ombuso. Ukuze kuhlolwe isimo samanje semali nemithetho kahulumeni, isikhulu . Iwebhsite yezemfundo ebanzi.

Inqubo Yokwenza Imithetho KaHulumeni: Indlela Efana Naleyo Enezinto Ezingafani Eziyingqayizivele

Nakuba ukwenza umthetho kahulumeni kusondelana nenqubo kahulumeni, kunomehluko omkhulu owenza ohulumeni bezwe bangeneke, bavumelane, futhi basabelele ezidingweni zendawo. Zonke izizwe (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska) zinendlu yomthetho ye-bimeval, okusho ukuthi inegumbi amabili, ngokuvamile elibizwa ngokuthi iSigeqe nendlu noma i-Assembly. i-Nebraska ine-unbameral (i-cambar) yomthetho womthetho.

Indlela Ibhuloho LoMbuso Eliba Ngayo Umthetho

Inqubo esezingeni lesimo ilandela indlela ejwayelekile:

  • I-introduction: I-senator kazwelonke noma ilungu lenhlangano lethula isikweleti.
  • Committee Review: Imali yabelwe ikomiti yesizwe yezomthetho zokuchoma nokunyusa. Amakomiti oMbuso avame ukusebenza ngaphandle kwemithetho eqinile kunabanye abameleli bawo bahulumeni, okwenza kube lula ngezakhamuzi ezivamile ukunikeza ubufakazi.
  • [ Impikiswano ye-Floor and Vote: Icala liphikiswana futhi livotelwe yigumbi eligcwele. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zivame ukuba nezikhawu eziqinile zokuhambisa izikweletu kulenqubo. Ezinye izifunda-zwe azinawo umthetho we-bonorybuster, okwenza lenqubo isheshe.
  • [[UMTH:0] Umkhakha ohlangene: Umthetho ungena ngenqubo efanayo kwenye igumbi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isenzo seGovernor:[[Umthetho:1] Uma udluliswa, izindleko ziya kuMbusi.

Amandla oMbusi: Isibonakaliso, i-Veto, kanye ne-Line-Item-

UMbusi usebenza njengomphathi omkhulu kahulumeni. NjengoMongameli, bangasayina incwadi emthethweni, beyifaka, noma bayivumele ibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa kwabo. Nokho, ababusi abaningi banethuluzi elinamandla uMongameli angenalo: uhlamvu-sihlufo . Lokhu kuvumela umbusi ukuba ashaye izindleko ezithile noma iminikelo ngenkathi esayina imvume yokuphumula emthethweni. Lokhu kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ibhande likambusi engxoxweni yemali. Izishaya-mthetho zendlu zomthetho zingakhipha i-galelo eliphethe i-fototo ngevoti yenani elikhulu lazombili lamagumbi.

Intando Yeningi Eqondile: Izinyathelo Nezici Zokubuyisela

Umehluko omkhulu kakhulu phakathi kokwenza umthetho kahulumeni nombuso ukusakazeka kwentando yeningi ngokuqondile ezingeni likahulumeni. Izizwe eziningi zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zishiye izakhamuzi ngokuphelele ukuba zisungule noma zishintshe imithetho. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko kufinyelelwa ngezinqubo ezimbili:

  • Izakhamuzi zingahlela umthetho ohlongozwayo noma ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho. Uma ziqoqa izignome ezanele (inombolo efunekayo imiswe umthetho kazwelonke), isinyathelo sibekwa kuvoti yomphakathi. Uma idlula, iba umthetho.
  • I-Referenderum: Lena inqubo lapho umthetho odluliswa isishaya-mthetho sombuso ubhekiswa khona kubavoti ukuze bavume noma benqatshwe ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke. Ezinye izifunda zidinga izinhlobo ezithile zemithetho (njengokwanda kwentela) ukuze iqhubeke ngenqubo ye-arendendum.

Lamathuluzi avumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqhube izinguquko ezimisweni engokomthetho njengenkasa, iholo elilinganiselwe, kanye nentela. I-National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) inikeza ukucaciswa okuhle kakhulu kwemithetho kahulumeni [[FLT: 0] izindlela ezihlukahlukene zenzakalelayo zemithetho kahulumeni nendlela esebenza ngayo ngokuqondile.[[[FLT: 1]

Igatsha Eliphethe Nemithetho Ephethe

Nakuba izishaya-mthetho nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zidlulisa "imithetho yobufundisi," indikimba yomthetho enkulu yakhiwa izinhlangano zamagatsha eziphethe. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi umthetho wokuphatha noma ukushaya umthetho. Uma isishaya-mthetho sidlulisa umthetho obanzi (umz., "qinisekisa umoya ohlanzekile"), ithumela igunya enxuseni (umz., i-Evironmental Protection Agency) ukuze ifeze lowo mgomo.

Inqubo Yokubusa Kwama - Federal

Izinhlangano eziphethe kumelwe zilandele inqubo yomphakathi eningiliziwe ukuze zakhe imithetho emisha. Le nqubo ilawulwa uMthetho we-Administrative Procedure (APA). Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  1. Igunya lomfundisi: Inxusa lithola isiqondiso esivela kumthetho omusha odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho.
  2. Umthetho ocacisweyo: Inhlangano ihlela umthetho ohlongozwayo futhi iwukhiphe [ Register. Le dokhumende ichaza indlela yokucabanga yenhlangano nezimfuneko eziqondile zomthetho ohlongozwayo.
  3. Inkathi yoluvo lwePublic: Umphakathi umenywa ukuba ubhale izinkulumo ezibhalwe ngomthetho ohlongozwayo. Izimo zidingeka ngokomthetho ukubukeza nokuphendula kuzo zonke iziphetho ezibalulekile. Lena yindlela enamandla yezakhamuzi namabhizinisi ukuthonya imininingwane yomthetho.
  4. Ukubusa okumbaxambili: Ngemva kokubukeza ukukhulumela, inhlangano ikhipha u-"Umthetho Wokugcina" Faceral Register[, kanye nokufingqa amazwi atholiwe kanye nokusabela kwenhlangano. Umthetho uhlanganiswa ukhomba u-Dedetive we-Federal Paration futhi uthwale amandla agcwele omthetho.

Le nqubo inethonya elikhulu. Kuwo wonke umthetho odluliswa yiKhongolose, izinhlangano zingakhipha iziqondiso eziningi. Ungahlanganyela kule nqubo ngokuvakashela izijelo.gov, isango eliyinhloko lokunikeza izinkulumo ezihlongozwayo ngemithetho kahulumeni ehlongozwayo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Nokubukeza Imithetho

Igatsha lesithathu likahulumeni lifeza indima ebalulekile emjikelezweni wokwenza umthetho. Izinkantolo azenzeli imithetho ngendlela efanayo neyabenzi bomthetho, kodwa amandla abo akwa- akwa-intshi ye- abenza baklame ukuthi imiphi imithetho nokuthi bangama yini.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nomthetho - sisekelo

Imiswe ecaleni leNkantolo ePhakeme ePhakeme kakhulu Madison v-1803], ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungumandla ezinkantolo okuhlolwa umthetho futhi kunqume ukuthi kuyavumelana yini nomthetho-sisekelo. Uma inkantolo ithola umthetho ungekho emthethweni, ungawushaya phansi, uwukhiphe ize. Lokhu kusebenza kuyo yomibili imithetho yezwe neyombuso. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wezwe ovimbela ukukhuluma ngenkululeko ungabekelwa inselele enkantolo yombuso futhi uhlehlele uma uphula iSiphendulo Sokuqala.

Incazelo Eyisisekelo

Ngisho noma umthetho ungomthetho-mthetho, ulimi lwawo lungadidana. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zicelwa ukuba zichaze incazelo yomthetho othile. Uma inkantolo ichaza umthetho, lowo ncazelo iba isibopho emacaleni esikhathi esizayo angaphakathi kwalelogunya. Uma inkantolo ichaza umthetho ngendlela iSishaya-mthetho noma isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni esingahlosile, isikhulu somthetho singaphendula ngokudlulisa umthetho omusha [[[[FLT:] ocacisa inhloso yaso. Lokhu kuveza inhloso yawo.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingayithonya Ngayo Inqubo Yokwenza Imithetho

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho ayiyona nje eyezazi zezombangazwe nabagqugquzeli bezindaba. Iklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa ukufakwa komphakathi ngamazinga amaningi. Ukufundiswa nokugadwa kwezakhamuzi kubalulekile ekutholeni idemokrasi enempilo. Nazi izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokwenza izwi lakho lizweke:

  • I-vote:[ indlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthonya ukwenza umthetho ukukhetha izikhulu ezimelela imibono yakho ngenkambiso.
  • Xhumana nabameleli Bakho: Ucingo olucatshangelweyo, i-imeyili, noma uhlamvu oluya ku-mode ku-ommeleli wakho noma ku-guvene lungathonya isimo sabo emalini. Abameleli ba-teffers bashaya izingcingo futhi bavame ukunikeza ummisi-mthetho izibalo.
  • Ihlola e-Wears:[ Amakomiti alalelayo kokubili isifundazwe nohulumeni ngokuvamile avulekele umphakathi. Ungacela ukufakaza noma ukuthumela incwadi yerekhodi.
  • Comment on Propaned Mithetho: Njengoba kuphawulwe ngaphambili, ungafaka ukukhulumela okungokomthetho kunoma imuphi umthetho kahulumeni ohlongozwayo nge iziyalezo.gov[. Lena yindlela eqondile nephumelela kakhulu yokuthonya imininingwane eqondile yomthetho.
  • Ukuhlangana namaqembu azimele: Ukujoyina iqembu lezakhamuzi elihlobana nezithakazelo zakho kungakhulisa izwi lakho ezindabeni ezithile.

Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kukwenza usuka ekubeni isihloko somthetho usuke ekubeni umbambi qhaza okhuthele ekudalweni. Ukuze ucazulule wonke uhlaka olucacile, USA.gov inikeza isiqalo esihle kakhulu [[.

Isiphetho

Kusuka embonweni ofinyelelwe embonweni ofana nomthetho obophayo obekwe e-U.S. noma imithetho eqoqiwe kahulumeni, uhambo lomthetho luthatha isikhathi eside futhi luyinselele ngamabomu. Izigaba eziningi zokubukeza amakomiti, impikiswano, amakomiti engqungqungquthela, imvume yokuqondisa, nokuhlola kokwahlulela kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ihlolwa ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuba ibekwe emphakathini. Nakuba i-DNA, izici eziyingqayizivele zikahulumeni nombuso zihlanganyela i-DNA, izici zikahulumeni − njengedemokhrasi ne-tejithemo-m-mfone ye-fithi ye-fithi, inikeza amathuba akhethekile esabalelwa isakhamuzi. Ngokuqonda lezi zinqubo, izakhamuzi zingahamba kahle uhulumeni futhi zilwe ngemithetho emile emiphakathini nezwe lazo.